Chapter 3: BFC 20903: © 2006 The Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
CHAPTER 3: BFC 20903
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5-1

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Introduction
• Objective  Analysis and design of beams.
• Beams  structural members supporting loads

at various points along the member.
• Transverse loadings of beams are classified as
concentrated loads or distributed loads.
• Applied loads result in internal forces consisting

of a shear force (from the shear stress
distribution) and a bending couple (from the
normal stress distribution).
• Normal stress is often the critical design criteria

My Mc M
x   m  
I I S
Requires determination of the location and
magnitude of largest bending moment.

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Introduction
Classification of Beam Supports

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Introduction :
It is important to the structural engineer to develop the ability to
model or idealize a structure so that he or she can perform a
practical force analysis of the members.
Support Connections :
Structural members are
joined together in various
ways depending on the
intent of the designer.
The three main types of
joints which are pinned,
roller and fixed.
A pin-connected joint and
a roller support allow some
freedom for slight rotation,
whereas fixed joint allows
no relative rotation
between the connected
members.
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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IDEALIZED STRUCTURE
Idealized Model :
is a simplified version of
the physical system that
strips away the
unnecessary aspects of
the situation
Free Body Diagram

is a diagram used to
show the relative
magnitude and direction of
all forces acting upon an
object in a given situation

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© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 12

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REACTIONS DETERMINATION
• General equation of equilibrium for a
rigid body
F=0
M=0
• Static Equilibrium Equations (SEE) in
two dimension (plane structure)
Fx=0
Fy=0
M=0
• Static Equilibrium Equations in three
dimension (space structure)
Fx=0
Fy=0
Fz=0
Mx=0
My=0
Mz=0
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Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
• Shear force and bending couple at a point are

determined by passing a section through the
beam and applying an equilibrium analysis on
the beam portions on either side of the
section.
• Sign conventions for shear forces V and V’

and bending couples M and M’

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Sample Problem 5.2

SOLUTION:
• Replace the 45-kN load with an
equivalent force-couple system at D.
Find the reactions at B by considering
the beam as a rigid body.
• Section the beam at points near the

support and load application points.
The structure shown is constructed of a Apply equilibrium analyses on
W250  167 rolled-steel beam. (a)
resulting free bodies to determine
internal shear forces and bending
Draw the shear and bending-moment
couples.
diagrams for the beam and the given
loading. (b) Determine normal stress in
• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
sections just to the right and left of point
determine the maximum normal
D.
stress to the left and right of point D.

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Sample Problem 5.2

SOLUTION:
• Replace the 45-kN load with equivalent force-
couple system at D. Find reactions at B.
• Section the beam and apply equilibrium
analyses on resulting free bodies.

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Sample Problem 5.2

determine the maximum normal stress to
the left and right of point D.
From Appendix C for a W250  167 rolled

steel shape, S = 208  106mm about the
XX axis.

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Sample Problem 5.1

SOLUTION:
• Treating the entire beam as a rigid
body, determine the reaction forces.
• Section the beam at points near

supports and load application points.
Apply equilibrium analyses on
resulting free bodies to determine
For the timber beam and loading internal shear forces and bending
shown, draw the shear and bend- couples.
moment diagrams and determine the
maximum normal stress due to • Identify the maximum shear and
bending. bending moment from plots of their
distributions.

determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
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Sample Problem 5.1

SOLUTION:
• Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine
the reaction forces
from  Fy  0   M B : RB  46 kN RD  14 kN
• Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses
on resulting free bodies
 Fy  0  20 kN  V1  0 V1  20 kN
 M1  0 20 kN 0 m   M1  0 M1  0
 Fy  0  20 kN  V2  0 V2  20 kN
 M2  0 20 kN 2.5 m  M 2  0 M 2  50 kN  m
V3  26 kN M 3  50 kN  m
V4  26 kN M 4  28 kN  m
V5  14 kN M 5  28 kN  m
V6  14 kN M6  0

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Sample Problem 5.1

• Identify the maximum shear and bending
moment from plots of their distributions.
Vm  26 kN M m  M B  50 kN  m

determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
S  16 b h 2  16 0.080 m 0.250 m 2
 833.33 10 6 m3
MB 50 103 N  m
m  
S 833.33 10 6 m3
 m  60.0 106 Pa

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Relations among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

• Relationship between load and shear:
 Fy  0 : V  V  V   w x  0
V   w x
dV
 w
dx
xD
VD  VC    w dx
xC
• Relationship between shear and bending

moment:
 M C  0 : M  M   M  V x  wx x  0
2
M  V x  12 w x  2
dM
V
dx
xD
M D  MC   V dx
xC

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Sample Problem 5.3

SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
• Apply the relationship between shear and

load to develop the shear diagram.
Draw the shear and bending- • Apply the relationship between bending
moment diagrams for the beam moment and shear to develop the bending-
and loading shown. moment diagram.

