FOOTINGS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING CE Board Exam Review

FOOTINGS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING If the load is applied outside the kern:

Þ Soil bearing stress distribution underneath the footing becomes non-uniform due to effect of 𝟐𝑷
bending 𝝈=
𝟑𝒂𝒃
Kern

Þ An eccentric axial compressive load shall be applied within the kern region to prevent uplift
(tensile stress)

If the load is applied within the kern/middle third (𝑒 ≤ 𝐿/6)

𝑷 𝑴𝒄
𝝈= ±
𝑨 𝑰
𝑷 𝟔𝑷𝒆
𝝈= ±
𝑩𝑳 𝑩𝑳𝟐 Soil Stress Distribution for Eccentrically Loaded Footings
𝑷 𝟔𝒆
𝝈= `𝟏 ± b
𝑩𝑳 𝑳

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FOOTINGS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING CE Board Exam Review

DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTINGS Þ The uniform soil pressure is assumed to act along longitudinal beam strips (Section A-B-C in
the figure)
Þ Combined footings are proportioned such that there is uniform pressure under the footing,
Þ The loads on these longitudinal beam strips are to be transferred to hypothetical transverse
and uniform settlements are produced.
beam strips (Sections A-D and B-E in the figure), extending to a distance 𝒅/𝟐 on both sides of
Þ The resultant of the service column loads shall coincide with the centroid of the combined
the face of the column above.
footing
Structural Action in a Combined Footing
OTHER TYPES OF COMBINED FOOTINGS

1. Tapered (Trapezoidal) Combined Footings

Þ Can be used when the loads in the interior column is much larger than those in the
exterior column

𝟐𝑩𝟏 + 𝑩𝟐 𝑯
𝒚=` b∙ 𝑩𝟐 > 𝑩𝟏
𝑩𝟏 + 𝑩𝟐 𝟑

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FOOTINGS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING CE Board Exam Review

2. Strap Footings PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Þ Can be used when supported columns carry axial loads and moments
Problem 1. A reinforced concrete footing 850-mm thick and 3.0 meters wide is to support a 400
Þ The footings of the columns are designed as isolated pads connected by a strap beam
mm x 400 mm column as shown in the figure. Assume a clear cover of 75 mm. 25-mm deformed
Þ The strap bean is assumed not in contact with the soil, and hence will not carry any
bars are to be used as reinforcements. Use alternate and basic load combinations from NSCP
transverse bearing pressure
2015.
Þ The strap beam is to resist the moments carried by the columns
Given:
Allowable Soil Bearing Capacity: 155 kPa
Unit Weight of Concrete: 24 kN/m#
Unit Weight of Soil: 16 kN/m#
Material Strengths: 𝑓$% = 28 MPa
𝑓& = 420 MPa
Axial Loads: DL = 450 kN
LL = 300 kN
WL = 150 kN
EQ = 135 kN

1. What is the required length, 𝐿 (m), of the footing? [3.80]

2. What is the nominal one-way shear stress (MPa) in the footing? [0.116]
3. What is the nominal two-way shear stress (MPa) in the footing? [0.339]
4. How many 25-mm bars along the long direction are needed to reinforce the footing? [10]

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FOOTINGS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING CE Board Exam Review

1. What is the required dimension (m) of the footing? [3.40]

2. What is the nominal punching shear stress (MPa) in the footing? [0.837]
3. How many 20-mm diameter bars are needed to reinforce the footing both ways? [15]

Problem 3. A rectangular isolated RC footing supporting a 450 mm x 450 mm column is subjected

to combined axial compression and biaxial bending as shown in the figure below.
Given:
Axial Loads: Unfactored = 900 kN
Factored = 1250 kN
Unfactored Moment: About x-axis = 150 kN
About y-axis = 115 kN
Factored Moment: About x-axis = 207 kN ∙ m
About y-axis = 158 kN ∙ m
Material Properties: 𝑓$% = 24 MPa
𝑓& = 420 MPa
Effective Depth = 500 mm
Effective Soil Bearing Capacity = 200 kPa

