ULTIMATE
STRENGTH
DESIGN
PREPARED BY: Engr. Ranz Gabriel D. Turingan
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DESIGN PRINCIPLE
∅𝑽𝒏 ≥ 𝑽𝒖 d
s s s
Reduction Factor, ∅
0.75 (2010/2015)
0.85 (2001) d
Nominal shear strength, Vn: 45°
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
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Nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement, Vs:
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠)
𝑠
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 (𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠)
𝑠
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Nominal shear strength provided by concrete, Vc::
Simplified Calculation :
1. For members subjected to shear and
flexure only:
Where :
𝜆 = 1.0 for normal weight
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤𝑑 𝜆 = 0.85 for sand- lightweight
𝜆 = 0.75 for all lightweight
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 0.8𝐷 2 (𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠)
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Nominal shear strength provided by concrete, Vc::
Detailed Calculation :
For members subjected to shear and flexure only:
𝑣𝑢 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.16𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 Choose the
𝑀𝑢 smallest
𝑉𝑐 = 0.16𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 value
Vc = 0.29𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Notes:
𝑉𝑢𝑑
≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑤 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
∅𝑽𝒏 ≥ 𝑽𝒖
411.2.3 Computation of maximum factored shear force Vu at supports in accordance with
Sec. 411.2.3.1 or Sec. 411.2.3.2 shall be permitted when both of the following conditions
are satisfied:
1. Support reaction, in direction of applied shear, introduces compression into the end
regions of member, and
2. Loads are applied at or near the top of the member ; and
3. No concentrated load occurs between face of support and location of critical section
defined in Sections 411.2.3.1 or 411.2.3.2
411.2.3.1 For non-prestressed members, sections located less
than a distance d from the face of the support may be designed for
the same shear Vu as computed at a distance d.
Example
A beam 5.5 meters long 300 mm wide with an effective depth
of 500 mm. It supports a factored uniform load of 140 kN/m
.f’c=21 Mpa, fyt=275 Mpa. Use 2010/2015 NSCP.
Calculate the factored shear at the critical section.
Vu=315 kN
Example
A beam 5.5 meters long 300 mm wide with an effective depth
of 500 mm. It supports a factored uniform load of 140 kN/m
.f’c=21 Mpa, fyt=275 Mpa. Use 2010/2015 NSCP.
Find the nominal shear strength provided by concrete.
Vc=116.86 kN
Example
A beam 5.5 meters long 300 mm wide with an effective depth
of 500 mm. It supports a factored uniform load of 140 kN/m
.f’c=21 Mpa, fyt=275 Mpa. Use 2010/2015 NSCP.
When the shear reinforcement is required, determine
the minimum reinforcement area, Av, min set by the
code, if spacing is 250 mm.
411.6.5 Minimum Shear Reinforcement
411.6.5.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement, Av min, shall be
provided in all reinforced concrete flexural members (prestressed and
non-prestressed) where Vu exceeds 0.5∅𝑽𝒄, except in members
satisfying one or more of (1) through (6):
1. Hollow-core units with total unstopped depth not greater than 300
mm and hollow-core unites where;
2. Vu is not greater than 0.5∅𝑽𝒄;
3. Concrete joist construction defined by Section 408.14;
4. Beams with total depth not greater than 250 mm;
5. Beams integral with slabs with total depth h not greater than 600
mm, and not greater than 2.5 times thickness of flange or 0.50 the
width of web;
6. Beams constructed of steel fiber-reinforced, normal weight concrete
with f’c not exceeding 40 Mpa, not greater than 600 mm, and Vu not
greater than 𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤𝑑
411.6.5.3 Where shear reinforcement is required by Section 411.6.5.1
or for strength and where Section 411.7.1 allows torsion to be
neglected, the minimum area of shear reinforcement for prestressed
( except as provided in Section 411.6.5.4 ) and non-prestressed
members shall be computed by
𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.062 𝑓 ′𝑐 𝑠 For f’c > 31.87 𝑀𝑝𝑎:
𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑏𝑤
but shall not be less than 𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.35 𝑠 For f’c ≤ 31.87 𝑀𝑝𝑎:
𝑓𝑦𝑡
(411-13)
Example
A beam 5.5 meters long 300 mm wide with an effective depth
of 500 mm. It supports a factored uniform load of 140 kN/m
.f’c=21 Mpa, fyt=275 Mpa. Use 2010/2015 NSCP.
When the shear reinforcement is required, determine
the minimum reinforcement area, Av, min set by the
code, if spacing is 250 mm.
Av min = 95.46 mm^2
Example
A beam 5.5 meters long 300 mm wide with an effective depth
of 500 mm. It supports a factored uniform load of 140 kN/m
.f’c=21 Mpa, fyt=275 Mpa. Use 2010/2015 NSCP.
Find the distance from supports where stirrups are no
longer required.
x=2.44m
Example
A beam 5.5 meters long 300 mm wide with an effective depth
of 500 mm. It supports a factored uniform load of 140 kN/m
.f’c=21 Mpa, fyt=275 Mpa. Use 2010/2015 NSCP.
Calculate the theoretical spacing of 10 mm diameter
stirrups using the shear at the critical section.
s=71.24 mm
Example 2
A reinforced concrete beam is 300 mm wide with an effective
depth of 540 mm. f’c = 21 Mpa and fyt = 275 Mpa. The
section is to be reinforced for shear using 10 mm diameter
stirrups. Use ∅ = 0.75. Apply necessary provisions on spacing
limit.
Strength requirement
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑠≤
𝑠 𝑉𝑠
Minimum shear Area requirement
𝑏𝑤 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.062 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑠 𝑠≤
𝑓𝑦𝑡
0.062 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤
𝑏𝑤 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.35 𝑠 𝑠≤
𝑓𝑦𝑡 0.35𝑏𝑤
Additional requirement
𝑑
𝑽𝒔 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘𝒅 : s≤ 𝑜𝑟, 𝑠 ≤ 600 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑
𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘𝒅 < 𝑽𝒔 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘𝒅 : s≤
4
𝑜𝑟, 𝑠 ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚
𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘𝒅 < 𝑽𝒔 *Beam is too small to accommodate shear
reinforcement. Revise by increasing beam
dimension.
∅𝐕𝐜 ∅𝑽𝒄
𝐕𝐮 ≤ < 𝑽𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑽𝒄 𝑽𝒔 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘𝒅 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘𝒅 < 𝑽𝒔 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘𝒅
𝟐 𝟐
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑠≤ 𝑠≤
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠
𝑠≤
stirrups are 0.062 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤
not required 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑠≤ 𝑠≤
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 0.062 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 0.062 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤
𝑠≤
0.35𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑑 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑠≤
s≤ 𝑠≤ 0.35𝑏𝑤
2 0.35𝑏𝑤
𝑑
s≤
𝑑 s≤
4
s≤ 600 𝑚𝑚 2
s≤ 300 𝑚𝑚
s≤ 600 𝑚𝑚
𝑽𝒔 > 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
Example 2
A reinforced concrete beam is 300 mm wide with an effective
depth of 540 mm. f’c = 21 Mpa and fyt = 275 Mpa. The
section is to be reinforced for shear using 10 mm diameter
stirrups. Use ∅ = 0.75. Apply necessary provisions on spacing
limit.
Calculate the required stirrup spacing if the factored shear at
critical section is Vu = 80 kN.
s=270 mm
Example 2
A reinforced concrete beam is 300 mm wide with an effective
depth of 540 mm. f’c = 21 Mpa and fyt = 275 Mpa. The
section is to be reinforced for shear using 10 mm diameter
stirrups. Use ∅ = 0.75. Apply necessary provisions on spacing
limit.
Calculate the required stirrup spacing if the factored shear at
critical section is Vu = 200 kN.
s=166 mm
Example 2
A reinforced concrete beam is 300 mm wide with an effective
depth of 540 mm. f’c = 21 Mpa and fyt = 275 Mpa. The
section is to be reinforced for shear using 10 mm diameter
stirrups. Use ∅ = 0.75. Apply necessary provisions on spacing
limit.
Calculate the required stirrup spacing if the factored shear at
critical section is Vu = 300 kN.
s=85 mm
Example 3 Loads:
Mu = 400 kNm
Given: Vu = 350 kN (along x)
bxh=400 mm x 600 mm Nu =1200 kN
Ast = 8 – 32 mm diameter bars
Clear concrete cover to 12 mm diameter ties = 40 mm y
Concrete f’c=28 MPa
Steel fy=415 Mpa
Reduction factor for shear = 0.75 b
x
Determine the concrete nominal shear strength
(kN) in x- direction using simplified calculation. h
Nominal shear strength provided by concrete, Vc::
Simplified Calculation :
For members subjected to shear, flexure, and axial:
′
𝑁𝑢
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓 𝑐𝑏𝑤𝑑(1 + )
14𝐴𝑔
Notes:
Nu = factored axial load
Nu is positive compression (411-4)
𝑁𝑢
is in Mpa
𝐴𝑔
Nominal shear strength provided by concrete, Vc:: Notes:
𝑉𝑢𝑑
is not limited to 1.0
𝑀𝑚
Detailed Calculation :
𝑉𝑢𝑑
For members subjected to shear,flexure and axial : 𝑀𝑚
≤ 0(𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥)
𝑣𝑢 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.16𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 𝑀𝑚 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Mu is the moment at the
Where: critical section for shear
4ℎ−𝑑
𝑀𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑁𝑢 8
(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
0.29𝑁𝑢
V𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.29𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 d 1+
𝐴𝑔
Example 3 Loads:
Mu = 400 kNm
Given: Vu = 350 kN (along x)
bxh=400 mm x 600 mm Nu =1200 kN
Ast = 8 – 32 mm diameter bars
Clear concrete cover to 12 mm diameter ties = 40 mm y
Concrete f’c=28 MPa
Steel fy=415 Mpa
Reduction factor for shear = 0.75 b
x
Determine the concrete nominal shear strength
(kN) in x- direction using simplified calculation. h
Vc=259.79 kN
Example 3 Loads:
Mu = 400 kNm
Given: Vu = 350 kN (along x)
bxh=400 mm x 600 mm Nu =1200 kN
Ast = 8 – 32 mm diameter bars
Clear concrete cover to 12 mm diameter ties = 40 mm y
Concrete f’c=28 MPa
Steel fy=415 Mpa
Reduction factor for shear = 0.75 b
x
Calculate the required spacing (mm) of shear
reinforcement. Apply code provision on spacing h
limits pf reinforcement where applicable.
s= 266 mm
Example 3 Loads:
Mu = 400 kNm
Given: Vu = 350 kN (along x)
bxh=400 mm x 600 mm Nu =1200 kN
Ast = 8 – 32 mm diameter bars
Clear concrete cover to 12 mm diameter ties = 40 mm y
Concrete f’c=28 MPa
Steel fy=415 Mpa
Reduction factor for shear = 0.75 b
x
If the spacing of the lateral reinforcements is 150
mm, determine the value of the factored shear h
strength capacity (kN) if the section is subjected to a
significant axial tensile load Nu=450 kN.
411.4.1.3 For members subject to significant axial tension, shear
reinforcement shall be designed to carry total shear, unless a more detailed
calculation is made using Section 411.4.2.1 through 411.4.2.3
422.5.7 Vc FOR NON-PRESTRESSED MEMBERS WITH SIGNIFICANT
AXIAL TENSION
422.5.7.1 For non-prestressed members with significant axial tension, Vc
shall be calculated by:
𝑁𝑢
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤𝑑(1
+ )
3.5𝐴𝑔
Where Nu is negative for tension and Vc shall not be less than zero.
Example 3 Loads:
Mu = 400 kNm
Given: Vu = 350 kN (along x)
bxh=400 mm x 600 mm Nu =1200 kN
Ast = 8 – 32 mm diameter bars
Clear concrete cover to 12 mm diameter ties = 40 mm y
Concrete f’c=28 MPa
Steel fy=415 Mpa
Reduction factor for shear = 0.75 b
x
If the spacing of the lateral reinforcements is 150
mm, determine the value of the factored shear h
strength capacity (kN) if the section is subjected to a
significant axial tensile load Nu=450 kN.
∅𝑉𝑛 = 374.54 kN
Example 4 Loads:
Mu = 220 kNm
Given: Vu = 235 kN
bxh=400 mm x 500 mm Nu =500 kN
Ast = 6 – 20 mm diameter bars
Clear concrete cover to 10 mm diameter ties = 50 mm y
Concrete f’c=28 MPa
Steel fy=415 MPa
Steel fyv=275 MPa
Reduction factor for shear = 0.75 b x
Determine the nominal concrete shear strength (kN) h
by simplified calculation along y-axis.
𝑉𝑐 = 174.93 kN
Example 4 Loads:
Mu = 220 kNm
Given: Vu = 235 kN
bxh=400 mm x 500 mm Nu =500 kN
Ast = 6 – 20 mm diameter bars
Clear concrete cover to 10 mm diameter ties = 50 mm y
Concrete f’c=28 MPa
Steel fy=415 MPa
Steel fyv=275 MPa
Reduction factor for shear = 0.75 b x
Determine the required spacing of shear h
reinforcement. Use simplified calculation for
computing Vc. Apply code provisions on spacing
limits of reinforcements.
𝑠 = 154.49 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 150 𝑚𝑚
Example 4 Loads:
Mu = 220 kNm
Given: Vu = 235 kN
bxh=400 mm x 500 mm Nu =500 kN
Ast = 6 – 20 mm diameter bars
Clear concrete cover to 10 mm diameter ties = 50 mm y
Concrete f’c=28 MPa
Steel fy=415 MPa
Steel fyv=275 MPa
Reduction factor for shear = 0.75 b x
If the column is replaced with a 400 mm diameter h
circular section, which of the following most nearly
gives the nominal shear strength (kN) of the
concrete, Vc?
𝑉𝑐 = 147.86 𝑘𝑁
Example 5
A rectangular beam has a clear span of 7.6 m and carries a service live
load of 60 kN/m. The beam has a width of 350 mm and effective depth of
700 mm. It is reinforced with 6-28mm ф in two rows. Total depth of the
beam is 800 mm. f’c=28 MPa, fy=414 MPa, fyt=270 MPa. Use 𝜆 = 0.85
and unit weight of concrete is 25 kN/cu.m. Use detailed calculation for
shear strength provided by the concrete.
Determine the shear force to be resisted by the
shear reinforcement at critical section.
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Nominal shear strength provided by concrete, Vc::
Detailed Calculation :
For members subjected to shear and flexure only:
𝑣𝑢 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.16𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 Choose the
𝑀𝑢 smallest
𝑉𝑐 = 0.16𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 value
Vc = 0.29𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Notes:
𝑉𝑢𝑑
≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑤 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Example 5
A rectangular beam has a clear span of 7.6 m and carries a service live
load of 60 kN/m. The beam has a width of 350 mm and effective depth of
700 mm. It is reinforced with 6-28mm ф in two rows. Total depth of the
beam is 800 mm. f’c=28 MPa, fy=414 MPa, fyt=270 MPa. Use 𝜆 = 0.85
and unit weight of concrete is 25 kN/cu.m. Use detailed calculation for
shear strength provided by the concrete.
Determine the shear force to be resisted by the
shear reinforcement at critical section.
Vs=197.2 𝑘𝑁
Example 5
A rectangular beam has a clear span of 7.6 m and carries a service live
load of 60 kN/m. The beam has a width of 350 mm and effective depth of
700 mm. It is reinforced with 6-28mm ф in two rows. Total depth of the
beam is 800 mm. f’c=28 MPa, fy=414 MPa, fyt=270 MPa. Use 𝜆 = 0.85
and unit weight of concrete is 25 kN/cu.m. Use detailed calculation for
shear strength provided by the concrete.
Determine the spacing of shear reinforcements at
critical section.
s=150.6 𝑚𝑚
Example 6
A concrete beam section with f’c = 25 MPa is 250 mm wide, 500 mm
deep has a 435 mm effective depth. It is reinforced with 1902 mm2 of
tension steel with fy = 275 MPa. Using the more detailed calculations,
determine Vc, the nominal shear strength of concrete considering the
following cases:
Vu = 270 kN, Mu = 100 kN-m and axial tension Nu = 180 kN
Vu = 270 kN, Mu = 100 kN-m and axial compression Nu = 180 kN
411.4.1.3 For members subject to significant axial tension, shear
reinforcement shall be designed to carry total shear, unless a more detailed
calculation is made using Section 411.4.2.1 through 411.4.2.3
422.5.7 Vc FOR NON-PRESTRESSED MEMBERS WITH SIGNIFICANT
AXIAL TENSION
422.5.7.1 For non-prestressed members with significant axial tension, Vc
shall be calculated by:
𝑁𝑢
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤𝑑(1
+ )
3.5𝐴𝑔
Where Nu is negative for tension and Vc shall not be less than zero.
Nominal shear strength provided by concrete, Vc:: Notes:
𝑉𝑢𝑑
is not limited to 1.0
𝑀𝑚
Detailed Calculation :
𝑉𝑢𝑑
For members subjected to shear,flexure and axial : 𝑀𝑚
≤ 0(𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥)
𝑣𝑢 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.16𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 17𝜌𝑤 𝑀𝑚 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Mu is the moment at the
Where: critical section for shear
4ℎ−𝑑
𝑀𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑁𝑢 8
(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
0.29𝑁𝑢
V𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.29𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 d 1+
𝐴𝑔
“Imagine your enemies watching you and thinking “Why
won’t he give up?”, but you know the reason for you are a
fucking beast.”
—2024