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Sample Problem 5.3

SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the
reactions at A and D.
• Apply the relationship between shear and load to

develop the shear diagram.
dV
 w dV   w dx
dx
 zero slope between concentrated loads
 linear variation over uniform load segment
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Sample Problem 5.3

• Apply the relationship between bending
moment and shear to develop the bending-
moment diagram.
dM
V dM  V dx
dx
 bending moment at A and E is zero

 bending moment variation between A, B,
C, and D is linear
 bending moment variation between D
and E is quadratic
 net change in bending moment is equal to
areas under shear distribution segments
 total of all bending-moment changes across
the beam should be zero

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Sample Problem 5.5

SOLUTION:
determine the reactions at C.
• Apply the relationship between shear

and load to develop the shear diagram.
Draw the shear and bending-moment • Apply the relationship between

diagrams for the beam and loading bending moment and shear to develop
shown. the bending moment diagram.

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Sample Problem 5.5

SOLUTION:
determine the reactions at C.
 Fy  0   12 w0a  RC RC  12 w0 a
 a  a
 M C  0  12 w0a L    M C M C   12 w0 a L  
 3  3
Results from integration of the load and shear
distributions should be equivalent.
• Apply the relationship between shear and load
to develop the shear diagram.
a
a
 x   x 2 
VB  V A    w0 1   dx    w0  x  
 2a 
0  a   0
VB   12 w0 a    area under load curve
 No change in shear between B and C.

 Compatible with free body analysis
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Sample Problem 5.5

• Apply the relationship between bending moment
and shear to develop the bending-moment
diagram.
a
a x 2    x 2 x3 
 
M B  M A    w0  x   dx   w0   
  2a    2 6a 
0     0
M B   13 w0 a 2
 
L
M B  M C    12 w0 a dx   12 w0 aL  a 
a
a w0  a
M C   16 w0 a3L  a   L 
2  3
Results at C are compatible with free-body

analysis

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Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

• The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the
maximum bending moment occurs.
M max c M max
m  
I S
• A safe design requires that the maximum normal stress be

less than the allowable stress for the material used. This
criteria leads to the determination of the minimum
acceptable section modulus.
 m   all
M max
S min 
 all
• Among beam section choices which have an acceptable

section modulus, the one with the smallest weight per unit
length or cross-sectional area will be the least expensive
and the best choice.
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Sample Problem 5.8
SOLUTION:
• Considering the entire beam as a free
body, determine the reactions at A and
D.
• Develop the shear diagram for the

A simply supported steel beam is to beam and load distribution. From the
carry the distributed and concentrated diagram, determine the maximum
loads shown. Knowing that the bending moment.
allowable normal stress for the grade
of steel to be used is 160 MPa, select • Determine the minimum acceptable
the wide-flange shape that should be beam section modulus. Choose the
used. best standard section which meets this
criteria.

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Sample Problem 5.8

• Considering the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
 M A  0  D5 m   60 kN 1.5 m   50 kN 4 m 
D  58.0 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  58.0 kN  60 kN  50 kN
Ay  52.0 kN
• Develop the shear diagram and determine the

maximum bending moment.
V A  Ay  52.0 kN
VB  V A  area under load curve  60 kN
VB  8 kN
• Maximum bending moment occurs at

V = 0 or x = 2.6 m.
M max  area under shear curve, A to E 
 67.6 kN

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Sample Problem 5.8

• Determine the minimum acceptable beam
section modulus.
M max 67.6 kN  m
S min  
 all 160 MPa
 422.5 10 6 m3  422.5 103 mm3
• Choose the best standard section which meets

Shape S  103 mm3
this criteria.
W410  38.8 637
W360  32.9 474 W 360 32.9
W310  38.7 549
W250  44.8 535
W200  46.1 448

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Edition

CHAPTER 3: BFC 20903

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5-1

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5-2

• Beams  structural members supporting loads

• Applied loads result in internal forces consisting

• Normal stress is often the critical design criteria

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5-3

Classification of Beam Supports

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5-4

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5-7

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5-8

Free Body Diagram

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 12

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 13

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 14

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 15

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 16

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 17

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 19

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 20

Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

• Shear force and bending couple at a point are

• Sign conventions for shear forces V and V’

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 21

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 22

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 23

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 24

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 25

Sample Problem 5.2

• Section the beam at points near the

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 26

Sample Problem 5.2

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 27

Sample Problem 5.2

From Appendix C for a W250  167 rolled

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 28

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 29

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 30

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 31

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 32

Sample Problem 5.1

• Section the beam at points near

• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

Sample Problem 5.1

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 34

Sample Problem 5.1

• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 35

Relations among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

• Relationship between shear and bending

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 36

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 37

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 38

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 39

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 40

Sample Problem 5.3

• Apply the relationship between shear and