INTRODUCTION

BEAMS ELASTIC BENDING STRESSES

Transverse load 𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑐 𝑴
𝑓 = 𝑓 = =
𝐼 𝐼 𝑺

Long axis 𝑓,
𝑓

𝑓,

𝑦 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁𝐴

𝐼 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒
BUILT UP W SHAPE CHANNEL 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑐 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁𝐴
**Note that the axis of bending moment is 𝐼
𝑆 = 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 =
normal to the transverse load 𝑐
 STAGES OF LOADING
ELASTIC STAGE SEMI-PLASTIC STAGE
𝑓 <𝐹 Large amount of loads 𝑓 =𝐹
Service loads
𝑀 0 𝑀 0
𝑀 INA
𝑓<𝐹
ENA

𝑓 <𝐹 𝑓 =𝐹
PLASTIC STAGE
YIELDING STAGE
Ultimate loads
𝑓 =𝐹 𝑓 =𝐹
Significant amount of loads
𝑀 0 𝑀 0
𝑀
ENA PNA
𝑉
𝑓 =𝐹 𝑓 =𝐹
𝒚 𝒚 Plastic hinge
 PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY
𝐹

PNA

𝐹
 EXAMPLE: PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY

• For the built-up shapes shown in the following figure, determine (a) the elastic section modulus 𝑆 and the yield moment 𝑀
and (b) the plastic section modulus 𝑍 and the plastic moment 𝑀 . Consider bending about both 𝑥-axis and 𝑦-axis, and the
steel is A572 Grade 50.
𝐷. 𝑏 = 250 𝑚𝑚
𝑏 = 200 𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = 22 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 10 𝑚𝑚

ℎ = 300 𝑚𝑚
ℎ = 230 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 7 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 25 𝑚𝑚
STRUCTURAL
STEEL BEAMS
CE134P-2
 LIMITING STATES
 A steel beam can fail by the following:
a) Becoming fully PLASTIC – The beam is assumed stable up
to the plastic stage and the nominal moment strength is
equal to the plastic moment capacity: 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑴𝒑

b) ELASTIC OR INELASTIC LATERAL-TORSIONAL

BUCKLING (LTB) –a twisting simultaneous with an outward
deflection.

c) Elastic or inelastic flange local buckling (FLB) – when the

flange of the compression region buckles before reaching a
plastic stage, depends on the width-thickness ratio

a) Elastic or inelastic web local buckling (WLB) – when the

web of the compression region buckles before reaching a
plastic stage, based on the width-thickness ratio
 SECTION CLASSIFICATIONS
Recall that from section classification of NSCP 502.4.1, width-thickness ratio is
calculated and compared to limiting values for stiffened and unstiffened elements
such that:
o 𝒑
o 𝒑 𝒓
o 𝒑

WIDTH-THICKNESS RATIO, 𝝀 LIMITING WIDTH-THICKNESS RATIO

𝑏𝑓 𝜆𝑝 𝜆𝑟
W-shapes,
2𝑡 𝑓
𝐸 𝐸
𝑏𝑓 0.38 1.0
Channels, 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
𝑡𝑓

ℎ 𝐸 𝐸
3.76 5.70
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦

 Sections are identified first as compact, non-compact or slender to check if local buckling will occur. When the
section is compact, no local buckling is to be expected and the failure may be yielding, or lateral-torsional
buckling depending on lateral support conditions.
 LATERAL SUPPORT CONDITIONS

𝐿
𝐿
𝐿

𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
 LATERAL SUPPORT CONDITIONS

Continuous lateral support by floor

LTB LTB
 LATERAL SUPPORT CONDITIONS
 The limiting lengths 𝑳𝒑 and 𝑳𝒓 (as per NSCP 2015) are determined as follows:
𝑬
𝑳𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝒓𝒚
𝑭𝒚

𝟐
𝑬 𝑱𝒄 𝟎. 𝟕𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙 𝒉𝒐
𝑳𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟓𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕
𝟎. 𝟕𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙 𝒉𝒐 𝑬𝑱𝒄
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 200, 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹 = 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑆 = 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝒃𝒕