2.

Analysis of Section This chapter will discuss the following topics:

The idealised design stress-strain curves of concrete and steel reinforcement. The yield criterion for steel reinforcement. reinforcement Different types of stress blocks for ULS and SLS. Derivation of design formulae for bending of singly and doubly reinforced sections using equivalent rectangular stress block.

2-1 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

2. Analysis of Section The most important principles are: The idealised stress-strain curves for concrete and steel are used. used The distribution of strains is linear and compatible with the distorted shape of the cross-section. The section shall satisfy the static equilibrium (i.e. p by y the section must balance resultant forces developed the applied loads).

2-2 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

2.1

Stress-Strain Relations

Concrete
A parabolic stress-strain curve is used to represent the behaviour of concrete when subjected to loading. loading (see Fig. 3.8). When the strain reaches o , it is noted that the strain increases while the stress remains constant. The value of o depends on the concrete grade (i.e. the fcu)

2-3 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Fig. 3.8 - Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete

Reproduce from HK Code 2-4 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

 From Fig. 3.8, the ultimate strain = 0.0035 is t i l for typical f fcu 60 MPa. MP Th ultimate The lti t design d i stress is given by:0.67 f cu

0.67 f cu = 0.447 f cu 0.45 f cu 1.5

where 0.67 allows for the difference between the bending strength and cube crushing strength of concrete and m = 1.5 is the partial safety factor of concrete. concrete Th The value l of f 0.45 0 45 fcu will ill be b frequently f tl used d in i the th design formulae.
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Fig.2.2 Stress-Strain Curve of Steel Reinforcement Steel Reinforcement

Fig Fig. 2.2 2 2 shows a typical short short-term term design stress stress-strain strain curve of reinforcement. The behaviour of steel is the same for both tension and compression.
fy

m
Stress

Tension

2 200 kN/mm
y

Strain

Compression 2 Note: fy is in N/mm

fy

Fig. 2.2 Short term design stress-strain curve for reinforcement

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Design Yield Strain for High Tensile and Mild Steel

Design Yield Stress =
fy

Stress = Es * s fy Design Yield Strain y = Es m For high-tensile g steel ( (T), ), fy = 460 N/mm2, E = 200*103 N/mm2 y = 460/(1.15 460/(1 15 x 200 x 103) = 0.00200 0 00200
2 For mild F ild steel t l (R), (R) fy = 250 N/mm N/ y = 250/(1.15 x 200 x 103) = 0.00109
2-7 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

fy 1.15

= 0.87 f y

Design Yield Strain for High Tensile and Mild Steel

The value of the design yield strain would be used to determine the design stress of the steel reinforcement. Take high tensile steel as an example: if 0.002, 0 002 then the steel yielded and the steel stress = 0.87fy if < 0.002, then the steel NOT yet yielded, the steel stress < 0.87fy and the steel stress has to be determined from the stress-strain curve of steel reinforcement. Say if = 0.0015, then steel stress = *E = 0.0015*(200*103) = 300 N/mm2
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2.2 Distribution of Strains and Stresses across a Section

Design Assumptions: Concrete cracks in the region of tensile strain. After cracking, reinforcement. reinforcement all tension is carried by the

Plane sections remain plane after straining. straining

2-9 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Fig. g 2.3 shows the strain diagram g and the different types of stress blocks of a member subjected to bending. g
cc
As' d As d' Neutral Axis x
S=0.9 9x

sc
st
(c) (b) (a) Rectangular Equivalent Ti Triangular l Rectangular Parabolic

SECTION

STRAINS

STRESS BLOCK

Fig. 2.3 Section with strain diagram and stress blocks

2-10 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Meanings of the symbols

As' = Area of compression reinforcement

As = Area of tension reinforcement d = effective depth of the section. It is the depth measured from the top of the section (subjected to sagging moment) to the centroid of tension reinforcement.

