1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACK GROUND

A beam is a horizontal structural member used to support horizontal loads such as floors,
roofs, and decks. Reinforced concrete beams carry loads primarily by bending therefore,
designed on the basis of limit state of collapse in flexure(FIG:1). The beams are also to be
checked for other limit states of shear and torsion. However, adequate torsional reinforcement
must be provided wherever needed.

(FIG: 1)

1.2 SHAPES OF BEAMS:

Beams are of different shapes which are used under certain conditions that follows.
The commonly used shapes of beams are Rectangular beam, I-Beam, H-Beam & T-Beams.
The shapes of beams are shown in fig 2.

(FIG: 2)
1.3 BEAM TERMINOLOGY:

The Top portions on an T-beam are referred to as the flange. The portion that
connects the flanges is referred to as the web.(FIG: 3)

(FIG: 3)
1.4 TYPES OF SUPPORTS:

The supports for the beams are of mainly 6 types which are used under different
conditions. The types of supports are:

1.Simply supported beam.

2.Continous beam.

3.Cantilever beam.

4.End-supproted cantilever beam.

5.Combination beam.

6.Fixed beam.

The shapes of supports are shown in FIG :4

(FIG: 4)
1.5 LOADING ON BEAMS:

Loads acting on beams are mainly Concentrated load and distributed load. Due to this
loading bending moment of the beam changes. The shapes of loading are shown in FIG:5

(FIG: 5)

1.6 BEAM GEOMETRY:

In this project the design of rectangular and T-beam has been done. The geometry of
rectangular and T-beam are discussed below:

1.6.1 RECTANGULAR BEAM:

 Consider a simply supported beam of length, L.

 The cross section is rectangular, with width, b, and height, h.(FIG: 6)

(FIG: 6)
  An area has a centroid, which is similar to a center of gravity of a solid body.
 The centroid( )of a symmetric cross section can be easily found by inspection. X
and Y axes intersect at the centroid of a symmetric cross section, as shown on the
rectangular cross section.(FIG: 7)

(FIG: 7)
 For singly reinforced beams the reinforcement are provided along tension side only.
 For doubly reinforced beams the reinforcement are provided along tension and
compression side.

(FIG: 8)
1.6.1 T- BEAM:

 Consider a T-beam of span length L

 The fig 9 represents the cross section of t beam. The T-beam consists of:
a) 𝑏𝑓 -breadth of flange
b) 𝑑𝑓 -depth of flange
c) 𝑏𝑤 -breath of web
d) 𝑑𝑤 -Depth of web
e) 𝐴𝑠𝑡 -Area of steel

(FIG: 9)
 For singly reinforced T-beams the reinforcement are provided along tension side
only.
 For doubly reinforced T-beams the reinforcement are provided along tension and
compression side.(FIG: 10)

(FIG: 10)
1.7 THEORY:
1.7.1 ASSUMPTIONS:
The following are the assumptions of the design of flexural members (Figs. 11 to 13)
employing limit state of collapse:
(i) Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
This assumption ensures that the cross-section of the member does not warp due to the loads
applied. It further means that the strain at any point on the cross-section is directly proportional
to its distance from the neutral axis.

(FIG:11)RECTANGULAR BEAM UNDER FLEXURE

(iii) The acceptable stress-strain curve of concrete is assumed to be parabolic as shown in Fig.
1.2.1 of Lesson 2.
The maximum compressive stress-strain curve in the structure is obtained by reducing the
values of the top parabolic curve (Figs. 21 of IS 456:2000) in two stages. First, dividing by 1.5
due to size effect and secondly, again dividing by 1.5 considering the partial safety factor of
the material. The middle and bottom curves (Fig. 21 of IS 456:2000) represent these stages.
Thus, the maximum compressive stress in bending is limited to the constant value of 0.446 fck

for the strain ranging from 0.002 to 0.0035 (Figs. 12 and 13, Figs. 21 and 22 of IS 456:2000).
(ii) The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in
bending (Figs 12 and 13).
This is a clearly defined limiting strain of concrete in bending compression beyond which the
concrete will be taken as reaching the state of collapse. It is very clear that the specified
limiting strain of 0.0035 does not depend on the strength of concrete.
(iv) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
Concrete has some tensile strength (very small but not zero). Yet, this tensile strength is
ignored and the steel reinforcement is assumed to resist the tensile stress. However, the tensile
strength of concrete is taken into account to check the deflection and crack widths in the limit
state of serviceability.
(v) The design stresses of the reinforcement are derived from the representative stress-strain
curves as shown in Figs. 1.2.3 and 4 of Lesson 2 and Figs. 23A and B of IS 456:2000, for the
type of steel used using the partial safety factor γm as 1.15.

In the reinforced concrete structures, two types of steel are used: one with definite yield point
(mild steel, Figs. 1.2.3 of Lesson 2 and Figs. 23B of IS 456:2000) and the other where the yield
points are not definite (cold work deformed bars). The representative stress-strain diagram
(Fig. 1.2.4 of Lesson 2 and Fig. 23A of IS 456:2000) defines the points between 0.8 fy and 1.0

fy in case of cold work deformed bars where the curve is inelastic.

(FIG:12)RECTANGULAR BEAM UNDER FLEXURE WHEN 𝑿𝒖 < 𝑿𝒖 𝒎𝒂𝒙

(FIG:13) RECTANGULAR BEAM UNDER FLEXURE WHEN WHEN 𝑿𝒖 = 𝑿𝒖 𝒎𝒂𝒙

 (vi) The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less
than fy/(1.15 Es) + 0.002, where fy is the characteristic strength of steel and Es = modulus of

elasticity of steel (Figs. 12 and 13).

This assumption ensures ductile failure in which the tensile reinforcement undergoes a certain
degree of inelastic deformation before concrete fails in compression.

1.7.2 MAXIMUM DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS:

Assumptions (b) and (f) govern the maximum depth of neutral axis in flexural members . The
strain distribution across a member corresponding to those limiting conditions is shown in Fig.4.
The maximum depth of neutral axis 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 is obtained directly from the strain diagram by
considering similar triangles.

𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.0035
= 0.87𝑓𝑦
𝑑 (0.0055+ ⁄𝐸 )
𝑠

𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
The values of for three grades of steel are given in Table B.
𝑑

𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
TABLE B VALUES OF FOR DIFFERENT GRADES OF STEEL (clause 1.7.2)
𝑑

𝑓𝑦 , 𝑁/ 𝑚𝑚2 250 415 500

𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.531 0.479 0.456

𝑑

1.7.3 RECTANGULAR SECTIONS :

The compressive stress block for concrete is represented by the design stress-
strain curve as in Fig.1. It is seen from this stress block (see Fig.14) that the centroid of
compressive force in a rectangular section lies at a distance of 0.416𝑋𝑢 (which has been rounded
off to 0.42𝑋𝑢 in the code) from the extreme compression fibre and the total force of compression
is 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑋𝑢. .(fig:14)
 (FIG: 14 SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION)

The lever arm, that is ,the distance between the centroid of tensile force is equal to (𝑑 −
0.416𝑋𝑢 ).Hence the upper limit for the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced rectangular
section is given by the following equation :

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × (𝑑 − 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

Substituting for 𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 from Table B and transposing 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 , we get the values of the limiting
moment of resistance factors for singly reinforced rectangular beams and slabs. These values
are given in Table C. The tensile reinforcement percentage, 𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 corresponding to the limiting
moment of resistance is obtained by equating the forces of tension and compression.