1. What is the required dimension (B x L) of the footing? Assume L/B ratio of 2. [2.0 x 4.0]
2. What is the critical nominal punching shear stress (MPa) in the footing? [0.778]
3. What is the critical moment (kN-m) in the footing about the y-axis? [492.285]

Problem 2. A 750-mm thick isolated square footing is to support a 400 mm x 400 mm square
column subjected to the following loads:
𝑃'( = 800 kN 𝑃 = 600 kN
𝑀'( = 110 kN ∙ m 𝑀(( = 80 kN ∙ m

Based on the geotechnical investigation, the allowable soil bearing pressure is 190 kPa. Unit
weight of concrete is 24 kN/m# , unit weight of soil is 18 kN/m# , 𝑓$% = 24 MPa, and 𝑓& = 420 MPa.
The bottom of the footing is 1.5 m from the ground level.

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FOOTINGS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING CE Board Exam Review

Problem 4. A rectangular combined footing is to support two (2) 400 mm x 400 mm columns
with centers 4.5 m apart. The left column, flush at the edge of the footing, carries a DL of 750 kN
and LL of 500 kN. The interior column carries a DL of 1100 kN and LL of 950 kN. Assume that the
weight of the soil and concrete above the footing base is 10% of the total service load of the
columns.
Given:
Allowable bearing pressure = 280 kPa
Surface Surcharge = 4.6 kPa
Effective Depth = 750 mm
𝑓$% = 24 MPa
𝑓& = 420 MPa
Use 25-mm deformed bars

1. What is the required dimension (L x B) of the footing? [6.0 x 2.2]

2. How many 25-mm bars are needed to reinforce the region between the columns? [12]
3. How many 25-mm bars are required for the transverse beam below the right interior
column? [6]

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FOOTINGS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING CE Board Exam Review

Problem 5. Consider the same columns and column loads given in Problem 4. This time, a strap
footing is to be designed to support the two columns. The thickness of the footing is 850 mm.
Assume an effective soil bearing capacity of 240 kPa. Refer to the figure below.

1. What is the value of the dimension 𝐵) (m)? [3.20]

2. What is the value of the dimension 𝐵* (m)? [2.80]
3. What is the design moment (kN-m) to be used for the design of the strap beam? [992.432]

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REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTINGS CE Board Exam Review

SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

Problem 1.

a) Size of Footing

𝑞!"" = 155 − (24)(0.85) − (16)(1.8 − 0.85) = 134.4 kPa

Considering gravity loads,

𝑃 = 𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿 = 450 + 300 = 750 kN
𝑀 = 𝑃𝑒 = 750(0.5) = 375 kN ∙ m

Assuming 𝑒 = 0.5 ≤ 𝐿/6 or 𝐿 ≥ 3.0 m,

𝑃 6𝑀
𝑞#$% = + &
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿
750 6(375)
119.4 = +
3𝐿 3𝐿&
𝐿 = 3.763 m, 𝑠𝑎𝑦, 𝐿 = 3.80 m
Considering wind loads,
𝑃 = 𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿 + 0.6𝑊 = 450 + 300 + 0.6(150) = 840 kN
𝑀 = 𝑃𝑒 = 840(0.5) = 420 kN ∙ m
𝑃 6𝑀
𝑞#$% = + &
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿
4 840 6(420)
(119.4) ∙ = +
3 3𝐿 3𝐿&
𝐿 = 3.339 m, 𝑠𝑎𝑦, 𝐿 = 3.40 m
Considering seismic loads,
𝐸 135
𝑃 = 𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿 + = 450 + 300 + = 846.429 kN
1.4 1.4
𝑀 = 𝑃𝑒 = 846.429(0.5) = 423.214 kN ∙ m
𝑃 6𝑀
𝑞#$% = + &
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿
4 846.429 6(423.214)
(119.4) ∙ = +
3 3𝐿 3𝐿&
𝐿 = 3.356 m, 𝑠𝑎𝑦, 𝐿 = 3.40 m
∴ Use a 3.80 m x 3.0 m footing. Ans. #1
b) One-way Shear
Determining the factored loads,
Gravity Loads: 𝑃' = 1.2(450) + 1.6(300) = 1020 kN
Wind Loads: 𝑃' = 1.2(450) + 1.0(300) + 1.0(150) = 990 kN
Seismic Loads: 𝑃' = 0.9(450) + 135 = 540 kN
Take 𝑃' = 1020 kN
𝑀' = 𝑃𝑒 = (1020)(0.50) = 510 kN ∙ m
𝑃 6𝑀 1020 6(510)
𝑞#$% = + &= + = 160.111 kPa
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿 3(3.8) 3(3.8& )
𝑃 6𝑀 1020 6(510)
𝑞#() = − = − = 18.837 kPa
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿& 3(3.8) 3(3.8& )
Illustrating the stress distribution,

