LECTURE 2

STRUCTURAL DESIGN II
Concrete is a mixture of
portland cement or any
other hydraulic cement,
fine aggregate, course
aggregate and water,
with or without
admixtures.
Types of Concrete
1. Plain Concrete – is structure concrete with no reinforcement or
with less reinforcement than the minimum amount specified for
reinforcement.

2. Reinforced Concrete – is structural concrete reinforced with no

less than the minimum amounts of prestressing tendons or non-
prestressed reinforcement .

3. Pre-Stressed Concrete – is structural concrete in which internal

stresses have been introduced to reduce potential tensile
stresses in concrete resulting from loads.
Concrete

AGGREGATE is granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone

and iron blast-furnace slag, and when use with a cementing medium
forms a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar.

AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT, is aggregate with dry, looses weight of 1120

kg/m3 or less.
Concrete
AGGREGATE
NSCP 403.4.2 The Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate shall
not be larger than:
■ 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, or
■ 1/3 the depth of slab, or
■ ¾ the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars
or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts.

These limits may be waived if, in the judgement of the engineer,

workability and methods of consolidation are such that concrete can
be placed without honeycomb or voids.
CONCRETE STRENGTH
fc’– specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
■ Unless otherwise specified, ƒ’c shall be based on 28-day test.
■ Minimum ƒ’c
– 17MPa (2500psi)
– 21MPa (3000psi) members subjected to seismic load
(NSCP 2010 Section 421.3.4.2)
■ Curing Condition
– Controlled Temperature
– Specimens should be placed in tanks to keep them fully
saturated at the control temperature
CONCRETE STRENGTH
Modulus of Elasticity is the ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain
for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of material.

Modulus of Elasticity Ec (for concrete)

Modulus of Elasticity Es (for reinforcement) for nonprestressed

reinforcement shall be permitted to be taken as 200,000MPa.
STEEL REINFORCEMENT

TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT BARS

1. Plain bar – Round in cross-section, used for dowels,

construction joints and tendons
2. Deformed Rebars – Differ from plain bars in that they have
indentations or ridges in them, in a regular pattern,
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
fy = specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement in
megapascals (MPa)
Reinforcement shall be deformed reinforcement, except that plain
reinforcement may be used for spirals or tendons.
Bar No. Nominal Dia. mm Cross sectional Nominal weight
area mm2 (kg/m)
10 11.3 100 0.79
15 16.0 200 1.56
20 19.5 300 2.35
25 25.2 500 3.93
30 29.9 700 5.48
35 35.7 1000 7.86
45 43.7 1500 11.78
55 56.4 2500 19.64
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD
Factored Load – service load multiplied by certain factors
Strength Reduction factor ø shall be known as:
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD

0.003 0.002 0.003 0.005

= =
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐 𝑐 𝑑−𝑐
0.003(d – c) = 0.002 c 0.003(d – c) = 0.005 c
0.003d = 0.002c + 0.003c 0.003d = 0.005c + 0.003c
cCCL = (0.003/0005) d cCTL = (0.003/0.008)d
cCCL = (3/5) dt cCTL = 3/8 dt
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD

Φ – 0.65 = 0.25 (εt -0.002)/0.003

Φ = .65 + (0.25/.003)(εt – 0.002)
Φ = 0.65 + (250/3)(εt – 0.002)

…
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD
Beta factor ß shall be known as:
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD

LOAD FACTORS FOR VARIOUS LOAD COMBINATIONS (2001 Specs)

1. Structures subjected to dead load (D) and live load (L)
U = 1.4D + 1.7L
2. Wind load (W) is included in the design.
U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
U = 0.9D + 1.3W for zero value L, but not less than U = 1.4D + 1.7L
3. Earthquake loads (E) is included in the design.
U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1E
U = 0.9D + 1.1E for zero value L, but not less than U = 1.4D + 1.7L
4. Earth pressure (H) is included in the design.
U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H
U = 0.9D + 1.7H for zero value L, but not less than U = 1.4D + 1.7L
5. Fluid pressure (F) is included in design
U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.4F
U = 0.9D + 1.4F for zero value L, but not less than U = 1.4D + 1.7L
2. Structural effects (T) of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage, expansion of shrinkage –
compensating concrete of temperature change maybe significant in design
U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.4T + 1.7L) but not less than
U = 1.4 (D + T)
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD

LOAD FACTORS FOR VARIOUS LOAD COMBINATIONS (NSCP 2015 Specs)

STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD

LOAD FACTORS FOR VARIOUS LOAD COMBINATIONS (NCSP 2015 Specs)

STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD

LOAD FACTORS FOR VARIOUS LOAD COMBINATIONS (NCSP 2015 Specs)

 LECTURE 3

BEAMS REINFORCED
FOR TENSION
STRUCTURAL DESIGN II
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
NOTATIONS and FORMULAS
a - depth of equivalent rectangular stress blocks
a = βc
c - distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis
β – beta factor
dt - distance from extreme compression fiber from the centroid of outmost tension reinforcement
d – effective depth from extreme compression fiber from the centroid of tension reinforcement
b – width of non-prestressed tension reinforcement.
As – area of non-prestressed tension reinforcement
As min – minimum amount of flexural reinforcement
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
NOTATIONS and FORMULAS
Ec – modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ec = 4700 𝑓𝑐 for normal weight concrete
.
Ec = 𝑊𝑐 0.043 𝑓𝑐 for values between 1500 and 2500 kg/m3
Es – modulus of elasticity of reinforcement
Es = 200,000MPa
fc’ – specified compressive strength of concrete
fy – specified yield strength of non prestressed reinforcement
fs – calculated stress in reinforcement in service load
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
NOTATIONS and FORMULAS
ρ – ratio of non prestressed tension reinforcement
ρ=
ρb – reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions
.
ρb =
( )
ρmax - maximum steel ratio
ρmax = 0.75 ρb
ω – tension reinforcement index
ω=ρ
ρmin - minimum steel ratio
.
ρmin =
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
NOTATIONS and FORMULAS
.
As min = 𝑏𝑤𝑑 but not less than where bw = web width, for rectangular section b=bw
Ø - strength reduction factor

Nominal moment:
Mn = Asfy (d - a/2)
Mn = 0.85fc’ ab (d –a/2)

Ultimate moment:
Mu = ø Asfy (d –a/2)
Mu = ø fc’bd2 ω (1 – 0.59 ω)
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION
WHITNEY RECTANGULAR STRESS DIAGRAM
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION

ASSUMPTIONS
1. Strain distribution is assumed to be linear.
- Bernoullis hypothesis that plane sections before bending remain plane and
perpendicular to the neutral axis after bending.
2. Strain in the steel and surrounding concrete is the same prior o the cracking of concrete
or yielding steel.
3. Concrete is weak in tension.
- Tensile strength of concrete is neglected
- Tensile reinforcement is assumed to take all the total tensile force
4. The maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed to
be cu = 0.003
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION

ASSUMPTIONS
Maximum usable strain, 𝒄𝒖

• there is actually no limiting

compressive strain for plain
concrete
Mn = 2950 kip-
• 𝒄𝒖 is the value of strain in in

which the moment curvature

diagram starts to decline
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION

ASSUMPTIONS

5. Stress in reinforcement below specified yield strength fy for grade reinforcement used
shall be taken as Es times steel strain
fs = Es 
for  > fy, stress in reinforcement shall be considered independent of strain and
equal to fy.
6. Concrete stress of 0.85fc’ shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent
compression zone bounded by the edges of the cross section and a straight line located
parallel to the neutral axis at a distance a =βc from the fiber maximum compressive
strain
7. Distance c from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis shall be measured in a
direction perpendicular to the axis.
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION

ASSUMPTIONS

8. Based on NSCP Specifications, factor β shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete strength fc’
= 17MPa to and including 28MPa.
For strength 28 to 55 MPA
. ( )
β = 0.85 - but not less than 0.65
NOTE: ACI 381 M-2005 Code:
For fc’ between 17MPa to 28MPa, β = 0.85
. ( )
β = 0.85 - but not less than 0.65
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION

ASSUMPTIONS

 cu = 0.003

d – a/2
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION

Types of Beam Failure

1. Balanced Section – steel starts to yield at the instant when concrete attains its ultimate
strain capacity of 0.003 and starts to crush.
When, s = y 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒅
𝒄𝒃 =
𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚
y =
a = β 𝒄𝒃
0.003 y
=
𝑐𝑏 𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏

0.003(𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏) = 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝜷𝟔𝟎𝟎

ρb =
𝒇𝒚(𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒚)

Es = 200000Mpa
ρmax = 0.75 ρb
0.003(𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏) = 𝟑
As = Asb
𝟒
600(𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏) = 𝑐𝑏 fy
BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION

Types of Beam Failure

2. Under-Reinforced Section– Failure is cause by yielding of steel

a=β𝒄

y = Mn = Asfy (d –a/2)
Mu = øMn
0.003 s
= Check:
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐 𝑨𝒔
𝝆= − 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨
𝒃𝒅
. ( )
s =
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝜷𝟔𝟎𝟎
ρb =
𝒇𝒚(𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒚)
When, s > y steel yields
ρmax = 0.75 ρb

𝟏.𝟒
ρmin =
𝒇𝒚

ρmin < ρ < ρmax

BEAMS REINFORCED for TENSION

Types of Beam Failure

3. Over-Reinforced Section– Failure is initiated by crushing of concrete

y = T=C
Asfs = 0.85fc’ ab
0.003 s
= a=β𝑐
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐
. ( ) . ( )
s = (As) (Es) = 0.85fc’ (β 𝑐)b

When, Solve for c using quadratic equation

s < y steel does not yield
Mn = Asfy (d –a/2)
T = Asfs Mu = øMn
fs = Es s (Hookes Law)
check
fs =
. ( )
Es ρmin < ρ max < ρ

𝑨𝒔
𝝆= − 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨
𝒃𝒅
ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE BEAM FOR TENSION
C = 0.85 fc’ ab (compressive force of concrete)
T = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 (tensile force of steel reinforcement)

Fh = 0

T=C
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 fc’ ab

Asfy
a = .

Mu = øC (d – a/2)
Mu = ø 0.85fc’ab (d-a/2)
ø 0.85fc’ b (d−a/2)
Mu = d−
.

𝐴𝑠 =ρbd

ω=ρ (tension reinforcement index)

ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE BEAM FOR TENSION
C = 0.85 fc’ ab (compressive force of concrete) ρ
Mu = ø(0.85) 𝑑 −
T = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 (tensile force of steel reinforcement) . . ( )

Fh = 0
ρ
Mu = øfc’ω bd 𝑑 −
.
T=C
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 fc’ ab ρ
Mu = øfc’ω 𝑏𝑑2 − .
Asfy
a = . ω
Mu = øfc’ω 𝑏𝑑2 −
.
Mu = øC (d – a/2)
ω
Mu = ø 0.85fc’ab (d-a/2) Mu = øfc’ω 𝑏𝑑2 1 −
.
ø 0.85fc’ b (d−a/2)
Mu = d−
.
Mu = = øfc’ω 𝒃𝒅𝟐(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗 ω)
𝐴𝑠 =ρbd

ω=ρ (tension reinforcement index)

ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE BEAM FOR TENSION
Mu = øfc’ω 𝒃𝒅𝟐(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗 ω)

Rn = fc’ ω (1 – 0.59 ω )
Rn – coefficient of resistance

Mu = ø 𝑏𝑑2 Rn

𝑴𝒖
Rn =ø
𝒃𝒅𝟐

𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝟐𝑹𝒏
ρ= 𝟏−
𝒇𝒚 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄

Mu = øAsfy (d-a/2)

Mu = øMn

Mn = Asfy (d-a/2)
ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE BEAM FOR TENSION
𝐀 𝐬 𝐟𝐲
1. Locate the neutral axis by assuming that the steel reinforcement yields. 𝐚 = 𝜷𝐜 =
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝐟𝐜 𝐛

2. Equate the concrete compression force to the steel tension force. T = C

𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚 = 0.85 fc’ ab
𝐝−𝐜 𝐟𝐲
3. Check whether the strain in steel exceeds the yield strain. 𝛆𝐜𝐮 ≥
𝐜 𝐄𝐬

4. If the tension steel yields, the nominal strength is now calculated using
𝐚 𝐚
𝐌𝐧 = 𝐀 𝐬 𝐟𝐬 𝐝 − = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝜷𝟏 𝒄𝒃 𝐝 −
𝟐 𝟐
5. If the tension steel does not yield, the nominal strength is recalculated after
locating the neutral axis. 𝒅−𝒄
𝐀𝐬 𝜺𝒄𝒖 𝑬𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝜷𝒄𝒃
𝒄
6. . Take note that the steel reinforcements should have a total area not less than
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒇𝒄
𝐀 𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝒇𝒚
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Determine the nominal strength of the beam shown if
and
Solution:
Given:
fc’ =28MPa , ß = 0.85
fy = 420 Mpa
As = 1530 mm2
d = 430mm
b = 300mm

depth of the compression Block,

T=C

Asfy = 0.85fc’ ab
(1530)(420) = 0.85 (28) (a) (b)
a = 90 mm
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1
0.003 𝜀
=
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐

0.003 𝜀
=
105.88 430 − 105.88

ε = 0.00918

εy = (fy/ES)
εy = (420/200000)
a = 90mm εy = 0.0021 < 0.00918
therefore steel yields
a = ßc
a = 0.85 c Mn = Asfy ( d – a/2)
Mn = 1520(420)(430 – 90/2)
c = 105.88mm Mn = 247.01 kN-m