𝑃𝑡,lim 𝑏𝑑(0.87𝑓𝑦)
= 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
100

𝑓𝑦
Substituting for 𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 from Table B, we get the values of 𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 as given in Table C.
𝑐𝑘

𝑀𝑢⁄
The values of the limiting moment of resistance factor 𝑏𝑑 2 for different grades of
concrete and steel are given in Table D. The corresponding percentages of reinforcements
are given in Table E .These are the maximum permissible percentages for singly reinforced
sections.
TABLE C LIMITING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE AND REINFORCEMENT INDEX
FOR SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTIONS (clause 1.7.3)

𝑓𝑦, 𝑁/ 𝑚𝑚2 250 415 500

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 0.149 0.138 0.133
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑓𝑦 21.97 19.82 18.87
𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓
𝑐𝑘

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚⁄ 2
TABLE D LIMITING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE FACTOR 𝑏𝑑 2 , 𝑁/ 𝑚𝑚
FOR SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTIONS ( clause 1.7.3)

𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁/ 𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑦 𝑁/ 𝑚𝑚2

250 415 500
15 2.24 2.07 2.00
20 2.98 2.76 2.66
25 3.73 3.45 3.33
30 4.47 4.14 3.99

TABLE E MAXIMUM PERCENTAGE OF TENSILE REINFORCEMENT 𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 FOR

SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTIONS (clause 1.7.3)

𝑓𝑐𝑘 N/𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑦 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

250 415 500

15 1.32 0.72 0.57
20 1.76 0.96 0.76
25 2.20 1.19 0.94
30 2.64 1.43 1.13

UNDER –REINFORCED SECTIONS:

Under reinforced section means a singly reinforced section 𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 n with reinforcement
percentage not exceeding the appropriate value given in Table E. For such sections , the depth of
neutral axis 𝑋𝑢 will be smaller than 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 The strain in steel at the limit state of collapse will,
therefore, be more than

0.87𝑓𝑦
+ 0.002
𝐸𝑠

And ,The design stress in steel will be 0.87fy.The depth of neutral axis is obtained by equating
the forces of tension and compression.

𝑃𝑡 𝑏𝑑
(0.87𝑓𝑦) = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑋𝑢
100

𝑋𝑢 𝑃𝑡 0.87𝑓𝑦
=( )
𝑑 100 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘

The moment of resistance of the section is equal to the product of the tensile force and the
lever arm.

𝑃𝑡 𝑏𝑑
𝑀𝑢 = (0.87𝑓𝑦)(𝑑 − 0.416𝑋𝑢)
100

𝑃𝑡 𝑋𝑢
= 0.87𝑓𝑦 (100) (1 − 0.416 ) 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑑

𝑋𝑢
Substituting for we get
𝑑

𝑓𝑦 𝑃𝑡
Mu =0.87fy(𝑃𝑡⁄100) × [1 − 1.005 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (100)] 𝑏𝑑 2

The charts 1 to 18(𝑆𝑝16 code book) have been prepared by assigning different
values to 𝑀𝑢⁄𝑏 and plotting d versus Pt .The moment values are in units of 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 per metre
width. Charts are given for three grades of steel and two grades of concrete , namely M 20 and
M20, which are most commonly used for flexural members . Tables 1 to 4 (𝑆𝑝16 code book)
cover a wider range , that is, five values of 𝑓𝑦 and four grades of concrete upto M30 . In these
tables , the values of percentage of reinforcement 𝑃𝑡 have been tabulated against 𝑀𝑢/𝑏 𝑑 2.

The moment of resistance of slabs, with bars of different diameters and spacing's
are given in tables 5 to 44.Tables are given for concrete 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑀15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀20, 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑤𝑜 grades
of steel .Ten different thicknesses ranging from 10cm to 25cm , are included. These tables take into
account 25.5.2.2 of the code (𝑆𝑝16) ,that is, the maximum bar diameter does not exceed one
eighth the thickness of the slab .Clear cover for reinforcement has been taken as 15mm or the bar
diameter, whichever is greater [see25.4(d) of the code]. In these tables , the zeros at the top right
hand corner indicate the region where the reinforcement percentage would exceed 𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 and
zeros at the lower left hand corner indicate the region where the reinforcement is less than the
minimum according to 25.5.2.1 of the code. (𝑆𝑝16)

DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS

Doubly reinforced sections are generally adopted when the dimensions of the beam have been
predetermined from other considerations and the design moment exceeds the moment of resistance
of a singly reinforced section. The additional moment of resistance needed is obtained by providing
compression reinforcement and additional tensile reinforcement . The moment of resistance of
doubly reinforced section is thus the sum of the limiting moment of resistance of 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 a singly
reinforced section and the additional moment of resistance 𝑀𝑢2 .Given the values of 𝑀𝑢 which is
greater than 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 the value of 𝑀𝑢2 can be calculated.

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚

The lever arm for the additional moment of resistance is equal to the distance between centroids of
tension reinforcement ,that is (𝑑 − 𝑑′) 𝑑′ is the distance from the extreme compression fibre to the
centroid of compression reinforcement.Therefore, considering the moment of resistance due to the
additional tensile reinforcement and the compression reinforcement we get the following:
𝑀𝑢2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 (0.87𝑓𝑦)(𝑑 − 𝑑′)

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐)(𝑑 − 𝑑′)

Where
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 is the area of additional tensile reinforcement,
𝐴𝑠𝑐 is the area of compression reinforcement,
𝑓𝑠𝑐 is the stress in compression reinforcement,and
𝑓𝑐𝑐 is the compressive stress in concrete at the level of the centroid of compression
reinforcement.

Since the additional tensile force is balanced by the additional compressive force,

𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐) = 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 (0.87𝑓𝑦 )

Any two of the above three equations may be used for finding 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 and 𝐴𝑠𝑐 .The total tensile
reinforcement 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 is given by,

𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 100 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

It will be noticed that we need the values of 𝑓𝑠𝑐 and 𝑓𝑐𝑐 before we can calculate 𝐴𝑠𝑐 .The
approach given here is meant for design of sections and not for analyzing a given section.
The depth of neutral axis is ,therefore, taken as equal to 𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 .As shown in Fig.15,strain at
𝑑′
the level of the compression reinforcement will be equal to 0.0035 (1 − 𝑋 ) For values of
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥

d1/d upto 0.2 𝑓𝑐𝑐 is equal to 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 ; and for mild steel reinforcement 𝑓𝑠𝑐 would be equal
to the design yield stress of 0.87𝑓𝑦.When the reinforcement is cold worked bars,the design

stress in compression reinforcement 𝑓𝑠𝑐 for different va 𝑓𝑦 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 lues of 𝑑′⁄𝑑 upto 0.2 will
be as given in Table F.

(FIG: 15 DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION)

TABLE F STRESS IN COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT 𝑓𝑠𝑐 , 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2IN DOUBLY

REINFORCED BEAMS WITH COLD WORKED BARS

𝑓𝑦 𝑁 𝑑′⁄
𝑑
/𝑚𝑚2
 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
415 355 353 342 329
500 424 412 395 370

2.3.2.1 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 has been plotted against (𝑑 − 𝑑′) for different values of 𝑀𝑢2 in charts have been
prepared for 𝑓𝑠 = 217.5, 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and it is directly applicable for mild steel reinforcement
with yield stress of 250 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .Values of 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 for other grades of steel and also the values
of 𝐴𝑠𝑐 can be obtained by multiplying the value read from the chart by the factors given in
Table G.The multiplying factors for 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ,given in this Table, are based on a value of 𝑓𝑐𝑐
corresponding to concrete grade M20,but it can be used for all grades of concrete with little
error.

TABLE G MULTIPLYING FACTORS FOR USE WITH CHARTS 19 AND 20

𝑓𝑦 𝑁 FACTOR FACTOR FOR 𝐴𝑠𝑐 FOR 𝑑′⁄𝑑

/𝑚𝑚2 FOR 𝐴𝑠𝑡2
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
1.00 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04
250
0.60 0.63 0.63 0.65 0.68
415
0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.60
500

The expression for the moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced section may also
be written in the following manner:

𝑃𝑡2𝑏𝑑
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 + (0.87𝑓𝑦)(𝑑 − 𝑑′)
100

𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑃𝑡2 𝑑′
= + 100 (0.87𝑓𝑦) (1 − )
𝑏𝑑2 𝑏𝑑2 𝑑

where

𝑃𝑡2 is the additional percentage of tensile reinforcement.