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REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTINGS CE Board Exam Review

Drawing the critical section for one-way shear,

25
𝑑 = 850 − 75 − = 762.5 mm
2

160.111 + 143.846
𝑉' = ∙ 0.4375 ∙ 3 = 199.471 kN
2
𝑉' 199.471 ∙ 1000
𝑣* = =
𝜙𝑏𝑑 0.75(3000)(762.5)
𝑣* = 0.116 MPa Ans. #2
c) Two-Way Shear

𝑑 = 850 − 75 − 25 = 750 mm
Drawing the critical section,

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REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTINGS CE Board Exam Review

129.439 + 86.685
𝑉' = 1020 − x ∙ 1.150& y = 877.087 kN
2
𝑉' 877.087 ∙ 1000
𝑣* = =
𝜙𝑏+ 𝑑 0.75(4)(1150)(750)
𝑣* = 0.339 MPa Ans. #3
d) Reinforcements along the long direction

2.2& 2.2&
𝑀' = z18.837 ∙ 3 ∙ { + |(100.627 − 18.837) ∙ 3 ∙ } = 334.686 kN ∙ m
2 6

𝑀' 334.686 ∙ 10,

𝑅* = = = 0.291 MPa
𝜙𝑏𝑑& 0.90(2200)(762.5& )
𝑓- 420
𝑚= / = = 17.647
0.85𝑓. 0.85(28)

1 2𝑚𝑅*
𝜌= ‚1 − ƒ1 − „ = 0.000696 (Too Low!)
𝑚 𝑓-

Minimum steel governs!

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REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTINGS CE Board Exam Review

𝐴01 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ = 0.0018(3000)(850) = 4590 mm&

𝐴01 4590
𝑛= =𝜋 = 9.351, say, 10 bars
𝐴2 (25& )
4
∴ Use 10 25 − mm ϕ bars along the long direction. Ans. #4

Problem 2.

a) Required Dimensions
𝑃 = 800 + 600 = 1400 kN
𝑀 = 110 + 80 = 190 kN ∙ m
𝑞!"" = 190 − (24)(0.75) − (18)(1.5 − 0.75) = 158.5 kPa
𝑃 6𝑀
𝑞#$% = +
𝐵& 𝐵3
1400 6(190)
158.5 = +
𝐵& 𝐵3
𝐵 = 3.317 m, say, B = 3.4 m
∴ Use 3.4 m x 3.4 m x 0.75 m footing. Ans. #1
b) Punching Shear Stress
𝑃' = 1.2(800) + 1.6(600) = 1920 kN
𝑀' = 1.2(110) + 1.6(80) = 260 kN ∙ m
1920 6(260)
𝑞#() = − = 126.399 kPa
3.4& 3.43
1920 6(260)
𝑞#$% = + = 205.781 kPa
3.4& 3.43
𝑑 = 750 − 75 − 20 = 655 mm

Illustrating the critical section,

178.406 + 153.774
𝑉' = 1920 − x y ∙ 1.055& = 1735.138 kN
2

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REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTINGS CE Board Exam Review