d ' = Inset of the compression reinforcement. It is the depth measured from the top of the section (subjected to sagging moment) to the centroid of compression reinforcement.
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Meanings of the symbols cc = compressive strain of concrete = 0.0035 for fcu 60 MPa sc = compressive strain of compression reinf. st = tensile strain of tension reinforcement. s = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block = 0.9x x = depth of neutral axis. z = lever arm = dist. between the centroids of the conc stress block and the tension reinf. conc. reinf
2-12 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

 The triangular stress block is used in the design of the serviceability limit state. (SLS) The rectangular parabolic stress block is used in the design of ultimate limit state. state (ULS) It represents the collapse stage. The equivalent rectangular stress block is a simplified i lifi d alternative l i to the h rectangular-parabolic l b li block. It can provide more manageable design f formulae l and d it i is i adopted d d in i BS8110 & HKC2004.
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Upper Limit of the Neutral Axis Consider the compatibility of strains of Fig. 2.3,
d x st = cc x

and

x d ' sc = cc x

By rearranging the first equation, x =

d 1+

st cc
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RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Upper Limit of the Neutral Axis At ULS, the maximum compressive strain cc of conc. = 0.0035 for fcu 60 MPa. For steel with fy = 460 N/mm2, the yield strain is 0 002 0.002.
x= d 0.0020 1+ 0.0035

= 0.636d

Hence to ensure yielding of the tension steel at ULS, ULS x > 0.636d
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Upper Limit of the Neutral Axis

To ensure the tension steel yielding, HKC2004 limits the depth of neutral axis such that x (b - 0.4)d x (b - 0.5)d ) where b= for fcu 45 MPa for 45 < fcu 70 MPa

moment at the section after redistribution moment at the section before redistribution

Thus with moment redistribution not greater than 10%, i.e. b 0.9, x 0.5d x 0.4d for fcu 45 MPa for 45 < fcu 70 MPa
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x 0.33d 0 33d for 70 < fcu 100 MPa without itho t moment redistribution redistrib tion

2.3

Equivalent Rectangular Stress Block

The equivalent rectangular stress block shown in Fig. 2.4 is easier to use and provide more manageable design formulae. It is used as an alternative to the more accurate rectangular-parabolic stress block. It is noted that the stress block extends to a depth s = 0 9x (for fcu 45 MPa ). The centroid of this stress 0.9x block is s/2 = 0.45x from the top of the section. This location is very y close to the centroid of the rectangular-parabolic stress block. Furthermore the the areas of the two types of the stress block are approximately i t l equal. l Thi implies This i li th t the that th compressive forces produced by these two stress blocks are the same. same
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b x d As Neutral Axis

cc=0.0035
S=0.9x x

0.67 fcu m = 0.45fcu S/2 Fcc z = la* d

st
STRAINS

Fst

SECTION

STRESS BLOCK

Fig. 2.4 Singly reinforced section with rectangular stress block (s=0 0.9x 9x for fcu 45 MPa )

( s = 0.8x for 45 < fcu 70 MPa ) ( s = 0.72x for 70 < fcu 100 MPa )
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition) 2-18

2.4 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section in Bending (Section with tension steel only)

Refer to Fig. 2.4 Fst = tensile force in the reinforcing steel = 0.87fy * As Fcc = resultant compressive force in concrete = stress * area = 0.45fcu* (b*s) For equilibrium, equilibrium the ultimate design moment M must be balanced by the moment of resistance of the section. section M = Fccz = Fstz, z -lever arm and z = d - s/2 s = 2(d - z)
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2.4 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section in Bending

Take moment about the centroid of tension steel, M = 0 45fcu*bs*z 0.45f bs z = 0.45b2(d - z)zfcu = 0.9fcub(d - z)z Divide the above equation by (bd2fcu) and let K = M/(bd2fcu), ) The equation becomes, z = d 0.5 +

( 0.25 K / 0.9) ]

(z/d)2 - (z/d) + K/0.9 = 0

2-20 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

2.4 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section in Bending

Take moment about the centroid of the stress block of concrete, M = Fst* z Fst = M/z M/ Also Fst = (fy / m)As With m = 1.15, Fst = 0.87fy * As As =