 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 + 𝑃𝑡2
0.87𝑓𝑦
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑡2 [𝑓 ]
𝑠𝑐 −𝑓𝑐𝑐

𝑑′
The values of 𝑃𝑡 and 𝑃𝑐 for four values of upto 0.2 have been tabulated against 𝑀𝑢/𝑏 𝑑 2
𝑑

in Table 45 to 56.Tables are given for three grades of steel and four grades of concrete.

1.7.4 T-SECTIONS:

The moment of resistance of a T-beam can be considered as the sum of the moment of resistance
of the concrete in the web of width 𝑏𝑤 and the contribution due to flanges of width. 𝑏𝑓.

The maximum moment of resistance is obtained when the depth of neutral axis is 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 .when
the thickness of flange is small, that is ,less than about 0.2d,the stress in the flange will be uniform
or nearly uniform (see Fig.16) and the centroid of the compression force ,in the flange can be taken
𝐷
at 𝑓⁄2 from the extreme compression fibre Therefore ,the following expression is obtained for the
𝐷
limiting moment of resistance of T-beams with small values of 𝑓⁄𝑑 .

𝑑𝑓
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑇 = 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑤𝑒𝑏 + 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 × (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )𝐷𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2

Where 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑤𝑒𝑏 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑 − 0.416𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

The equation given in E-2.2 of the code(sp16) is the same as above, with the numerical's
rounded off to two decimals. when the flange thickness is greater than about 0.2d, the above
expression is not correct because the stress distribution in the flange would not be uniform. The
expression given in E-2.2.1 of the code is an approximation which makes allowance for the
variation of stress in the flange. This expression is obtained by substituting 𝑦𝑓 for 𝐷𝑓 in the
equation of E-2.2 of the code 𝑦𝑓 being equal to (0.15𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 0.65𝐷𝑓 ) but not greater than 𝐷𝑓 .
with this modification,

𝑦𝑓
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑇 = 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖 𝑚,𝑤𝑒𝑏 + 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 × (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )𝑦𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2

Dividing both sides by 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2 ,

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑇 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑤𝑒𝑏 𝑏𝑓 𝑦𝑓 𝑦𝑓
= + 0.446 × ( − 1) (1 − 2𝑑)
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
 𝑦𝑓 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑓
Where = + 0.65
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑

𝑦𝑓 𝐷𝑓
but < o
𝑑 𝑑

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑇
Using the above expression ,the values of the moment of resistance factor for different
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2
𝑏 𝐷𝑓
values of 𝑏 𝑓 and have been worked out and given in Tables57 to59 (𝑆𝑝16 ) for three grades of
𝑤 𝑑

steel.

(FIG:16 T-BEAM SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM)

1.7.5 CONTROL OF DEFLECTION

1.7.5.1 The deflection of beams and slabs would generally be within the permissible limits if the
ratio of span to effective depth of the member does not exceed the values obtained in accordance
with 22.2.1 of the code .The following basic values of span to effective depth are given:

Simply supported 20
Continuous 26
Cantilever 7
Further modifying factors are given in order to account for the effects of grade and percentage of
𝑑′
tension reinforcement and percentage of compression reinforcement. 𝑑

1.7.5.2 In normal design where the reinforcement provided is equal to that required from
strength considerations, the basic values of span to effective depth can be multiplied by the
appropriate values of the modifying factors and given in a form suitable for direct reference.
Such charts have been prepared as explained below:

a) The basic span to effective depth ratio for simply supported members is multiplied by the
modifying factor for tension reinforcement (Fig.3of the code 𝑆𝑝16)and plotted as the base curve
in the is plotted on the vertical axis and the tensile reinforcement percentage is plotted on the
horizontal axis.

b) When the tensile reinforcement exceeds 𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 the section will be doubly reinforced .The
percentage of compression reinforcement is proportional to the additional tensile reinforcement
(𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ) as explained in 2.3.2. However, the value of 𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 and 𝑃𝑐 will depend on the
grade of concrete also. Therefore, the values of span to effective depth ratio according to base
curve is modified as follows for each grade of concrete:

1) For values of 𝑃𝑡 greater than the appropriate value of 𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 the value of (𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚 )
is calculated and then the reinforcement 𝑃𝑐 required is calculated.Thus, the value of
𝑑′
corresponding to a value of 𝑃𝑡 is obtained. (For this purpose has been assumed as 0.10
𝑑
𝑑′
but the chart, thus obtained can generally be used for all values of in the normal range,
𝑑

without significant error in the value of maximum span to effective depth ratio.)

2) The value of span to effective depth ratio of the base curve is multiplied by the modifying
factor for compression reinforcement from Fig.4 of the code.

3) The value obtained above is plotted on the same chart in which the base curve was drawn
earlier. Hence the span to effective depth ratio for doubly reinforced section is plotted against the
tensile reinforcement percentage 𝑃𝑡 without specifically indicating the value of 𝑃𝑐 on the
chart.

1.7.5.3 The values read from these charts directly applicable for simply supported members of
rectangular cross section for spans upto10m.For simply supported or continuous spans larger
than 10m, the values should be further multiplied by the factor (10/span in meters).For
continuous spans or cantilevers, the values read from the charts are to be modified in proportion
to the basic values of span to effective depth ratio. The multiplying factors for this purpose are as
follows:

Continuous spans 1.3

Cantilevers 0.35

In the case of cantilevers which are longer than 10m the code recommends that the deflections
should be calculated in order to ensure that they do not exceed permissible limits.

1.7.5.4 For flanged be, the code recommends that the values of span to effective depth ratios may
be determined as for rectangular sections, subject to the following modifications:

a) The reinforcement percentage should be based on the area 𝑏𝑓 𝑑 while referring the charts.

b) The value of span to effective depth ratio obtained earlier should be reduced by multiplying
by the following factors:

𝑏𝑓 Factor
⁄𝑏
𝑤

1.0 1.0
>3.33 0.8

For intermediate values, linear interpolation may be done.

1.7.5.5 In the case of two way slabs supported on all four sides, the shorter span should be
considered for the purpose of calculating the span to effective depth ratio(see Note 1 below 23.1
of the code 𝑆𝑝16)

1.7.5.6 In the case of flat slabs the longer span should be considered (30.2.1 of the code
𝑆𝑝16).when drop panels conforming to 30.2.2 of the code are not provided ,the values of span to
effective depth ratio obtained from the charts should be multiplied by 0.9.

1.8 DESIGN STEPS:

The design of both rectangular and T-beams are explained below:
1.8.1 RECTANGULAR BEAMS:
 1.8.1.1 RECTANGULAR SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS:
Step 1: calculation of loads:
Total load = Dead load + Live load
Factored load 𝑊𝑢 = 1.5 × 𝑊
Step 2: calculation of momments:
𝑤𝑢 ×𝑙 2
Factored moment 𝑀𝑢 is different for different beams for simply supported beams
8

𝑤𝑢 ×𝑙 2
i.e., for cantilever beams
2

Step 3: check for depth:

𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏 × 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

from above equation we can get required depth that should be less than depth provided then
the section is safe against the depth otherwise redesign.