𝑉' 1735.138 ∙ 1000

𝑣* = =
𝜙𝑏+ 𝑑 0.75(4)(1055)(655)
𝑣* = 0.837 MPa Ans. #2
c) Flexure Design

1.5& 1.5&
𝑀' = z170.759 ∙ 3.4 ∙ { + |(205.781 − 170.759) ∙ 3.4 ∙ } = 742.459 kN ∙ m
2 3

𝑀' 742.459 ∙ 10,

𝑅* = = = 0.566 MPa
𝜙𝑏𝑑& 0.90(3400)(655& )
𝑓- 420
𝑚= = = 20.588
0.85𝑓. 0.85(24)

1 2𝑚𝑅* 1 2(20.588)(0.566)
𝜌= ‚1 − ƒ1 − „= ‚1 − ƒ1 − „ = 0.00137 [Too low!]
𝑚 𝑓- 20.588 420

Minimum steel governs!

𝐴0 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ = 0.0018(3400)(750) = 4590 mm&
𝐴0 4590
𝑛= =𝜋 = 14.610, say, 15 bars
𝐴2 (20& )
4
∴ Use 15 20 − mm ϕ bars both ways. Ans. #3

Problem 3.

a) Required Dimension
𝑃 6𝑀- 6𝑀4
𝑞!"" = + +
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿& 𝐿𝐵&
900 6(115) 6(150)
200 = + +
𝐵(2𝐵) 𝐵(2𝐵 )& 2𝐵(𝐵& )
𝐵 = 1.959 m, say, 𝐵 = 2.0 m
𝐿 = 2𝐵 = 4.0 m

∴ Use a 4.0 m x 2.0 m footing. Ans. #1

Calculating the ultimate bearing pressure at the corners of the footing,
𝑃' 6𝑀- 6𝑀4
𝑞= ± +
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿& 𝐿𝐵&
1250 6(158) 6(207)
𝑞1567!"1 = + + = 263.5 kPa
2(4.0) 2.0(4& ) 4(2.0)&

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REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTINGS CE Board Exam Review

1250 6(158) 6(207)

𝑞15689:;1 = − + = 204.25 kPa
2(4.0) 2.0(4& ) 4(2.0)&
1250 6(158) 6(207)
𝑞25115<89:;1 = − − = 49 kPa
2(4.0) 2.0(4& ) 4(2.0)&
1250 6(158) 6(207)
𝑞1567!"1 = + − = 108.25 kPa
2(4.0) 2.0(4& ) 4(2.0)&
For simplicity, we use the average bearing pressure
263.5 + 204.25 + 49 + 108.25
𝑞=>! = = 156.25 kPa
4
b) Punching Shear Stress
Illustrating the critical section,

𝑉' = 1250 − (156.25)(0.95& ) = 1108.984 kN

𝑉' 1108.984 ∙ 1000
𝑣* = =
𝜙𝑏+ 𝑑 0.75(4)(950)(500)

𝑣* = 0.778 MPa Ans. #2

c) Critical Moment
Illustrating the critical section,

156.25(2)(1.775)&
𝑀' =
2
𝑀' = 492.285 kN ∙ m Ans. #3

Problem 4.

a) Part 1:
𝑞!"# = 280 − 4.6 = 275.4 kPa
Locating the resultant reaction from the left edge,
$.&(()$*)$$)*,.((--$$*.)$)
𝑥= ($$*/$$*--$$*.)$
= 2.995 m

For uniform settlement to occur, we shall use 𝐿 = 2(2.995) = 5.990 m, say, 𝐿 = 6.0 m.
Calculating the required width of the footing,
-.-(-&)$*&$)$)
275.4 = 0.$1

𝐵 = 2.197 m, say, 𝐵 = 2.2 m

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REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTINGS CE Board Exam Review

∴ Use a 6.0 m by 2.2 m rectangular combined footing. Ans. #1

b) Part 2
𝑃2- = 1.2(750) + 1.6(500) = 1700 kN
𝑃2& = 1.2(1100) + 1.6(950) = 2840 kN
-($$*&/,$
𝑞2 = &.&(0.$)
= 343.939 kPa

