TOPIC 5:

INTERNAL LOADINGS DEVELOPED

IN STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

1 Structural Analysis Eighth Edition l © 2012 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
5.1 Internal Loadings at a Specified Point
• The internal load at a specified point in a member can be
determined by using the method of sections.
• This consists of:
 N, normal force
 V, shear force
 M, bending moment
• Sign convention:
 Although the choice is arbitrary, the convention shown
has been widely accepted in structural engineering.
 The direction of the forces & moment must fulfill the
equilibrium concept.
 If the final answer yields –ve values, it means its
actual direction is opposite to initial assumed direction.
Example 5.1
The building roof has a weight of 1.8 kN/m2 and is
supported on 8 m long simply supported beams that are
spaced 1 m apart. Each beam as shown transmits its
loading to two girders, located at the front and back of the
building.
Determine the internal shear and moment in the front
girder at point C. Neglect the weight of the members.
Solution:

Loading from roof to 1 m spaced beam = 1.8 × 8/2 = 7.2 kN/m

Reaction of girder:
7.2 11  3.6  2
RAy  RBy   43.2kN
2
Internal shear & moment in the front girder at point C:

F y 0
43.2  3.6  7.2(2)  VC  0
VC  25.2kN

M about-c 0
M C  3.6(2.4)  7.2(1.4  0.4)  43.2(1.2)  0
M C  30.24kNm
Example 5.2
Determine the internal shear and moment acting at a
section passing through point C in the beam as shown.
Solution:

Reaction of beam AB:

M A 0 F y 0

1  2  1
RBy (6)    45  6   6   0 RAy   45  6  90  45kN
2  3  2
RBy  90kN
Internal shear & moment in the passing through point C:

F y 0
1  45 
45    2 2  VC  0
2 6 
VC  30kN
 M about-c  0
1 
M C  15  2   45(2)  0
3 
M C  80kNm
5.2 Shear and Moment Functions
• Design of beam requires detailed knowledge of the
variations of V & M.
• Internal N is generally not considered as:
 The loads applied to a beam act perpendicular to the
beam’s axis.
 For design purposes, a beam’s resistance to shear &
bending is more important than its ability to resist
normal force.
 An exception is when it is subjected to compressive
axial force where buckling may occur  column &
strut.
• The equation or function for V & M for each segment of a
member can be developed by considering the x distance
from a same start point or from various points, as shown
below.
• Let consider P is the total load acting on a segment of a
beam/member, as shown.

• Relationship between V & M:

dM
V
 Pdx  V dx
 V dx  M dV
P
dx
Example 5.3
Determine the shear and moment in the cantilever beam
shown as a function of x.

A B
Solution:

Reaction of beam AB:

RAy   30  9  135kN  ; M A    30  9   9   810kNm (ccw)

1 1  2 
2 2  3 
Shear & moment functions:

M  0
1  10 x   x 
M  810  135 x   x    0
2 3  3
M  810  135 x  0.56 x 3

F y 0 Check :
1  10 x  dM
135    x   V  0 V
dx
 135  0.56(3) x 2
2 3 
V  135  1.67 x 2  135  1.67 x 2
Example 5.4
Determine the internal normal force, shear and moment in
segment AD and DB as a function of x.
Solution:
5.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment
Diagrams – For Beam
• If the variations of V & M are plotted, the graphs are
termed as the shear force diagram (SFD) and bending
moment diagram (BMD).
 dV dM
 w(x) V
dx dx

Slope of Intensity of Slope of

shear = distributed moment = Shear
diagram load diagram

ΔV   w( x)dx M   V ( x)dx
Area under
Area under
Change in distributed Change in
= = shear force
shear loading moment diagram
diagram
 Loading SFD, dV/dx BMD, dM/dx
Point Load:

Moment:

UDL:

Increasing Load:

Decreasing Load:
Example 5.5
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for
the beam.
Solution:

F x 0  RAx  0

M A 0
7 RBy  5(2)  20(3.5)  0
SFD:
RBy  11.43kN

F y 0
RAy  11.43  5  20
RAy  13.57 kN
BMD:
Example 5.6
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for
the beam.
Solution:

F x 0  RAx  0

M B 0
7
12(5)  5  7    7 RAy  0 SFD:
2
RAy  26.07 kN

F y 0
26.07  RBy  12  5  7 
RBy  20.93kN BMD:
Example 5.7
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for
the beam.

Solution:

M A 0 F y 0
7 RAy  15.21  12  5  7 
40  12(2)  5  7    7 RBy  0
2 RAy  31.79kN
RBy  15.21kN
Example 5.8
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for
the beam.

Solution:

F x 0  RAx  0

M B 0
 4  1  2 
10(5.5)  3  4     (10  3)  4  4   7 RAy  0
 2  2  3 
RAy  16.62kN
F y 0
1 
16.62  RBy  10   10  34
2 
RBy  19.38kN
 1 7 
V   3  3  x  x  19.38
2 4 
7
 3 x  x 2  19.38
8
 V dx M
3x 2 7 x 3
M    19.38 x
2 24

when V  0, M  M max , hence

7 2
3x  x  19.38  0
8
x  3.29m
3(3.29) 2 7(3.29) 3
M max    19.38(3.29)
2 24
 37.14kNm
5.4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
Diagrams – For Frame
• A frame is composed of several connected members that
are either fixed or pin connected at their ends.

Example 5.9
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for
the tapered frame shown. Assume the support at A is a
roller and B is a pin.
Solution:

M B 0
25(4.5)  15(1.5)  4.5 RAy  0
RAy  30kN

F y 0
30  25  RBy  0
RBy  5kN  5kN ()

F x 0
RBx  15  0
RBx  15kN  15kN ()
Solution:

FBD for each member & node:

Member CB
Node C

Member AC

Based on FBD of member BC:

M C 0
15(1.5)  M C  0
M C  22.5kNm
5 kN
Example 5.10
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for
the frame.
Solution:

4
  tan    53.13
1

3
 Fx  0 RAx  20 cos(90  53.13)  16kN

M A 0 F y 0
20(2.5)  25(4.5)  6 RCy  0 RAy  25  20 sin(90  53.13)  27.08
RCy  27.08kN RAy  9.92kN
 At Point A, resolve R Ax & R Ay to local x'- y’ axis :
For x’ axis : 16 sin 36.87  9.92 sin 53.13  1.66kN
For y’ axis : 16 cos 36.87  9.92 cos 53.13  18.75kN

At member AB along local x'- y’ axis :

V  18.75  (4  5)  1.25kN
M  18.75(5)  (4  5)2.5  43.75kNm

At Point B, resolve back forces to global x - y axis :

For x axis : 1.66 sin 36.87  1.25 cos 36.87  0
For y axis : 1.66 cos 36.87  1.25 sin 36.87  2.08kN
5.5 Superposition Method for Constructing
SFD & BMD
• Beams are used primarily to resist bending stress, it is
important that the moment diagram accompany the
solution for their design.
• Most loadings on beams in structural analysis will be a
combination of the loadings as shown.
• Following show the method of
superposition for simply
supported beam.