Step 4: calculation of tension reinforcement:

0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [𝑑 − 0.42 [ ]]
0.36×𝑓𝑐𝑘 ×𝑏

from the above equation we get the Area of steel to be required

Step 5: calculation of no of bars:

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
No of bars =
𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

These bars are to be provided along tension side

1.8.1.2 RECTANGULAR DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM:

Step 1: calculation of loads:

Total load = Dead load + Live load
Factored load 𝑊𝑢 = 1.5 × 𝑊
Step 2: calculation of momments:
𝑤𝑢 ×𝑙 2
Factored moment 𝑀𝑢 is different for different beams for simply supported beams
8
 𝑤𝑢 ×𝑙 2
i.e., for cantilever beams
2

Step 3: calculation of area of steel along compression side:

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑 − 0.42 × 𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

𝑓𝑦 , 𝑁/ 𝑚𝑚2 250 415 500

𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.531 0.479 0.456

𝑑

From above table 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 value is obtained

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 × 𝑓𝑠𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑑0 )

From the above equation this 𝐴𝑠𝑐 value is obtained

Step 4: calculation of no of bars along compression side:

𝐴𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
No of bars =
𝐴𝑠𝑐𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

These bars are to be provided along compression side

Step 5: calulation of area of steel along tension side:

𝑀𝑢2 = 0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 (𝑑 − 𝑑0 )

From the above equation we get 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 value

0.36×𝑓𝑐𝑘 ×𝑏𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐴𝑠𝑡1 =
0.87×𝑓𝑦

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡1 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

Step 6: Calculation of no of bars along tension side:

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
No of bars =
𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

1.8.2 T-BEAMS:
 1.8.2.1 SINGLY REINFORCED T-BEAMS

Step1:calculation of effective span & breadth of the flange:

𝐿
Overall depth of T-beam 𝐷=( )
12

Effective Depth(𝑑𝑤) = 𝐷 − 𝑑𝑜

Effective span 𝐿 + 𝑑𝑤 𝑜𝑟 𝐿 + 𝐵 minimum is the effective span length(𝑙𝑜 )

𝑙0
Breadth of flange(𝑏𝑓 ) = 6
+ 6𝐷𝑓 + 𝑏𝑤

Step2:calculation of area of steel

Total load = (𝐷. 𝐿) + (𝐿. 𝐿)

Working U.D.L (𝑤𝑢 )=1.5* Total load

𝑤𝑢 ×𝑙 2
Factored moment 𝑀𝑢 is different for different beams for simply supported beams
8

𝑤𝑢 ×𝑙 2
i.e., for cantilever beams
2

Step3:Caluculation of area of steel along tension side:

(0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡 )
𝑋𝑢 =
(0.36×𝑓𝑐𝑘 ×𝑏𝑓 )

From below table 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 value is obtained

𝑓𝑦 , 𝑁/ 𝑚𝑚2 250 415 500

𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.531 0.479 0.456

𝑑

Equating 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × (𝑑𝑤 − (0.42 × 𝑋𝑢 ))

from above equation 𝐴𝑠𝑡 is obtained

Step 4:Calculation of no of bars:

 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
No of bars =
𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

1.8.2.2 DOUBLY REINFORCED T-BEAMS:

Step1:Calculation of tension reinforcement:

Effective depth is (𝑑) = 𝐷 − 𝑑𝑜

𝑏 𝐷𝑓
Comparing 𝑏 𝑓 and From the table provided in the code We get 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 value
𝑤 𝑑

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 = 𝐷𝑓
0.87×𝑓𝑦 (𝑑𝑤 − )
2

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢1 − 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚

𝑀𝑢2
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 =0.87×𝑓
𝑦 (𝑑𝑤 −𝑑𝑜1 )

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡1 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

Step2:calculation of compression reinforcement:

from above equation we get 𝑓𝑠𝑐 value through table no:

𝑀𝑢2
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 𝑓
𝑠𝑐 (𝑑−𝑑1 )

Step3:Calculation of no of bars along tension & side:

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
Number of bars = 𝑎𝑡

Step4:Calculation of no of bars along compression side:

𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
Number of bars =
𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
 2.MANUAL EXAMPLES
(1).Design the reinforcement for a Rectangular-beam for the following
data:
Clear span =8000 𝑚𝑚

Support width=300 𝑚𝑚

Udl = 23 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
Materials M20 and 𝐹𝑒 415

SOLUTION:

Given data:

Clear span =8000 𝑚𝑚

Udl =23 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Assumed data:

Breadth b=250 𝑚𝑚

Effective cover =50 𝑚𝑚

Effective depth d = 𝐿⁄12= 8000⁄12 = 666.66 𝑚𝑚 (𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 )

Diameter of tension zone = 20 𝑚𝑚

Total udl working load 𝑊 =23 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Factored load 𝑊𝑢 = 1.5 × 𝑊

= 1.5 × 23

= 34.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Step1:calculation of moments :

𝑤𝑢 ×𝑙2
Factored moment 𝑀𝑢 = 8

34.5×82
= 8

= 276𝑘𝑁𝑚

Step2:Check for depth:

𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏 × 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

276× 106 = 0.36 × 20 × 250 × 0.48 𝑑(𝑑 − 0.42 × 0.48𝑑)

= 0.36 × 20 × 250 × 0.48𝑑(𝑑 − 0.201𝑑)

 276× 106 = 690.336 𝑑 2 or 1035.504 𝑑 2

𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 516.27or632.301< (𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 )

Hence the section is safe against depth

Step 3:Calculation of tension reinforcement:

0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [𝑑 − 0.42 [ 0.36×𝑓 ]]
𝑐𝑘 ×𝑏

0.87×415×𝐴
276× 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [670 − 0.42 [ 0.36×30×250𝑠𝑡]]

276× 106 = 241,903.5 𝐴𝑠𝑡 – 20.274 𝐴𝑠𝑡 2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 10653.918 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 =1177.79 𝑚𝑚2

Calculation of number of bars along tension side:

1177.79
Number of bars = 314.16

= 4 bars

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 4 × 314.16 = 1256.66 𝑚𝑚2

(2) Design the reinforcement for a rectangular beam for the following data

Breadth of beam b = 350𝑚𝑚

Overall depth of beam = 750 𝑚𝑚

Working load = 80𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Span of beam = 7500 𝑚𝑚

Materials M20 and

Given data:

Breadth of beam b = 350 𝑚𝑚

Overall depth of beam = 750 𝑚𝑚

Working load = 80𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Span of beam = 7500 𝑚𝑚

Assumed data:

Effective cover = 40 𝑚𝑚

Diameter of tension zone = 25𝑚𝑚

Diameter of compression zone = 25𝑚𝑚

Effective depth 𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑0 = 750 − 40 = 710 𝑚𝑚

Working of load = 80𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Self weight of beam = 0.35 × 0.75 × 25 = 6.5625 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Total working load = 86.5625 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Factored load 𝑊𝑢 = 1.5 × 𝑊

= 1.5 × 86.5625

= 129.843𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Moments :

𝑤𝑢 ×𝑙 2
Factored moment 𝑀𝑢 =
8

2
129.84×7.5
= 8

= 912.963× 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑 − 0.42 × 𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

= 0.36 × 20 × 350 × 340.8(710 − 0.42 × 340.8)

 = 486.83× 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48 × 𝑑

= 0.48 × 710

= 340.8𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚

= 912.963 × 106 −486.83× 106

= 426.133× 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 × 𝑓𝑠𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑑0 )

426.133× 106 = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 × 353(710 − 40)

𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 1801.75 𝑚𝑚2

1801.75
Number of bars= 490.87

= 3.57≈ 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠

𝑀𝑢2 = 0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 (𝑑 − 𝑑0 )

426.133× 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 (710 − 40)

𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = 1761.58 𝑚𝑚2

0.36×𝑓𝑐𝑘 ×𝑏𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐴𝑠𝑡1 =
0.87×𝑓𝑦

0.36×20×350×340.8
=
0.87×415

= 2378.66 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡1 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 2378.66+1761.58

= 4140.24 𝑚𝑚2
 (𝜋×𝑑2 ) (𝜋×252 )
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = = 490.873 𝑚𝑚2
4 4

1761.58
No of bars= 490.873 = 3.58 ≅ 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠

(3).Design the reinforcement for a T-beam for the following data:

length of the span is 8 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 ends simply supported

spacing of the beams is 3. 5 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

super imposed load is 3 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

floor finish is 0.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Thickness of the slab is 125𝑚𝑚

Bearing is 450 𝑚𝑚

weight of the wall on beam is 15 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Solution:s

Given Data:

Length of the clear span(𝐿) = 8 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝐶/𝐶 spacing of the beams = 3. 5 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

super imposd load = 3 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

floor finish = 0.6𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Thickness of the slab = 130 𝑚𝑚

weight of the wall on beam = 15 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

unit weight of concrete = 25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

Assumed data:

Breadth of the web(𝑏𝑤) = 250 𝑚𝑚

Depth of flange(𝐷𝑓 ) =125 𝑚𝑚

 Effective cover(𝑑 𝑜 ) = 50 𝑚𝑚

Thickness of floor finish(𝑇𝑓 )=70 𝑚𝑚

𝑀20 Grade concrete is used and 𝐹𝑒415 Reinforcement is used

Step1:Calculation of effective span & breadth of the flange:

𝐿 8000
Overall depth of T-beam 𝐷 = (12) = ( ) =666.66 𝑚𝑚
12

Effective Depth(𝑑𝑤) = 𝐷 − 𝑑𝑜 = (666.66 − 50) = 616.66 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 600𝑚𝑚

Effective span

𝐿 + 𝑑𝑤 = (8 + 0.6) = 8.6 𝑚

(OR )

𝐿 + 𝐵 = (8 + 0.45) = 8.45 𝑚

Effective span(𝑙𝑜 ) = 8.45 𝑚

𝑙0 8450
Breadth of flange(𝑏𝑓 ) = 6
+ 6𝐷𝑓 + 𝑏𝑤 = 6
+ 6 × 125 + 250 = 2408𝑚𝑚

Step2:Calculation of Area of steel

Dead load(𝐷. 𝐿) = self weight of slab = 0.125 × 3.5 × 25 = 10.937 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

= floor finish =0.6 × 3.5 = 2.1 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

= self weight of web =0.525 × 0.25 × 25 = 3.28 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Total Dead load(𝐷. 𝐿) =16.317 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Live load (𝐿. 𝐿) =3 × 3.5 = 10.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Weight of rib = 0.5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Total Live load(𝐿. 𝐿) = 10.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Total load = (𝐷. 𝐿) + (𝐿. 𝐿)

= 27.317 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Working U.D.L (𝑤𝑢 ) = 1.5× 27.317 = 40.975 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑢 ×𝑙0 2 40.97×8.452
Bending moment 𝑀𝑢 = = = 365.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8

(0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) (0.87×415×𝐴 )

𝑠𝑡
𝑋𝑢 = (0.36×𝑓𝑐𝑘 ×𝑏𝑓
=
) (0.36×20×2408)
= 0.0208 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48 × 𝑑𝑤 = 0.48 × 600 = 288𝑚𝑚

Equating 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × (𝑑𝑤 − (0.42 × 𝑋𝑢 ))

365.5 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × (600 − (0.42 × 0.0208𝐴𝑠𝑡 ))

365.5× 106 = 216630 𝐴𝑠𝑡 – 3.154𝐴𝑠𝑡 2

𝐴𝑠𝑡=1730.82𝑚𝑚2

𝑋𝑢 = 0.0208 × 1730.82 = 36.001

𝑋𝑢 < 𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥

Step3:Check for tension reinforcement:

(0.85×𝑏𝑤 ×𝐷𝑓 ) (0.85×250×125)

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 64.006𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 415

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.04 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝐷 ) = (0.04 × 250 × 650 ) = 6500𝑚𝑚2

Assuming diameter of the bar (𝑑)= 20 𝑚𝑚

𝜋×𝑑 2 𝜋×202
𝑎𝑡 = = = 314.159 𝑚𝑚
4 4

𝐴𝑠𝑡 1730.82
No of bars = = 314.159 =5.5≈6 bars
𝑎𝑡

4.Design the reinforcement for a T-beam for the following data:

Breadth of the flange is 800 𝑚𝑚
Depth of flange is 100 𝑚𝑚

Overall depth is 400 𝑚𝑚

Moment of resistance of250 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Materials 𝑀20 & 𝐹𝑒415 is used

Solution:

Given data:

Breadth of the flange = 800 𝑚𝑚

Depth of flange = 100 𝑚𝑚

Overall depth = 400 𝑚𝑚

Moment of resistance 250 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Assumed data:

Bottom effective cover (𝑑𝑜 ) = 65 𝑚𝑚

Top effective cover (𝑑𝑜1 ) = 40 𝑚𝑚

Diameter of tension zone (𝑑1 ) = 25 𝑚𝑚

Diameter of compression zone (𝑑2 ) = 20 𝑚𝑚

Step1:Calculation of tension reinforcement:

Effective depth is (𝑑) = 𝐷 − 𝑑𝑜 = 400-65 = 335 𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑓 800
= 200 = 4
𝑏𝑤

𝐷𝑓 100
= 335 = 0.3
𝑑

𝑏 𝐷𝑓
Comparing 𝑏 𝑓 and From the table provided in the code We get
𝑤 𝑑
 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚
= 0.448
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =0.448×20×200× 3352 = 201.1 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 201.1×106
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 = 𝐷𝑓 = 100 = 1954 𝑚𝑚2
0.87×𝑓𝑦 (𝑑𝑤 − ) 0.87×415(335− )
2 2

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢1 − 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 250−201.1 = 48.9 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑢2 48.9106
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 =0.87×𝑓 = = 459 mm2
𝑦 (𝑑𝑤 −𝑑𝑜1 ) 0.87×415(335−40)

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡1 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 1954 + 459

= 2413 𝑚𝑚2

Step2:calculation of compression reinforcement:

𝑑𝑜1 40
= 335 = 0.12
𝑑

from above equation we get 𝑓𝑠𝑐 value through table no:

𝑀𝑢2 48.9×106
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 𝑓 = 342×(335−40) = 485 𝑚𝑚2
𝑠𝑐 (𝑑−𝑑1 )

Step3:Calculation of no of bars along tension side:

𝜋𝑑1 2
𝑎𝑡 = = 490 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 =2413 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 2413

Number of bars = = ≈ 5 bars
𝑎𝑡 490

Step4:Calculation of no of bars along compression side:

𝜋𝑑2 2
𝐴𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 314 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑠𝑐𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 485 𝑚𝑚2

 𝐴 485
Number of bars = 𝐴 𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 314 ≈ 2 bars
𝑠𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

The designed section shall be checked for moment of resistance

3
Assume 𝐷𝑓 > 𝑋𝑢 , 𝑦𝑓 = (0.15 × 𝑋𝑢 ) + 65
7

Total compression = (0.36 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏𝑤 × 𝑋𝑢 ) + (0.446 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 ) × 𝑦𝑓 ) + (𝐴𝑠𝑐 ×

𝑓𝑠𝑐 )

= (0.36 × 20 × 200 × 𝑋𝑢 ) + (0.446 × 20 × (800 − 200))(0.15 × 𝑋𝑢 ) +

65 + (𝐴𝑠𝑐 × 𝑓𝑠𝑐 )

Total tension = 0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡

equating both compression and tension we get

𝑋𝑢 = 144.34 𝑚𝑚

3
(7) 𝑋𝑢 < 𝐷𝑓

𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48 × 335 = 160.8 𝑚𝑚

Hence the section is under reinforced section

𝑦𝑓 = (0.15 × 144.34) + 65 = 86.65 𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑢 = (0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑋𝑢 (𝑑 − (0.42𝑋𝑢 )) + (𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑠𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑜1 )) + (0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )𝑦𝑓 (𝑑 −

𝑦𝑓
))
2

𝑀𝑢 = 255.65 𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 250 𝑘𝑁𝑚

3.RESULTS & OBSERVATIONS

3.1 BREIF OVERVIEW:

The Design of Rectangular beams (i.e., both singly & doubly rectangular beams)
& T-beams (i.e., both singly & doubly T-beams) has been done by THERIOTICAL & also
using MAT LAB the results of both observations are discussed below
3.2 PROBLEM 1:( SINGLY RECTANGULAR BEAM)