M 0.87 f y z
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RC Design and Construction HKC

Limits of Lever Arm z (b 0.9) for fcu 45 MPa )

The lever arm z can be found by using formula or table as shown below.
z = d 0.5 +
Table:
K= M/bd2fcu la = z/d
0.043 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.156

( 0.25 K / 0.9) ]

F Formula l

0.950

0.941

0.928

0.915

0.901

0.887

0.873

0.857

0.842

0.825

0.807

0.789

0.775

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Limits of Lever Arm z (b 0.9) The upper limit of the lever lever-arm arm curve, curve z = 0 0.95d, 95d is specified by HKC2004. The lower limit of z = 0 775d is when the depth of neutral axis x = d/2 ( 0.775d for fcu 45 MPa ), which is the maximum value allowed by the code for a singly reinforced section in order to provide a ductile section which will have a gradual tension type failure. failure

2-23 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

2.4 Singly g y Reinforced Rectangular g Section in Bending g

The max. value of x = 0.5d When x = 0.5d, z =d - s/2 = d - 0.9x/2 = 0.775d, M =0.45fcu*bs* z 0 45fcu*b*(0 b (0.9 9*0 0.5d)(0.775d) 5d)(0 775d) = 0.45f M = 0.156fcubd2 (Thi represents the (This h max. moment of f resistance i of fa singly reinforced section, i.e. without compression reinforcement) i f ) The coefficient 0.156 is calculated from the more precise concrete stress block. 2-24
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

for fcu 45 MPa

2.5 Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section for fcu 45 MPa (Section with both tension and compression reinforcement)

b As' d As d' x = d/2 Neutral Axis

0.0035
S S=0.9x

0.45fcu Fsc F Fcc

z

sc
Fst
STRESS BLOCK

st
STRAINS

SECTION

Fig. 2.5 Section with compression reinforcement

2-25 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

2.5 Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section When M > 0.156fcubd2, the design ultimate moment exceeds the moment of resistance of the singly reinforced section (i.e. exceeds the compression resistance of conc.) compression reinforcement is required to provide dd o co compressive p ess ve force. o ce. additional z = d - s/2 = d - 0.9 * x/2 = d - 0.9* 0.5d/2 = 0.775d
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2.5 Doubly y Reinforced Rectangular g Section For equilibrium (see fig. 2.5) , Fst = Fcc + Fsc and with
' 0.87 f y As = 0.45 f cu bs b + 0.87 f y As

s = 0.9*d/2 = 0.45d
' 0.87 f y As = 0.201 f cu bd + 0.87 f y As

Take moment at the centroid of the tension steel As,

M = Fcc z + Fsc d d '
' = 0.201 f cu bd (0.775d ) + 0.87 f y As d d'

' = 0.156 f cu bd 2 + 0.87 f y As d d'

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

( )

)
2-27

2.5 Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section

' As

M 0.156 f cu bd 2 0.87 f y ( d d ' )

and d

0 .156 f cu bd 2 ' As = + As 0 .87 f y z

with ihz=0 0.775d 775d

The value 0.156 is usually denoted by K '. If the value of ( d '/ x ) for the section 0.43, the compression stress shall be taken as fsc = 0.87fy If the value of ( d '/ x ) for the section > 0.43, the compression stress shall be taken as fsc = Es*sc.
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2.6

MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION

For details of moment redistribution, redistribution consult relevant reference book.

2-29 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Self-Assessment Questions
Q1. What is the upper limit of the lever arm z? Choices: (a) 0.95d (b) 0.90d (c) 0.775d

Q2.

What is the lower limit of the lever arm z for fcu 45 MPa? Choices: (a) 0.95d (b) 0.90d (c) ( ) 0.775d
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RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Self-Assessment Questions
Q3. What is the maximum depth of neutral axis x according to HKC2004 for fcu 45 MPa ? Choices: (a) 0.5d (b) 0 636d 0.636d (c) 0.775d If K 0.156 (fcu 45 MPa ), state whether the beam section is a singly or doubly reinforced section. section Choices: (a) Singly reinforced section (b) Doubly reinforced section

Q4.

