SUST

College of Engineering
School of Civil Engineering
3rd Class (Semester 6) - 2020

Design of Reinforced Concrete

British Standards (BS 8110)

Section-2:

Analysis of the Section

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

1. Cracked-section and Cracking-moment:

Figure-1: Simply supported reinforced concrete beam.

When the simply supported beam shown above (Figure-1) loaded with a normal load (𝜔),
a bending moment develops through its whole length. And if a mid-span section (x-x) is
considered, this section will subject to a bending moment value (𝑀 = 𝜔𝐿2 /8). And this
bending moment will produce a compressive bending stress (𝜎𝑐 = 𝑀𝑦/𝐼) at top fibers, and
tensile bending stress (𝜎𝑡 = 𝑀𝑦/𝐼) at bottom fibers as shown in the figure. And as the load (𝜔)
increases as the bending moment (𝑀) and bending stresses (𝜎𝑐 , 𝜎𝑡 ) increase accordingly. And
when the tensile bending stress (𝜎𝑡 ) exceeds the tensile strength of the concrete (≈ 0.1𝑓𝑐𝑢 ),
the beam starts cracking at the extreme bottom fibers at mid-span where the highest tensile
stress is located. At that moment and before the beam collapses, the beam section is therefore
called a Cracked-section as shown in Figure-2(a). And the bending moment value (𝑀) at which
the beam starts cracking is called the Cracking-Moment. And the resistance of the concrete-
section to the cracking moment (𝑀𝑐𝑟 ), can be obtained by the formula: 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡 𝐼/𝑦 ; where
𝑓𝑐𝑡 is the tensile strength of the concrete. 𝐼 and 𝑦 are the moment of inertia and the distance
from the neutral axis to the extreme tension fibers of the concrete section respectively. And
since the concrete compressive strength is higher than its tensile strength the concrete-section
part at the compression zone (above the neutral axis, N.A) can still carry more compression
force. And below the neutral axis, the tensile force will gradually be carried by the reinforcing
bars until the section reaches its ultimate capacity before the total collapse. Therefore, in the
Cracked-section the concrete strength at the tension zone is ignored as shown in Figure-2(b).
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

Figure-2: Cracked-section.

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 Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

2. Analysis of rectangular section in bending:

2.1 Singly reinforced section:
The concrete section that is longitudinally reinforced for bending in the tension zone only
is called Singly Reinforced Section. But practically, and when a deep section is considered, the
section may contain an additional longitudinal reinforcement in the compression zone to
control the thermal and shrinkage cracks. Or sometimes may be used to allow for arranging
the shear reinforcement (links) such as in beams.

Figure-3: Singly reinforced rectangular section.

Definitions
𝑏 Width of the section.
ℎ Depth of the section.
𝑑 Effective depth of the section (measured to the centroid of the tensile steel bars).
𝑥 Depth of the neutral axis (N.A) of stresses.
𝑠 Depth of the equivalent stress block.
𝑍 Lever arm (distance between the centroid of the concrete compression force and
the steel tension force).
𝐴𝑠 Cross-sectional area of steel bars.
𝐹𝑐𝑐 Concrete compression force.
𝐹𝑠𝑡 Steel tension force.
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 Design compressive strength of concrete (0.67𝑓𝑐𝑢 /1.5 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 ).
𝑓𝑐𝑢 Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (in axial compression).
0.67𝑓𝑐𝑢 Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (in bending).
1.5 Partial safety factor (𝛾𝑚 ) of concrete (in bending).
0.95𝑓𝑦 Design tensile strength of steel (𝑓𝑦 /1.05 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 ).
𝑓𝑦 Characteristic yield strength of steel.
1.05 Partial safety factor (𝛾𝑚 ) of steel.
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

0.0035 Ultimate compressive strain allowed in the concrete.

𝜀𝑠𝑡 Tensile strain in steel bars.