THEORITICAL:(TAKING VALUES APPROXIMATELY)

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1177.79 𝑚𝑚2

No of Bars= 4 along tension side

USING MAT LAB:(ACCURATELY)

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1146.655754 𝑚𝑚2

No of Bars=4 along tension side

3.3 PROBLEM 2: ( DOUBLY RECTANGULAR BEAM)

THEORITICAL:(TAKING VALUES APPROXIMATELY)

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1761.58 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 1801.75 𝑚𝑚2

No of Bars=4 along tension side

=4 along compression side

USING MAT LAB :(ACCURATELY)

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1761.583139𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 1801.755220 𝑚𝑚2

No of Bars=4 along tension side

=4 along compression side

3.3 PROBLEM 3: ( SINGLY T-BEAM)

THEORITICAL:(TAKING VALUES APPROXIMATELY)

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1730.82 𝑚𝑚2

No of Bars=6 along tension side

USING MAT LAB:(ACCURATELY)

 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1749.095162 𝑚𝑚2

No of Bars=6 along tension side

3.4 PROBLEM 4: ( DOUBLY T-BEAM)

THEORITICAL:(TAKING VALUES APPROXIMATELY)

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 2413𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 485 𝑚𝑚2

No of Bars=5 along tension zone.

=2 along compression side.

USING MAT LAB:(ACCURATELY)

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 2413𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 463 𝑚𝑚2

No of Bars=5 along tension zone.

=2 along compression side.

3.5 OBSERVATIONS:

By observing both theoretical and mat lab calculations the efficiency of MAT LAB
calculations is 100 % accurate when compared to theoretical calculations.

4.GENERAL CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK

CONCLUSION:

Design of beams both rectangular and T-beam has been designed by using MAT LAB(i.e.,
take support of c-programming conditions also)and also manually calculated. The program was
analyzed and the results obtained from our program shows that 100% accuracy as compared to
manually calculated problems. This program mainly designed for saving time, obtaining area of
steel and no of bars while design of beams and also the beams can be designed by any NON_SKILL
worker just giving parameters of the beam.

FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK:

If this project further goes on it will reduces lot of time while design of structures. Not
only time it is mainly useful to NON-SKILL worker in design of structures. It also reduces
economy by giving accurate take off quantity to the dealer. The main advantage by using this
MAT LAB is accurate results are obtained and gives correct percentage of area of steel.

