Analyze the beam shown in figure by stiffness matrix method

using structure approach.

(a)
Determine the kinematic indeterminacy of a structure and
establish vector {Δ}. The unknown displacements in the beam
are rotations at B, C and D, i.e. θB , θC and θD . Hence, the vector
{Δ} can be defined as  1   B 
   2    C 
   
 3  D
Make the structure kinematically determinate by
restraining the unknown displacememt. The
structure is made kinematically determinate by
adding the restrains (fixed support) as shown in Fig.
(b)

Fig.(b)
• 3. Establish applied force vector {P} and fixed end force
vector{PF }.
• (i) Establish applied force vector {P} corresponding to
displacement vector {Δ}. The applied forces corresponding
to degree of freedom, i.e. rotation at joint B, C and D will be
applied moment at B, C and D, which can be written as MB
MC and MD . Thus the vector can be written as
 P1   M B  0
P  P2    M C   0
 P  M  0
 3  D  

• (ii) Calculate the fixed end force vector {PF }. The fixed end
forces are calculated for the kinematically determinate
structure shown in Fig.(c)
• Fig.(c)
• In this case  P1F  M BF 
P F  P2F   M CF 
 P F  M F 
 3   D

Note that the fixed end moment at end A is not

calculated as all the displacements at A are known
and are zero. Thus, moment at A does not
corresponds to unknown quantity and thus not
included in force vector.
 wL2 Pab 2
M M M 
F
B
F
BA
F
BC  2
12 l
40  52 100  1 32
  2
 83.33  56.25  27.08kNm
12 4
2
Pba PL
M C  M CB  M CD  2 
F F F

l 8
100  12  3 50  3
 2
  18.75  18.75  0
4 8
PL 50  3
M D  M DC 
F F
  18.75 kNm
8 8
Note that anticlockwise moment is treated as  ve
and clockwise moment is treated as  ve
M BF   27.08
P 
F   
 M CF    0 

M F    18.75 
 D  
• 4. Develop the stiffness matrix [K] for the structure. To
develop stiffness matrix for the structure, a unit value of
displacement is applied sequentially on the restrained
structure. The forces thus developed due to unit
displacement , corresponding to unknown displacements,
constitute the column of the stiffness matrix.
• (i) To develop first column of the stiffness matrix, unit value
of first displacement, i.e. θB =1 is applied to restrained
structure. Because of unit rotation of B, moments
developed at B and C in the structure are shown in Fig.(d)
 4 E (2 I ) 4 EI 
 5  4   
 2 EI 
   
 4 
 0   
 
• Fig.(d)
• (ii)To develop second column of the stiffness matrix, unit
second displacement , i.e. θC =1 is applied to restrain
structure. Because of unit rotation of C, different forces
(reactions and moments will be developed at different
locations. However, the reactions corresponding to
unknown displacements need to be calculated, i.e.
moment at B corresponding to unknown rotation θB and
moment at D corresponding to unknown rotation θD
 Fig.e

 4 E (2 I ) 4 EI 2 EI 
 5  4 4
 
 2 EI 4 EI 4 EI 
   
 4 4 3 
 2 EI 
 0  
3
(iii) To develop third column of the stiffness matrix , unit
value of third displacement i.e. θD =1 is applied to restrain
structure. Because of unit rotation of D, different forces
(reactions and moments)will be developed at different
locations. However, the reactions corresponding to
unknown displacements need to be calculated, i.e. moment
at B corresponding to unknown rotation θB and moment at
C corresponding to unknown rotation θC .

• Fig.(f)
5. Set up the equilibrium equations and solve for unknown displacements {Δ}.
The simultaneous equations thus developed in matrix form [K]{Δ}={P}-{PF }
is to be solved to calculate unknown displacement vector {Δ}.

 2 .7 0 . 5 0   1  0  27.08
     
EI  0.5 2.33 0.67   2   0   0 
 0 0.67 1.33   3  0   18.75 

Solving above equation:

 1   B   11 .94 
    1  
 2    C    7.61 
    EI 17.932
 3  D  

• Evaluate member forces from the displacements. The complete solution of

each member is given by usual slope deflection equations.
• Member AB
4 EI 2 EI
M AB M  F
AB A  B
L L
 83.33  0  9.55  92.88 kNm
2 EI 4 EI
M BA M  F
BA A  B
L L
 83.33  0  19.104  64.226 kNm
• Member BC
4 EI 2 EI
M BC M F
BC B  C
L L
 56.25  11 .94  3.805  64.385 kNm
2 EI 4 EI
M CB  M CB
F
 B  C
L L
 20.39  5.97  7.61  20.39 kNm
• Member CD
4 EI 2 EI
M CD M F
CD C  D
L L
 56.25  11 .94  3.805  64.385 kNm
2 EI 4 EI
M DC  M DC
F
 C  D
L L
 20.39  5.97  7.61  20.39 kNm
 Analysis of Plane Frame
• Analyze the frame shown in Fig. using stiffness
method. EI is same for all members.
• 1. Determine degree of freedom and establish
displacement vector {∆}
 1   A 
      
 2   C 
• 2. Make the structure kinematically determinate by
restoring displacements Fig.(b).
• 3. (i)Establish applied force vector {P} corresponding
to displacementvector {∆}
 P1  M A  0
P         
 P2  M C  0
• (ii) Calculated fixed end force vector {PF}
corresponding to displacement vector {∆}.
PL 50  5
M CB 
F
  31.25 kNm (anticlockwise)
8 8
 1   AC   0 
P M
F F

P    F    F   
F

 P2   M CB  31.25
• 4. Develop stiffness matrix [K] of the structure

 1 0.5
[ K ]  EI  
0.5 1.8 

Fig.b
• 5. Set up the equilibriom equations and solve for
unknown displcement {∆}
 1 0.5  1  0  0 
EI        
0.5 1.8   2  0 31.25
 1   A  1  10.08 
    
 2   C  EI  20.16
• 6. Evaluate member forces from displacements
using the slope deflection equations.
4 EI (10.08) 2 EI  20.16 
M AC   0
4 EI 4 EI
 4 EI (20.16) 2 EI (10.08)
M CA    15.10 kNm
4 EI 4 EI
4 EI (20.16) 2 EI (10.08)
M CB  13.25    15.10 kNm
5 EI 5 EI
2 EI (20.16)
M BC  31.25   39.3 kNm
5 EI
 Analysis of Pin-jointed Plane Truss
• Analyse the truss shown in fig. (a) using stiffness
method. AE is same for all members

• Fig.(a)
• 1. Determine degree of freedom and establish
vector {∆}
 1  u0 
      
 2  v0 
• 2. Make the structure kinematically determinate by
restoring displacements at joint o. Apply
displacement u0 =1 (Fig.b) and v0 (fig.c)
• 3.(i) Establish applied force vector {P} corresponding
to displacement vector {∆}
 P1   Pox   30 
P         
 P2   Poy   20
• (ii) For any truss, the load is assumed to act at joint
(to be converted to load in case of load on
member).
• 4. Develop the stiffness matrix [K] of the structure.

Fig (b)
• Consider member DO
• U0 =1, i.e. displacement along X axis
• Displacement along member DO which makes θ
with X axis=u0 cosθ
AE
• Force in the member DO is= u0 cos
L
AE AE
• Force in X direction= L 0u cos 2
  cos 2

L
AE
• Force along Y= L cos sin 
• For all the member taken together
Ai Ei
k11  i1 cos 2  i
4

Li
Ai Ei
k21  k12  i1 cos i sin  i
4

Li
• Consider member DO, v0 =1, i.e. displacement along
Y axis.
• Displacement along member DO=v0 sinθ
AE
• Force in the member F  L v0 sin 
AE
• Force in Y direction  L v0 sin  sin 
AE
 v0 sin 
2

L
• For all the members taken together
• AE
k22  i1 sin 2  i
4
i i

Li
• Therefore, global stiffness matrix of the truss is
given by
Member cosθ sinθ Length
AO 0.707 -0.707 5.656
BO 0.9363 -0.35 4.272
CO 0.970 0.24 4.123
DO 0.80 0.60 5.0

  AE cos 2  
AE
sin  cos  
 L L 
[K ]   
AE AE
 sin  cos  cos  
2

 L L 
103.98  2.02
 AE  
  2 .02 32 .48 
• 5. Set up the equlibrium equations and solve for
unknown displacement {∆}
103.98  2.02  1   30 
AE     
  2.02 32.48   2   20
 1  u0  1  0.2769 
         
 2  v0  AE  0.5985
• 6. Get the complete solution from displacement
using the equation.
AE
Fij   xj   xi cos   yj   yi sin  
L
Hence, FAO  17.508 kN (T ), FBO  17.55 kN (T )
FCO  4.85 kN (T ), FDO  4.4 kN (C )