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

- Figure-3 shows the bending strain and stress diagrams for a reinforced concrete section. The
code of practice states that they should be used when designing the concrete section for the
ultimate limit state (Bending Moment). The parabolic stress diagram shown is the actual
stress diagram in the concrete section. For the simplicity of calculations, the code of practice
allows the transformation to an equivalent stress block with a depth, 𝑠 = 0.9𝑥, so that the
areas and the centroid locations of both stress diagrams are approximately identical.

- From Figure-3, the bending moment resistance of the section is:

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑍 __ (1)
𝑂𝑟 𝑀 = 𝐹𝑠𝑡 × 𝑍 __ (2)
- From the figure, the concrete compression force and the steel tension force are:
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐹𝑐𝑐 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏𝑠 __ (3)
𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠 __ (4)
- Substituting the Equations 3 & 4 in Equations 1 & 2, the moment resistance of the section is:
𝑀 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑠𝑍 __ (6)
𝑂𝑟 𝑀 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝑍 __ (7)
- From the figure, the lever arm of the section is:
𝑍 = 𝑑 − 𝑠/2 __ (8)
- And thereby (from Equation 8), the depth of the stress block is:
𝑠 = 2(𝑑 − 𝑍) __ (9)
- From the Equations 6 & 9, the moment resistance of the section is:
𝑀 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 × 2(𝑑 − 𝑍) × 𝑍
𝑀 = 0.9𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑍(𝑑 − 𝑍) __ (10)
- To ensure a ductile failure by the reinforcement yielding before concrete crushing, the code of
practice specifies a maximum value for the neutral axis depth (𝑥) equal to 0.5𝑑, that is:
𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑑
From the figure: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.9𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.45𝑑
From Equation 8: 𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑑 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 /2 = 0.775𝑑
From Equation 10: ∴ 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.9𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑍(𝑑 − 𝑍) = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

- Therefore, the following factor (𝐾) is known as the indicator, and by which one can decide if
the applied moment exceeds the moment resistance of the singly reinforced section or not:
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

𝑀 ′ 𝐾 ≤ 𝐾 ′ → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑.

𝐾=𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾 = 0.156 𝑖𝑓 {
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑
2
𝐾 > 𝐾 ′ → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑.

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

If the value of K exceeds 𝐾 ′ (0.156), then the applied moment exceeds the maximum moment
that can be resisted by the singly reinforced section. In other words, the singly reinforced
section cannot resist the applied moment, and doubly reinforced section is needed.
If the section is singly reinforced, then, following framed equations can be used for
determining the required reinforcement (number of bars) to resist the applied moment:

- Dividing both the sides of Equation 10 by the quantity 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 :

𝑀 0.9𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑍(𝑑−𝑍)
= __ (11)
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2

- The left-hand-side of Equation 11 is the indicator (𝐾) mentioned above, thus:

0.9𝑍(𝑑−𝑍)
𝐾= 𝑑2
𝐾 𝑍𝑑−𝑍 2
=
0.9 𝑑2
𝐾 𝑍 𝑍2
0.9
= 𝑑 − 𝑑2
𝑍 2 𝑍 𝐾
(𝑑) − (𝑑) + 0.9 = 0 __ (12)

- The solution of this second order equation (Equation 12) gives the ratio of the lever arm (𝑍)
to the effective depth (𝑑) of the section. And the code of practice specifies the value 0.95 as a
maximum limit for this ratio, that is:

𝑍 𝐾
= 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.9 ≤ 0.95
𝑑

𝑍 𝑍
𝑖𝑓 (𝑑 > 0.95) 𝑢𝑠𝑒 (𝑑 = 0.95)

- And then, the lever arm (𝑍) of the section can be obtained from this ratio (𝑍/𝑑):
𝑍
𝑍 = (𝑑 ) 𝑑

- And finally, the required cross-sectional area of steel (𝐴𝑠 ) for the section can be obtained from
Equation 7 as follows:
𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95𝑓
𝑦𝑍

▪ Conclusion: The framed equations derived above can be used to obtain the required cross-
sectional area of tension reinforcement (𝐴𝑠 ) for the singly reinforced rectangular section
subjected to a given value of bending moment (𝑀).
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏

A 500 mm × 250 mm concrete beam section with 440 mm

effective depth (𝑑) subjected to an ultimate bending moment (𝑀) of
150 kN.m. Determine the required tension reinforcement (number
of bars) using a concrete grade 25 (𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ), reinforcement
grade 460 (𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ), and steel bars with 20 𝑚𝑚 diameter.

[𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝐴∅20 = 314 𝑚𝑚2 ]

Solution:

o The indicator:
𝑀 150×106
𝐾=𝑓 2 = 25×250×4402 = 0.124 < (𝐾 ′ = 0.156) __ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑

o Lever-arm/effective-depth ratio:
𝑍 𝐾 0.124
= 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.9 = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.83 < 0.95 __ 𝑜𝑘
𝑑 0.9

o Lever-arm:
𝑍
𝑍 = (𝑑) 𝑑 = 0.83 × 440 = 365.2 𝑚𝑚

o Area of tension reinforcement:

𝑀 150×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95𝑓 = 0.95×460×365.2 = 940 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 𝑍

o Number of bars:
𝐴𝑠 940
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = = 2.99 → 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝐴∅ 314

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟑𝑻𝟐𝟎 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒)

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

(𝐴𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 942 𝑚𝑚2 )

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐

The figure shows a cross-section

of concrete slab with 1100 mm width
and 200 mm thickness. The slab is to
be designed to carry a bending
moment of 32 kN.m. Design an adequate size and number of rebars to resist the bending
moment using 30 MPa concrete compressive strength and 460 MPa steel yield strength.

Solution:

o The indicator:
𝑀 32×106
𝐾=𝑓 = 30×1100×1702 = 0.034 < (𝐾 ′ = 0.156) __ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2

o Lever-arm/effective-depth ratio:
𝑍 𝐾
= 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.9
𝑑

0.034 𝑍
= 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.96 > 0.95 __ 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 0.95
0.9 𝑑

o Lever-arm:
𝑍
𝑍 = (𝑑) 𝑑 = 0.95 × 170 = 161.5 𝑚𝑚

o Area of tension reinforcement:

𝑀 32×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95𝑓 = 0.95×460×161.5 = 454 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 𝑍

o Number of bars:
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟔𝑻𝟏𝟎 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒)
(𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 471 𝑚𝑚2 )
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑

Calculate the maximum bending moment (𝑀) that can be

sustained by the beam section shown. Use concrete grade 30 MPa
and steel rebar grade 460 MPa.

Solution:

o Moment resistance of the section:

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑍
𝑀 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑠 × 𝑍
o Depth of the stress block:
𝐹𝑐𝑐 = 𝐹𝑠𝑡 (𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑠 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ( )
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 4𝑇16 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = 804 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 0.95×460×804
𝑠= = = 130.12 𝑚𝑚
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 0.45×30×200

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.45𝑑 = 0.45 × 350 = 157.5 𝑚𝑚

(𝑠 = 130.12 𝑚𝑚) < (𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 157.5 𝑚𝑚) __ 𝑜𝑘 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑)

o Lever-arm:
𝑠 130.12
𝑍 = 𝑑 − 2 = 350 − = 284.94 𝑚𝑚
2

o Moment resistance of the section:

𝑀 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑠 × 𝑍 = (0.45 × 30 × 200 × 130.12 × 284.94) × 10−6 = 100.1 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Or:
𝑀 = 𝐹𝑠𝑡 × 𝑍 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 × 𝑍 = (0.95 × 460 × 804 × 284.94) × 10−6 = 100.1 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟒

For the concrete section shown, calculate the moment resistance

of the section using concrete grade 25 MPa and steel grade 460 MPa.
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

Solution:

o Depth of the stress block:

𝐹𝑐𝑐 = 𝐹𝑠𝑡 (𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠)
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑠 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ( )
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 2𝑇20 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = 628 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 0.95×460×628
𝑠 = 0.45𝑓 = = 121.97 𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑢 𝑏 0.45×25×200