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Self-Assessment Questions
Q5. Determine the lever arm z by formula or design table. Given that M = 350 kNm, b = 350 mm, d = 480 mm and fcu = 35 N/mm2. Choices: (a) 380 mm (b) 400 mm (c) 450 mm

2-32 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Self-Assessment Questions
Q6. Draw an annotated diagram of a singly reinforced section showing the strain & stress distribution at ultimate limit state. Based on the diagram drawn, derive the formula for calculating the area of tension steel. t l (Answer)

2-33 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Self-Assessment Questions
Q7. Draw an annotated diagram of a doubly reinforced section showing the strain & stress distribution at ultimate limit state. Based on the diagram drawn, derive the formulae for calculating the area of tension and d compression i steel. t l (Answer)

2-34 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Assignment No. 2
AQ1 Determine the area of tension steel required of the singly reinforced section. Given that M = 350 kNm, b = 350 mm, d = 480 mm and fcu = 35 N/mm2. (Answer: As = 2186 mm2) AQ2 Determine the areas of tension and compression reinforcement required of the doubly reinforced section. Given that M = 500 kNm, b = 350 mm, d = 480 mm, mm d d = 70 mm and fcu = 35 N/mm2. (Answer: Asc = 363 mm2, As = 3320 mm2)

2-35 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Assignment No. 2
AQ3 In a doubly reinforced section, it is found that ( d '/ x ) = 0.45. Determine the compressive strain sc of the compression reinforcement. Hence calculate the design compressive stress of the compression reinforcement. i f t (Answer: sc = 0.001925, fsc = 385 N/mm2)

2-36 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Assignment No. 2
AQ4 Determine the effective depths of the beam sections as shown in Fig. AQ4a, AQ4b & AQ4c. (a) Nominal cover: 40 mm Link size: 10 mm Cover to main reinforcement: 50 mm Link size: 12 mm. Nominal cover: 30 mm Link size: 12 mm Maximum size of aggregate: 20 mm
2-37 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

(b)

(c) ( )

Assignment No. 2
10 mm Link

500

12 mm Link 600 2T40 +1T20 Fi AQ4b Fig. 600

3T32 Fig. AQ4a

12 mm Link 2T32 4T32

Fig. AQ4c

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Assignment No. 2
AQ5. A beam has a section 250 mm wide with an effective depth of 400 mm. Characteristic strengths are: 2 concrete 40 N/mm , steel 460 N/mm2. Given that the ultimate moment of resistance is to be 225 kNm, show th t the that th beam b can be b singly i l reinforced i f d and d determine: d t i (a) ( ) (b) ( ) (c) the lever th l arm the depth of the neutral axis the h area of f reinforcement i f

2-39 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Assignment No. 2
AQ6. The design moment for the beam section shown in Fig. AQ6 is 250 kNm. Given that fcu = 35 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2. Determine: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The lever arm z by using formula. The lever arm z by design table. The area of steel reinforcement. The size of the steel reinforcement to be provided. The percentage of steel reinforcement. Does it meet the codes requirements?

2-40 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Assignment No. 2
300

500

Fig. AQ6

550

2-41 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

Assignment No. 2
AQ7 A singly reinforced beam has the section in Fig. AQ7. Given that the concrete grade is C35, nominal cover is 30 mm and the size of link is 10 mm. Determine: (a) the effective depth (b) the depth of the neutral axis (c) the ultimate moment of resistance.
250

3T25

Fig AQ7 Fig.

2-42 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004(2nd Edition)

450

Assignment No. 2
AQ8 A beam has width 400 mm, effective depth 700 mm , is made from C35 concrete, and uses high-yield reinforcement. Determine: (a) the maximum moment of resistance and the corresponding area of tension reinforcement for the singly i l reinforced i f d section ti assuming i no redistribution, (b) suitable reinforcement (assuming d '/d = 0.10) to provide a moment of resistance of 1300 kNm with no redistribution.

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