Plotting the shear and bending moment diagrams,

From analysis of shear and bending moment, the maximum negative moment between the columns is
found to be 𝑀2 = 1569.692 kN − m.
𝑑5 25
𝑑 = 𝑑34" + = 750 + = 762.5 mm
2 2
-)0..0.& 7 -$!
𝑅! = $..(&&$$)((0&.))" = 1.364 MPa
,&$
𝑚 = $./)(&,) = 20.588

- &(&$.)//)(-.,$.)
𝜌 = &$.)// _1 − `1 − ,&$
a = 0.00336

Checking with minimum steel requirement,

-., -.,
⎧ ;#
= ,&$ = 0.00333
𝜌89: ≥ %
⎨$.&)<;$ $.&)√&,
= ,&$ = 0.00292
⎩ ;#
Theoretical steel governs!
𝐴> = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.00336(2200)(762.5) = 5641.360 mm&

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REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTINGS CE Board Exam Review

)0,-.?0$
𝑛= & = 11.492, say, 𝑛 = 12 bars
@ A(&)" )
'

∴ Use 12 25 − mm 𝜙 reinforcement bars. Ans. #2

c) Part 3:
𝑑5 25
𝑑 = 𝑑34" − = 750 − = 737.5 mm
2 2
The effective width of the ‘transverse beam’ below the interior column is 𝑏 = 400 + 737.5 = 1137.5 mm.
&/,$
𝑤= &.&
= 1290.909 kN/m

Getting the moment at the face of the column,

"." ).' "
-&.$..$.@ B A
" "
𝑀2 = &
= 522.818 kN − m

)&&./-/ 7 -$!
𝑅! = $..(--?(.))((?(.))" = 0.939 MPa

- &(&$.)//)($..?.)
𝜌 = &$.)// _1 − `1 − ,&$
a = 0.00229 < 𝜌CD! = 0.00333

Minimum steel governs!

𝐴> = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.00333(1137.5)(737.5) = 2796.354 mm&
&(.0.?),
𝑛= & = 5.697, say, 𝑛 = 6 bars
@ A(&)" )
'

∴ Use 6 25 − mm 𝜙 reinforcement bars. Ans. #3

Problem 5.

Illustrating the FBD of the column-footing system at service loads,

We consider an imaginary 3.7 m beam with supports @ R1 and R2, respectively.

𝑀 = 1250(0.80) = 1000 kN ∙ m (CCW)

We convert this into equivalent force couple acting @ R1 and R2 oriented CW.
1000
𝑉= = 270.270 kN
3.7
𝑅? = 1250 + 𝑉 = 1250 + 270.270 = 1520.270 kN
𝑅& = 2050 − 𝑉 = 2050 − 270.270 = 1779.730 kN
Calculating the required dimension of Footing 1,

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REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTINGS CE Board Exam Review

1520.270
𝐵! = = 3.167 m, say, 3.20 m
240(2.0)
∴ 𝐵? = 3.20 m. Ans. #1
Calculating the dimension of Footing 2,

1779.730
𝐵& = ƒ = 2.723 m, say, 2.80 m
240

∴ 𝐵& = 2.80 m. Ans. #2

Drawing the FBD at ultimate loads,

1700(0.8)
𝑅? = 1700 + = 2067.568 kN
3.7
2067.568
𝑞? = = 1033.784 kN/m
2
1700(0.8)
𝑅& = 2840 − = 2472.432 kN
3.7
2472.432
𝑞& = = 883.012 kN/m
2.8
Calculating the moment at the edge of Footing 1,
1033.784(2& )
𝑀' = − 1700(1.80) = −992.432 kN ∙ m
2
Calculating the moment at the edge of Footing 2,
883.012(2.8& )
𝑀' = − 2840(1.4) = −514.595 kN ∙ m
2
∴ 𝑀A!0 = 992.432 kN ∙ m Ans. #3

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