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.45𝑑 = 0.45 × 200 = 90 𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑,
(𝑠 = 121.97 𝑚𝑚) > (𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 90 𝑚𝑚) __ 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘 ( 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑠𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑠𝑡 . )
𝑓𝑠𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 0.95𝑓𝑦
In this case, the tension force (𝐹𝑠𝑡 ) and stress (𝑓𝑠𝑡 ) in reinforcement should be calculated as:
𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 𝑓𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠 = 628𝑓𝑠𝑡
𝐸 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝑓𝑠𝑡 = 𝐸𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 200 000 𝜀𝑠𝑡 ≤ (0.95𝑓𝑦 = 437 𝑀𝑃𝑎) ( )
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙; 𝐸 = 200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
The tensile strain (𝜀𝑠𝑡 ) can be obtained from the strain-diagram (Figure-3) as follows:
𝜀𝑠𝑡 0.0035 𝑑 200
= ⇛ 𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 0.0035 ( − 1) = 0.0035 (
𝑥 𝑥
− 1)
𝑑−𝑥 𝑥

Now the problem is that the depth of the neutral axis (𝑥)
based on the reinforcement provided is not known.
Therefore, the following table is constructed to find the
depth of the neutral axis iteratively and hence the depth of
the stress block (𝑠 = 0.9𝑥). The idea of the iterative solution
here is to start with the maximum value of 𝑥 that allowed by
the Code for the singly reinforced section (𝑥 = 0.5𝑑 = 100 𝑚𝑚), and then increasing this
value gradually until the equilibrium of forces is achieved (𝐹𝑐𝑐 − 𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 0), that is:

𝑥 (mm) 𝑠 (mm) 𝜀𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑠𝑡 (MPa) 𝐹𝑐𝑐 (kN) 𝐹𝑠𝑡 (kN) 𝐹𝑐𝑐 − 𝐹𝑠𝑡
100 90.00 0.003500 437.00 202.50 274.44 -71.94 ↓
110 99.00 0.002864 437.00 222.75 274.44 -51.69 ↓
120 108.00 0.002333 437.00 243.00 274.44 -31.44 ↓
130 117.00 0.001885 376.92 263.25 236.71 26.54 ↑
125 112.50 0.002100 420.00 253.13 263.76 -10.64 ↓
126 113.40 0.002056 411.11 255.15 258.18 -3.03 ↓
126.5 113.85 0.002034 406.72 256.16 255.42 0.74 ↑
126.4 113.76 0.002038 407.59 255.96 255.97 -0.01 ↓

o Lever-arm:
𝑠 113.76
𝑍 = 𝑑 − 2 = 200 − = 143.12 𝑚𝑚
2
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

o Moment resistance of the section:

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑍 = 255.96 × (143.12 × 10−3 ) = 36.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

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 Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

2.2 Doubly reinforced section:

The concrete section that is longitudinally reinforced for bending in both the tension and
compression zone is called Doubly Reinforced Section. The reinforced in the compression
zone is used to increase the compression resistance of the section.

Figure-4: Doubly reinforced rectangular section.

Definitions
𝑏 Width of the section.
ℎ Depth of the section.
𝑑 Effective depth of the section (measured to the centroid of the tensile steel bars).
𝑑′ Depth of the compression reinforcement (measured to the centroid of steel bars).
𝑥 Depth of the neutral axis (N.A) of stresses.
𝑠 Depth of the equivalent stress block.
𝑍 Lever arm between the concrete compression force and the steel tension force.
𝐴𝑠 Cross-sectional area of steel bars in tension zone.
𝐴′𝑠 Cross-sectional area of steel bars in compression zone.
𝐹𝑐𝑐 Concrete compression force.
𝐹𝑠𝑐 Steel compression force.
𝐹𝑠𝑡 Steel tension force.
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 Design compressive strength of concrete (0.67𝑓𝑐𝑢 /1.5 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 ).
𝑓𝑐𝑢 Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (in axial compression).
0.67𝑓𝑐𝑢 Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (in bending).
1.5 Partial safety factor (𝛾𝑚 ) of concrete (in bending).
0.95𝑓𝑦 Design compressive or tensile strength of steel (𝑓𝑦 /1.05 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 ).
𝑓𝑦 Characteristic yield strength of steel.
1.05 Partial safety factor (𝛾𝑚 ) of steel.
0.0035 Ultimate compressive strain allowed in the concrete.
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

𝜀𝑠𝑐 Compressive strain in steel bars in compression zone.