REFERENCES
 APPENDIX
k=menu('Select the TYPE OF BEAM',...
'Option 1: Rectangular beam',...
'Option 2: T-Beam');
if(k==1)
clc
clear all
Y=menu('Choose the Loading Type',...
'Option 1: Simply Supported beam',...
'Option 2: Cantiliver Beam');
disp('Design of Rectangular beam has been started');
disp('Enter all the Dimensions in M.M');
fck=input('enter the characteristc strength of concrete(N/MM^2)....');
fy=input('enter yield strength fy(N/MM^2) @ 250/415/500....');
if (fy~=215&&fy~=415)
disp('Unknown value');
break;
end
b=input('Assuming breadth of the beam(M.M)....');
d0=input('enter effective cover(M.M)....');
W0=input('enter unit weight of concrete(N/MM^2)....');
i=input('If the DEPTH is to be provided Press "1" else press "0"....');
if(i~=0&&i~=1)
disp('Unknown command');
break;
end
if i==1
d=input('enter the depth of the beam(M.M)....');
D=d+d0;
fprintf('Breadth of the beam is: %f\n\n',b);
fprintf('Depth of the beam is: %f\n\n',D);
end
if i==0
%Design of singly reinforced beam
L=input('Enter span length...');
d=(L/12);
D=d+d0;
dr=input('Assume the diameter of the rod....');
fprintf('Breadth of the beam is: %f\n',b);
disp('&')
fprintf('Depth of the beam is: %f\n\n',D);
end
option=input('press "1" Momment of resistence is to be calculated if not press "0"...');
if option==1
Z=input('Enter if bearing is to be provided ENTER "1"....if not ENTER "0"...');
if Z==1
B=input('Enter bearing(M.M).....')
L01=L+d;
L02=L+B;
L0=min(L01,L02);
else
L0=input('Enter effective span length');
end
LL=input('Enter overall live load(N/M.M)....');
ccs=input('Enter center to center spacing(ccs)....');
TF=input('Enter thickness of the floor finish(TF)....');
LL=input('Enter live load(LL)....');
%Caluclating the DeadlLoad
DL=W*D*W0;
TL=DL+LL;
Wu=1.5*TL;
if(Y==1)
Mu1=(Wu*L0^2)/8;
elseif(Y==2)
Mu1=(Wu*L0^2)/2;
end
else
Mu1=input('Enter the value of momment of resistence..(kN-mt)..');
end
if(i==0)
syms d1;
switch fy
case 250
xumax=0.53*d1;
case 415
xumax=0.48*d1;
case 500
xumax=0.46*d1;
otherwise
disp('invalid fy');
end
syms xumax1 d1;
Mu=(0.36*fck*b*xumax1)*(d1-(0.42*xumax1));
g=subs(Mu,xumax1,xumax);
X=Mu1-g;
simplify(X);
d2=solve(X);
m=double(d2);
d2=min(m);
h = waitbar(0,'Please wait...');
steps = 1000;
for step = 1:steps
% computations take place here
waitbar(step / steps)
end
close(h)
if(d2<d)
dn=(-d2);
fprintf('Depth required is less than Depth provided i.e.,.. %f\n',dn);
disp('Hence the section is safe against depth')
else
fprintf('Depth required is more than depth provided i.e.,, %f\n',dn);
disp('Hence Redesign')
break
end
%Calculation of Tension reinforcement
syms xu Ast1;
xu1=(0.87*fy*Ast1)/(0.36*fck*b);
mu=(0.87*fy*Ast1*(d-(0.42*xu)));
g=subs(mu,xu,xu1);
w=Mu1-g;
simplify(w);
Ast12=solve(w);
m=double(Ast12);
Ast=min(m)*10^6;
fprintf('Ast to be required is: %f\n\n',Ast);
Ast13=(3.14*(dr^2))/4;
fprintf('Area of the steel is: %f\n\n',Ast13);
Bars=(Ast/Ast13);
Y=ceil(Bars);
fprintf('No of Bars along tension side %f\n\n',Bars);
fprintf('Approximately no of bars= %f\n\n',Y);
Ast14=(Bars*Ast13);
fprintf('Area of the steel is to be provided is: %f\n\n',Ast14);
disp('Hence The beam is Singly reinforced beam and the design has been done')
end
if(i==1)
%design of doubly reinforced rectangular beam
Dr2=input('Assume the diameter of the rod along Tension side....');
Dr=input('Assume the diameter of the rod along Compression side....');
Z=d0/d;
switch fy
case 250
xumax=0.53*d;
fsc=0.87*fy;
case 415;
xumax=0.48*d;
if Z<=0.05
fsc=355;
else if Z<=0.1
fsc=353;
else if Z<=0.15
fsc=342;
else if Z<=0.2
fsc=329;
else
disp('check the given parameters')
break;
end
end
end
end
case 500
xumax=0.46*d;
if Z<=0.05
fsc=424;
else if Z<=0.1
fsc=412;
else if Z<=0.15
fsc=395;
else if Z<=0.2
fsc=370;
else
disp('check the give parameters')
break;
end
end
end
end
otherwise
disp('invalid fy');
break;
end
syms Asc Ast2;
Mulimit=((0.36*fck*b*xumax)*(d-(0.42*xumax)));
Mu2=Mu1-Mulimit;
Mu3=Asc*fsc*(d-d0);
% mu3 is equal to mu2'
g=Mu3-Mu2;
simplify(g);
Ast12=solve(g);
m=double(Ast12);
Asc=min(m);
Asc2=(3.14*Dr^2)/4;
fprintf('Ast to be provided along compression side is: %f\n\n',Asc);
%Finding out Ast& No of Bars in tension side
Mu4=(0.87*fy*Ast2)*(d-d0);
X=Mu2-Mu4;
simplify(X);
solve(X);
Ast13=solve(X);
W=double(Ast13);
Ast3=min(W);
Ast4=(0.36*fck*b*xumax)/(0.87*fy);
Ast5=Ast3+Ast4;
Ast6=(3.14*Dr^2)/4;
fprintf('Ast to be provided along Tension side is: %f\n\n',Ast3);
Bars=(Asc/Asc2);
Y=ceil(Bars);
fprintf('No of bars along Compresion side is: %f\n\n',Bars);
fprintf('Approximately no of bars: %f\n\n',Y);
Bars2=Ast3/Ast6;
N=ceil(Bars2);
fprintf('No of bars along Tension side is: %f\n\n',Bars2);
fprintf('Approximately no of bars: %f\n\n',N);
disp('Hence design of Doubly reinforced beam has been done')
break;
end
else
%DESIGN OF T-BEAM
clc
clear all
disp('Design of "T-beam" has been started');
disp('Enter all dimensions in "METERS"');
fck=input('Enter characteristic compressive strength of a concrete after "28"days(fck)....');
fy=input('Enter characteristic yeild strength of the steel fy @ (250/415/500)...');
bw=input('Enter breadth of web(bw)....');
Df=input('Enter depth of flange(Df)....');
L=input('Enter length of the beam along the width of the salb(L)....');
i=input('If the DEPTH is to be provided Press "1" else press "0"....');
if(i~=0&&i~=1)
disp('Unknown command');
break;
end
if i==1
option=input('press "1" Momment of resistence is to be calculated if not press "0"...');
if option==1
ccs=input('Enter center to center spacing(ccs)....');
TF=input('Enter thickness of the floor finish(TF)....');
LL=input('Enter live load(LL)....');
%Caluclating the DeadlLoad
[DL]=DeadLoad(bw,Df,ccs,TF,Dw);
TL=DL+LL;
Wu=1.5*TL;
Mu1=(Wu*L0^2)/8;
else
Mu1=input('Enter the value of momment of resistence..(kN-mt)..');
end
G=input('Enter if bearing is provided Press 1 and enter "ELSE" press 0');
B=input('Enter the bearing....');
k=input('enter value obtained from the bf/bw & Df/d comparision table--------');
d01=input('Enter bottom effective cover..(m)..');
d02=input('Enter top effective cover..(m)..');
DR=input('Assume dia of the rod For TENSION ZONE..(m)..');
DR1=input('Assume dia of the rod in compression zone..(m)..');
D=L/12;
dw=D-d01;
Dw=D-Df;
if G==1
L01=L+dw;
L02=L+B;
L0=min(L01,L02);
else
L0=input('Enter span length');
end
bf=(L0/6)+bw+(6*Df);
fprintf('Breadth of the web...%f\n\n',bw);
fprintf('Depth of the web...%f\n\n',Dw);
fprintf('Depth of flange...%f\n\n',Df);
end
if i==0
d0=input('Enter effective cover(d0)....');
LL=input('Enter Toatal live load(LL)....');
D=L/12;
ccs=input('Enter center to center spacing(ccs)....');
TF=input('Enter thickness of the floor finish(TF)....');
DR1=input('Enter the diameter of the rod along tension side...');
dw=D-d0;
Dw=D-Df;
Z=input('Enter if bearing is provided press 1 else press 0...');
if Z==1
B=input('Enter the bearing...');
L01=L+dw;
L02=L+B;
L0=min(L01,L02);
else
L0=input('Enter span length...');
end
bf=(L0/6)+bw+(6*Df)
%Caluclating the DeadlLoad
o=input('Press 1 if Alowable imposed load is to provided if not 0....');
if o==1
Ws=input('Enter alowable imposed load...');
[DL2]=DeadLoad2(bw,Df,ccs,TF,Dw);
else
Co=input('enter rib...');
[DL]=DeadLoad(bw,Df,ccs,TF,Dw);
end
TL=DL+LL+Co;
Wu=1.5*TL;
Mu1=(Wu*L0^2)/8;
syms xu Ast;
xu1=((0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*bf));
Mu=0.87*fy*Ast*((dw+Df)-0.42*xu);
g=subs(Mu,xu,xu1);
W=Mu1-g;
simplify(W);
Ast12=solve(W);
m=double(Ast12);
Ast1=min(m)*10^6;
fprintf('Area of steel in tension zone is:(M.M^2)%f\n\n',Ast1);
Ast2=(3.14*(DR1^2))/4;
Bars=(Ast1)/(Ast2*10^6);
Y=ceil(Bars);
fprintf('No of bars along Tension side is: %f\n\n',Bars);
fprintf('Approximately no of bars: %f\n\n',Y);
% checking for Ast Astmin < Ast < Astmax
Astmin=(0.85*bw*Df)/fy;
Astmax=0.04*bw*D;
if (Ast1<Astmax&&Ast1>Astmin)
Astn=Ast1;
else
if Ast1>Astmax
Astn=Astmax;
else Astn=Astmin;
end
end
%Caluclating xumax @ fy
switch fy
case 250000
xumax=0.53*(dw+Df);
case 415000
xumax=0.48*(dw+Df);
case 500000
xumax=0.46*(dw+Df);
otherwise
fprintf('entered invalid fy is %f',d);
break;
end
xu=(0.87*fy*Astn)/(0.36*fck*bf);
if xu<Df
if xu<xumax
MR=0.36*fck*bf*xu*(dw-(0.42*xu));
fprintf('The MR value is %f\n\n',MR);
else
xu=xumax;
MR=0.87*fy*Astn(dw-(0.42*xu));
fprintf('The MR value is %f\n\n',MR);
end
else
if (Df/dw<=0.2)
xu=(0.87*fy*Astn-(0.45*fck*(bf-bw)*Df))/(0.36*fck*bw);
if xu<xumax
MR=0.36*fck*bw*xu*(dw-(0.42*xu))+(0.45*fck*(bf-bw)*Df*(dw-Df/2));
fprintf('The MR value is %f\n',MR);
disp('The section is under reinforced section')
else
xu=xumax;
MR=0.36*fck*bw*xu*(dw-(0.42*xu))+(0.45*fck*(bf-bw)*Df*(dw-Df/2));
fprintf('The MR value is %f\n',MR);
disp('The section is over reinforced section')
end
else
yf=0.15*xu+0.65*Df;
xu=(0.87*fy*Astn-(0.45*fck*(bf-bw)*yf))/(0.36*fck*bw);
if xu<xumax
MR=0.36*fck*bw*xu*(dw-(0.42*xu))+(0.45*fck*(bf-bw)*yf*(dw-yf/2));
fprintf('The MR value is %f\n',MR);
disp('The section is under reinforced section')
else
xu=xumax;
MR=0.36*fck*bw*xu*(dw-(0.42*xu))+(0.45*fck*(bf-bw)*Df*(dw-Df/2));
fprintf('The MR value is %f\n',MR);
disp('The section is over reinforced section')
end
end
end
disp('Hence the beam is Signly reinforced T-Beam and the design has been done');
end
%Design of doubly reinforced T-Beam
if i==1
%Z reperesents bf/bw
Z=bf/bw;
Y=Df/dw;
Mulimit=(k*fck*bw*(dw^2));
Ast1=(Mulimit)/(0.87*fy*(dw-(Df/2)));
Mu2=Mu1-Mulimit;
Ast2=(Mu2)/(0.87*fy*(dw-(d02)));
Ast=(Ast1+Ast2)*10^6;
fprintf('The area of steel in tension zone is(mm^2): %f\n\n',Ast);
Ast3=(3.14*DR^2)/4;
%No of bars in TENSION ZONE are....
Bars=(Ast)/(Ast3*10^6);
Z=ceil(Bars);
fprintf('No of bars in tension zone is: %f\n\n',Z);
% X represents d0/d....
% Calcutaion of xumax
switch fy
case 250000
xumax=0.53*(dw+Df);
fsc=0.87*fy;
case 415000
xumax=0.48*(dw+Df);
Esc=(0.035*(xumax-d01))/xumax;
if Esc<=0.0174
fsc=288.7;
else if Esc<=0.0163
fsc=306.7;
else if Esc<=0.0192
fsc=324.8;
else if Esc<=0.0241
fsc=342.8;
else if Esc<=0.0276
fsc=357.8;
else if Esc<=0.0380
fsc=360.9;
else
disp('check the given parameters---')
break;
end
end
end
end
end
end
case 500000
xumax=0.46*(dw+Df)
Esc=(0.035*(xumax-d01))/xumax
if(K<=1.74)
fsc=347.8;
else if Esc<=1.95
fsc=369.6;
else if Esc<=2.26
fsc=391.3;
else if Esc<=2.77
fsc=413.0;
else if Esc<=3.12
fsc=423.9;
else if Esc<=4.17
fsc=434.8;
else
disp('check the given parameters---')
end
end
end
end
end
end
otherwise
fprintf('entered invalid fy is %f',fy);
break;
end
% 'Asc---Represents area os steel in compression
Asc=(Mu2)*(10^3)/(fsc*(dw-d02));
Asc2=(3.14*(DR1^2))/4;
fprintf('The area of steel in compression zone is(mm^2):%f\n\n ',Asc);
% Total no of bars in Compression Zone are......
bars=(Asc)/(Asc2*10^6);
Y=ceil(bars);
fprintf('No of bars in compression zone are: %f\n\n',Y);
%Check for MOMMENT OF RESISTENCE....
syms xu
yf=0.15*xu+0.65;
compression=(0.36*fck*bw*xu)+(0.446*fck*(bf-bw)*yf)+Asc*fsc;
tension=0.87*fy*Ast;
g=subs(compression,yf);
i=g-tension;
simplify(i);
Xu1=solve(i);
l=double(Xu1);
Xu=(-min(l));
if Xu<xumax
yf=0.15*Xu+0.65;
Mu=-((0.36*fck*bw*Xu*(dw-(0.42*Xu)))+Asc*fsc*(dw-d01)+(0.446*fck*(bf-bw)*yf*(dw-(fprintf('Momment
of resistence (M.R)....%f\n\n',Mu);
disp('section is under reinforced section');
else
yf=0.15*Xu+0.65;
Mu=-((0.36*fck*bw*Xu*(dw-(0.42*Xu)))+Asc*fsc*(dw-d01)+(0.446*fck*(bf-bw)*yf*(dw-(fprintf('Momment
of resistence (M.R)....%f\n\n',Mu);
disp('section is over reinforced section');
end
disp('The beam satisfies the given condition Astmin<Ast<Astmax...');
disp('Hence the beam is doubly reinforced T-Beam and the design has been done');
end
end
Published with MATLAB® 7.10
OUTPUT:

22/4/14 3:15 PM MATLAB Command Window 1 of 4

Design of Rectangular beam has been started
Enter all the Dimensions in M.M
enter the characteristc strength of concrete(N/MM^2)....20
enter yield strength fy(N/MM^2) @ 250/415/500....415
Assuming breadth of the beam(M.M)....250
enter effective cover(M.M)....50
enter unit weight of concrete(N/MM^2)....0.000025
If the DEPTH is to be provided Press "1" else press "0"....0
Enter span length...8000
Assume the diameter of the rod....20
Breadth of the beam is: 250.000000
&
Depth of the beam is: 716.666667
press "1" Momment of resistence is to be calculated if not press "0"...0
Enter the value of momment of resistence..(kN-mt)..276
Depth required is less than Depth provided i.e.,.. 0.632539
Hence the section is safe against depth
Ast to be required is: 1146.655754
Area of the steel is: 314.000000
No of Bars along tension side 3.651770
Approximately no of bars= 4.000000
Area of the steel is to be provided is: 1146.655754
Hence The beam is Singly reinforced beam and the design has been done
>>

19/4/14 12:41 PM MATLAB Command Window 2 of 4

Design of Rectangular beam has been started
Enter all the Dimensions in M.M
enter the characteristic strength of concrete(N/MM^2)....20
enter yield strength fy(N/MM^2) @ 250/415/500....415
Assuming breadth of the beam(M.M)....350
enter effective cover(M.M)....40
enter unit weight of concrete(N/MM^2)....0.000025
If the DEPTH is to be provided Press "1" else press "0"....1
enter the depth of the beam(M.M)....710
Breadth of the beam is: 350.000000
Depth of the beam is: 750.000000
press "1" Moment of resistance is to be calculated if not press "0"...0
Enter the value of moment of resistance..(kN-mt)..912.965*10^6
Assume the diameter of the rod along Tension side....25
Assume the diameter of the rod along Compression side....25
Ast to be provided along compression side is: 1801.755220
Ast to be provided along Tension side is: 4140.245375
No of bars along Compression side is: 3.672367
Approximately no of bars: 4.000000
No of bars along Tension side is: 3.590488
Approximately no of bars: 4.000000
Hence design of Doubly reinforced beam has been done
>>

22/4/14 4:42 PM MATLAB Command Window 3 of 4

Design of "T-beam" has been started
Enter all dimensions in "METERS"
Enter characteristic compressive strength of a concrete after
"28"days(fck)....20000
Enter characteristic yield strength of the steel fy @ (250/415/500)...415000
Enter breadth of web(bw)....0.25
Enter depth of flange(Df)....0.125
Enter length of the beam along the width of the slab(L)....8
If the DEPTH is to be provided Press "1" else press "0"....0
Enter effective cover(d0)....0.05
Enter Total live load(LL)....10.5
Enter centre to centre spacing(ccs)....3.5
Enter thickness of the floor finish(TF)....0.08
Enter the diameter of the rod along tension side...0.02
Enter if bearing is provided press 1 else press 0...1
Enter the bearing...0.45
Press 1 if Allowable imposed load is to provided if not 0....0
enter rib...3.28
Area of steel in tension zone is:(M.M^2)1749.095162
No of bars along Tension side is: 5.570367
Approximately no of bars: 6.000000
The MR value is 1341.127243
The section is under reinforced section
Hence the beam is Signly reinforced T-Beam and the design has been done
>>

19/4/14 9:01 AM MATLAB Command Window 4 of 4

Design of "T-beam" has been started
Enter all dimensions in "METERS"
Enter characteristic compressive strength of a concrete after
"28"days(fck)....20000
Enter characteristic yeild strength of the steel fy @ (250/415/500)...415000
Enter breadth of web(bw)....0.2
Enter depth of flange(Df)....0.1
Enter length of the beam along the width of the salb(L)....4.8
If the DEPTH is to be provided Press "1" else press "0"....1
press "1" Momment of resistence is to be calculated if not press "0"...0
Enter the value of momment of resistence..(kN-mt)..250
Enter if bearing is provided Press 1 and enter "ELSE" press 01
Enter the bearing....0.2
enter value obtained from the bf/bw & Df/d comparision table--------0.448
Enter bottom effective cover..(m)..0.065
Enter top effective cover..(m)..0.040
Assume dia of the rod For TENSION ZONE..(m)..0.025
Assume dia of the rod in compression zone..(m)..0.020
Breadth of the web...0.200000
Depth of the web...0.300000
Depth of flange...0.100000
The area of steel in tension zone is(mm^2): 2413.454101
No of bars in tension zone is: 5.000000
The area of steel in compression zone is(mm^2):463.214939
No of bars in compression zone are: 2.000000
Momment of resistence (M.R)....223.982981
section is under reinforced section
The beam satisfies the given condition Astmin<Ast<Astmax...
Hence the beam is doubly reinforced T-Beam and the design has been done
>>