NAME-PAMELA ROY

YEAR- 3 rd
SEM-5 TH
ROLL NO- 11801321032
SUBJECT- DESIGN OF RCC STRUCTURE
SUBJECT CODE- CE (PC)501
 It is the oldest method of design. Main advantages of
WSM are following:
 Less deflection due to larger section size.
 Less crack width due to lower stress level of steel.
 Less steel because of larger section size.
 The actual stress developed due to actual working
loads.
 Stresses developed are kept within permissible stress
values.
 Factor of safety is applied to stress values only.
 A section which is plane before bending remains plane
after bending, at all cross-sections.
 The strain values are proportional to the distance of
N.A. The strain diagram is always linear.
 All tensile stresses are taken up by steel only and none
by concrete. Thus concrete area on tension side is
completely neglected. This theory is also known as
“cracked section” theory.
 The stress-strain relationship of steel and concrete
within working stresses are linear.
 Modular Ratio (m): It is the ratio of modulus of elasticity of
steel and concrete. 𝑚 = 𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝐶 = 2∗105 5000 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 (short
term value of m) 𝑚 = 𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝐶 = 2∗105 (1+ Ө) 5000 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 (long
term value of m) 𝑚 = 280 3∗σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 (As per IS 456:2000)
 Bending Moment: Actual moment developed in a section
due to external load.
 Moment of Resistant: This is the maximum value of
moment that can be allowed over a beam, so that stresses
in concrete and steel are not more than their maximum
permissible values. At MOR, any one material either
concrete or steel should be at it’s maximum permissible
stress value.
 General Formulas:
 Compressive Force: C = B*xna * xna /2
 Tensile Force: T = σ𝑠𝑡 * Ast
 Lever Arm: d – xna/ 3
 MOR = C*Lever arm = T* Lever arm
 For calculating moment of resistant
 For calculating actual stress developed due to a value
of moment.
 Stress diagram is always rotates about N.A.
 According to the position of N.A., sections are divided
in three parts:
 1) Under-reinforced section
 2) Over-reinforced section
 3) Balanced section or Critical section
An under reinforced section is a type of section in which
we use steel for its ultimate tensile strength. Under
reinforced beam section undergoes a tensile failure. The
percentage of tensile reinforcement is less than the
amount of reinforcement provided for a balanced
section.
 An over reinforced section is a type of section in which
we use the concrete for its ultimate compressive
strength strength. The yield strain of concrete is
reached before the ultimate strength of steel. Over
reinforced beam section undergoes a compressive
failure.
 Balanced Section or Critical Section: When the ratio of
steel to concrete in a section is such that the strain in
steel and strain in concrete reach their maximum
values simultaneously the section is referred to as a
balanced or critical section and the percentage of steel
in this section is known as critical steel .
 Four types of problems may be encountered:
 1) To determine M, and w for a given cross section .
 2) To deterniir~~ maximum compressive stress in
concrete (fcbc) and tensile stress in steel CfSJ for a
given cross section and Mapplned
 3) To determine M,, and AS,, when concrete cross
section is only given,
 4) To design a singly reinforced section for a given
bending moment.
 Step 1: Calculate the permissible stresses values for
 (a) Concrete σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 (From Table 21, Pg.81)
 (b) Steel σ𝑠𝑡 (From Table 22, Pg.82)
 Step 2: Calculate the Modular ratio (m) = 280 3σ𝑐𝑏𝑐
(as per IS:456:2000, Pg.80)
 Step 3: Determine critical neutral axis (𝑛𝑐 ) σ𝑠𝑡/𝑚 𝑑−𝑛
𝑐 = σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑛𝑐 » 𝑑 𝑛𝑐 = σ𝑠𝑡 𝑚∗ σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 + 1 » 𝑛𝑐 = ( 𝑚∗ σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 σ
𝑠𝑡+ 𝑚∗ σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 )*d
 Step 4: Determine actual neutral axis (xna) B*xna *
xna 2 = m*Ast*(d- xna)
 Step 5: Compare the value of xna & 𝑛c:
 (i) If xna = 𝑛𝑐 , the section is balanced. & MOR = 1 2 σ𝑐
𝑏𝑐. B.xna. (d - xna 3 ) or MOR = σ𝑠𝑡. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. (d - xna 3 )
 (ii) If xna < 𝑛𝑐 , the section is under reinforced. MOR =
σ𝑠𝑡. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. (d - xna 3 ) & C = σ𝑠𝑡 ∗xna 𝑚∗(𝑑−xna)
 (iii) If xna > 𝑛𝑐 , the section is over reinforced. MOR =
1 2 σ𝑐𝑏𝑐. B.xna. (d - xna 3 ) & T = σ𝑐𝑏𝑐∗𝑚∗(𝑑−xna) xna
 Note: Safe load (w) is calculated by equating the
maximum bending moment to moment of resistance.
 Given Data: B = 400 mm, D = 650 mm, d = 600mm, 𝐴𝑠
𝑡=4.𝜋4.
 Solution: Step 1: The values of permissible stresses are:
 (a) Concrete σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 = 10 (From Table 21, Pg.81)
 (b) Steel σ𝑠𝑡 = 230 (From Table 22, Pg.82)
 Step 2: Calculate the Modular ratio (m) = 280 3σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 =
9.33 (as per IS:456:2000, Pg.80)
 Step 3: Determine critical neutral axis (𝑛𝑐 ) » 𝑛𝑐 = ( 𝑚∗
σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 σ𝑠𝑡+ 𝑚∗ σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 )*d = 173.19 mm
 Step 4: Determine actual neutral axis (xna) » B*xna *
xna /2 = m*Ast*(d- xna) » xna = 160.51 mm
 Step 5: Compare the value of xna & 𝑛c
 xna < 𝑛𝑐 , the section is under reinforced and Moment
of resistance is » MOR = σ𝑠𝑡. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. (d - xna 3 ) & C = σ𝑠𝑡
∗xna 𝑚∗(𝑑−xna) » MOR = 230 * 1256.64 (600 - 160.51 3
) & C = 230∗160.51 9.33∗(600−160.51) » MOR = 157.95
kN.m & C = 9.003 kN
 IS 456 (2000): Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of
Practice
 • “Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures” by S.
Ramamrutham of “Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company”
 “RCC Designs” by B.C. Punmia, A.K. Jain & Arun K.
Jain of “Laxmi Publications”.
 www.google.com