𝜀𝑠𝑡 Tensile strain in steel bars in tension zone.

10 of 20
Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

- From Figure-4, the bending moment resistance of the section is:

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑍 + 𝐹𝑠𝑐 × (𝑑 − 𝑑′ ) __ (1)
- The code of practice states that to ensure the yielding of the compression reinforcement, the
ratio of the compression reinforcement depth (𝑑 ′ ) to the tension reinforcement depth (𝑑)
should not exceed 0.185 (for high tensile steel, 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑀𝑃𝑎). That is:
𝑑′
≤ 0.185
𝑑

Otherwise, the actual compressive stress (𝑓𝑠𝑐 ) in the compression reinforcement (based on
the compressive strain, 𝜀𝑠𝑐 ) should be used instead of the yield stress (𝑓𝑦 ) when designing and
evaluating the moment resistance of the section.
- From the figure, the compression forces in concrete and steel, and tension force in steel are:
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐹𝑐𝑐 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏𝑠 = 0.2025𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 __ (2)
𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝐹𝑠𝑐 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴′𝑠 __ (3) (
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
)

𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠 __ (4)

- From the figure, the lever arm of the section is:
𝑍 = 0.775𝑑 __ (5)
- Substituting the Equations 2, 3 & 5 in Equation 1, the moment of resistance is:
𝑀 = (0.2025𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑) × (0.775𝑑) + (0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴′𝑠 ) × (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝑀 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 + 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴′𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) __ (6)
- Rearranging Equation 6, the cross-sectional area of the compression reinforcement is:
𝑀−0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
𝐴′𝑠 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−𝑑′ )

𝑀
( −0.156)𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
𝐴′𝑠 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−𝑑′ )

(𝐾−𝐾′ )𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾 ′ 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

𝐴′𝑠 = ( )
0.95𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−𝑑′ ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 4)

- From the figure, for the equilibrium the section, the following equation should be satisfied:
𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 𝐹𝑠𝑐 + 𝐹𝑐𝑐
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴′𝑠 + 0.2025𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 __ (7)
- Rearranging Equation 7, the cross-sectional area of the tension reinforcement is:
0.2025𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴′𝑠 +
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

0.95𝑓𝑦

0.2025𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 𝑍
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴′𝑠 + ×𝑍
0.95𝑓𝑦

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section
0.2025𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑(0.775𝑑)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴′𝑠 + 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍

0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴′𝑠 + 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍

𝐾′ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴′𝑠 + 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍

▪ Conclusion: The framed equations above can be used to obtain the required cross-sectional
area of both the tension and compression reinforcement for the doubly reinforced rectangular
section subjected to a given value of bending moment.

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟓

Calculate both the compression and tension reinforcement for

the concrete beam section shown if it is subjected to an ultimate
bending moment of 430 kN.m using concrete grade 30 MPa and
reinforcing bars with a yield strength of 460 MPa.

Solution:

o The indicator:
𝑀 430×106
𝐾=𝑓 = 30×300×5002 = 0.191 > (𝐾 ′ = 0.156) __ 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2

o Check the yielding of compression reinforcement:

𝑑′ 50
= 500 = 0.1 < 0.185 __ 𝑜𝑘 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑)
𝑑

o Lever-arm:
𝑍 = 0.775𝑑 = 0.775 × 500 = 387.5 𝑚𝑚

o Compression reinforcement:
(𝐾−𝐾′)𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 (0.191−0.156)×30×300×5002
𝐴′𝑠 = = = 401 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−𝑑′ ) 0.95×460×(500−50)

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐 𝑻 𝟏𝟔 (𝑻𝒐𝒑) (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 402 𝑚𝑚2 )

o Tension reinforcement:
𝐾′ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 0.156×30×300×5002
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴′𝑠 + = 401 + = 2474 𝑚𝑚2

0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍 0.95×460×387.5

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟒 𝑻 𝟑𝟐 (𝑩𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎) (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 3217 𝑚𝑚2 )

12 of 20
Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟔

The concrete beam section shown is made of concrete grade 30 MPa

and reinforcing bars with yield strength of 460 MPa. Calculate the
ultimate moment capacity of the section.

Solution:

o Check the yielding of compression reinforcement:

𝑑′ 50 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
= 510 = 0.098 < 0.185 __ 𝑜𝑘 (
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑠𝑐
)
𝑑

o Depth of the stress block:

𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 + 𝐹𝑠𝑐 (𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 2𝑇20 → 𝐴′𝑠 = 628 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑠 + 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴′𝑠 ( )
𝑓𝑜𝑟 3𝑇32 → 𝐴𝑠 = 2413 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 (𝐴𝑠 −𝐴′𝑠 ) 0.95×460×(2413−628)
𝑠= = = 206.36 𝑚𝑚
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 0.45×30×280

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.45𝑑 = 0.45 × 510 = 229.5 𝑚𝑚

(𝑠 = 206.36 𝑚𝑚) < (𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 229.5 𝑚𝑚) __ 𝑜𝑘 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑)

o Lever-arm:
𝑠 206.36
𝑍 = 𝑑 − 2 = 510 − = 406.82 𝑚𝑚
2

o Moment resistance of the section:

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑍 + 𝐹𝑠𝑐 × (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
= 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑠 × 𝑍 + 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴′𝑠 × (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
= [0.45 × 30 × 280 × 206.36 × 406.82 + 0.95 × 460 × 628 × (510 − 50)] × 10−6
𝑀 = 443.5 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟕

For the beam section shown, calculate the strains and stresses in
the reinforcement to verify that both the compression and tension
reinforcement have yielded. And finally, calculate the moment
capacity of the section. Consider a C25 concrete and rebars with
yield strength of 460 MPa.

Solution:

o Depth of the neutral axis (assuming yielding of both rebars):

𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 + 𝐹𝑠𝑐 (𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 2𝑇12 → 𝐴′𝑠 = 226 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑠 + 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴′𝑠 ( )
𝑓𝑜𝑟 5𝑇16 → 𝐴𝑠 = 1005 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 (𝐴𝑠 −𝐴′𝑠 ) 0.95×460×(1005−226)
𝑠= = = 126.08 𝑚𝑚
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 0.45×25×240

𝑥 = 𝑠/0.9 = 126.08/0.9 = 140.09 𝑚𝑚

o Compressive and tensile strains:
Strains in reinforcement can be obtained from the strain-diagram (Figure-4):
Compressive-strain (𝜀𝑠𝑐 ):
𝜀𝑠𝑐 0.0035
=
𝑥−𝑑′ 𝑥
𝑑′ 40
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 0.0035 (1 − ) = 0.0035 (1 − ) = 0.002501
𝑥 140.09

Tensile-strain (𝜀𝑠𝑡 ):
𝜀𝑠𝑡 0.0035
=
𝑑−𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 320
𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 0.0035 (𝑥 − 1) = 0.0035 (140.09 − 1) = 0.004495

o Compressive and tensile stresses:

𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 𝐸𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 200000 × 0.002501 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑀𝑃𝑎 __ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑

𝑓𝑠𝑡 = 𝐸𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 200000 × 0.004495 = 899 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑀𝑃𝑎 __ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑

o Lever-arm:
𝑠 126.08
𝑍 = 𝑑 − 2 = 320 − = 256.96 𝑚𝑚
2

o Moment resistance of the section:

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑍 + 𝐹𝑠𝑐 × (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
= [0.45 × 25 × 240 × 126.09 × 256.96 + 0.95 × 460 × 226 × 280] × 10−6 = 115 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

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 Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

3. Analysis of the T- and L-section (Flanged section):

When a reinforced concrete beam carries concrete slab at its top edge which is acting in
compression, then we can consider the advantage that the concrete slab existence can provide
an additional compressive resistance area to the beam section. And the resultant section could
take a shape of T- or L-section depending on the position of the beam under consideration, as
shown in Figure-5.

Figure-5: T-section and L-section.

Definitions
ℎ Depth of the section.
𝑑 Effective depth of the section.
𝑏𝑤 Width of the web (beam).
ℎ𝑓 Thickness of the flange (slab).
𝑏𝑓 Effective width of the flange (slab).

To determine the effective width of the slab (𝑏𝑓 ) that will act in compression with the beam,
the code of practice states [Cl. 3.4.1.5] that this is should be taken as follows:
𝐿𝑧
- For T-section, the lesser of: 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑂𝑟 𝑏𝑓 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
5
𝐿𝑧
- For L-section, the lesser of: 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 10 𝑂𝑟 𝑏𝑓 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

Where 𝐿𝑧 is the distance between the points of zero moment, which may be taken as follows:
- For simply supported beam: 𝐿𝑧 = 𝐿 (𝐿 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚)
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

- For continuous supported beam: 𝐿𝑧 = 0.7𝐿 (𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦)

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

T- and L-section can both be analyzed or designed in similar manner as the rectangular
section. The idea is to determine the position of the neutral axis either it is located within the
flange (slab) or within the web (below the slab). And then, if the neutral axis lies within the
flange, then the compressive area of the section will be rectangular area with 𝑏𝑓 width. And
the design steps in this case will be the same as those used for rectangular section. And if the
neutral axis lies within the web, then the compressive area of the section will be a T-shape
area, and the design steps usually divide this area into two parts to determine the total
required reinforcement of the section (as explained in example 9).

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟖

The concrete beam with the

section shown carries a concrete
slab with 100 mm thickness. The
effective width of the slab that
will act with the beam is 850 mm
width. If the concrete is C25
grade and the tensile yield
strength of rebars is 460 MPa,
Calculate the required reinforcement for the section to resist an ultimate moment of 150 kN.m.

Solution:

o Moment resistance of the full flange:

ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑓 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2
100
= 0.45 × 25 × 850 × 100 × (300 − ) × 10−6
2
= 239.06 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
o Position of the neutral axis:
𝑀𝑓 = 239.06 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀 = 150 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
- 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡 150 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒

𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒, 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠  𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒.

- 𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑓 .

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

o Moment indicator:
𝑀 150×106
𝐾=𝑓 = 25×850×3002 = 0.078 < (𝐾 ′ = 0.156) __ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 𝑑2

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Design of Reinforced Concrete (BS 8110) Analysis of the Section

o Lever-arm/effective-depth ratio:
𝑍 𝐾 0.078
= 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.9 = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.90 < 0.95 __ 𝑜𝑘
𝑑 0.9

o Lever-arm:
𝑍
𝑍 = (𝑑) 𝑑 = 0.90 × 300 = 270 𝑚𝑚

o Area of tension reinforcement:

𝑀 150×106
𝐴𝑠 = 0.95𝑓 = 0.95×460×270 = 1272 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 𝑍

o Reinforcement:
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝑻𝟐𝟓 + 𝟏𝑻𝟐𝟎 (𝑩𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎) (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 982 + 314 = 1296 𝑚𝑚2 )

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟗

For the same concrete beam

given in the previous example
(Example 8), calculate the
required reinforcement for the
section if the ultimate applied
moment increased to 250 kN.m.

Solution:

o Moment resistance of the full flange:

ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑓 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − ) = 239.06 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2

o Position of the neutral axis:

𝑀𝑓 = 239.06 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 < 𝑀 = 250 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
- 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡 250 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑇-𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒,

𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠  𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑏.

- 𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑇-𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑇-𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛).

o Area of tension reinforcement (𝐴𝑠1 ) that acts with the flanges:
ℎ𝑓
𝑀1 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 ℎ𝑓 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 ) (𝑑 − )
2
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

100
= 0.45 × 25 × 100 × (850 − 250) × (300 − ) × 10−6 = 168.75 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2
𝑀1 168.75×106
𝐴𝑠1 = 0.95𝑓 = 0.95×460(300−50) = 1545 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 (𝑑−ℎ𝑓 /2)

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o Area of tension reinforcement (𝐴𝑠2 ) that acts with the beam:

𝑀2 = 𝑀 − 𝑀1 = 250 − 168.75 = 81.25 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀2 81.25×106
𝐾=𝑓 2 = 25×250×3002 = 0.144 < (𝐾 ′ = 0.156) __ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

𝑍 𝐾 0.144
= 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.9 = 0.5 + √0.25 − = 0.80 < 0.95 __ 𝑜𝑘
𝑑 0.9

𝑍
𝑍 = (𝑑) 𝑑 = 0.80 × 300 = 240 𝑚𝑚
𝑀 81.25×106
𝐴𝑠2 = 0.95𝑓2 = 0.95×460×240 = 775 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 𝑍

o Total area of tension reinforcement for the T-section:

𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 = 1545 + 775 = 2320 𝑚𝑚2

o Reinforcement:
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟑𝑻𝟑𝟐 (𝑩𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎) (𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 2413 𝑚𝑚2 )

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟎

For the reinforced concrete T-section

shown, calculate the ultimate bending moment
that can be resisted by the section if the
concrete is C25 and the reinforcement used is
grade 460.

Solution:

o Depth of the stress block:

𝐹𝑐𝑐 = 𝐹𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒)
𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 :

0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 𝑠 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 4𝑇25 → 𝐴𝑠 = 1963 𝑚𝑚2 )

0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 0.95×460×1963 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑠 = 0.45𝑓 = = 101.67 𝑚𝑚 < (ℎ𝑓 = 120 𝑚𝑚) ⟹ 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 0.45×25×750

(𝑠 = 101.67 𝑚𝑚) < (𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.45𝑑 = 168.75 𝑚𝑚) __ 𝑜𝑘 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑)
Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

o Lever-arm:
𝑠 101.67
𝑍 = 𝑑 − 2 = 375 − = 324.17 𝑚𝑚
2

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o Moment resistance of the section:

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑍 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 𝑠 × 𝑍
= (0.45 × 25 × 750 × 101.67 × 324.17) × 10−6 = 278 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟏

For the reinforced concrete section shown,

calculate the moment of resistance using C25
concrete and 460 rebar grade.

Solution:

o Depth of the stress block:

𝐹𝑐𝑐 = 𝐹𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠:
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 𝑠 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 2𝑇25 → 𝐴𝑠 = 982 𝑚𝑚2 )
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 0.95×460×982 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑠 = 0.45𝑓 = = 76.29 𝑚𝑚 > (ℎ𝑓 = 70 𝑚𝑚) ⟹ 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑇 − 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 0.45×25×500

o Moment resisted by the flanges (𝑀1 ):

ℎ𝑓
𝑀1 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 ℎ𝑓 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 ) (𝑑 − )
2
70
= 0.45 × 25 × 70 × (500 − 150) × (290 − ) × 10−6 = 70.28 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2

o Moment resisted by the beam (𝑀2 ):

𝑀1 70.28×106
𝐴𝑠1 = 0.95𝑓 = 0.95×460(290−35) = 630.7 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 (𝑑−ℎ𝑓 /2)

𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠1 = 982 − 630.7 = 351.3 𝑚𝑚2

0.95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠2 0.95×460×351.3 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑠 = 0.45𝑓 = = 90.97 𝑚𝑚 < (𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 130.5 𝑚𝑚) __ 𝑜𝑘 (
ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑
)
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑤 0.45×25×150
𝑠
𝑀2 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑤 𝑠 (𝑑 − 2)
90.97
= 0.45 × 25 × 150 × 90.97 × (290 − ) × 10−6 = 37.53 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2

o Total moment resisted by the T-section (𝑀):

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

𝑀 = 𝑀1 + 𝑀2 = 70.28 + 37.53 = 107.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

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Sectional Area [mm²] of Group of Bars

Bar Size Number of Bars

[mm]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 28 57 85 113 141 170 198 226 254 283
8 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785

12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1018 1131
16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1810 2011
20 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142

25 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
32 804 1608 2413 3217 4021 4825 5630 6434 7238 8042
40 1257 2513 3770 5027 6283 7540 8796 10053 11310 12566

Eng. Nyazi Tawfeeg

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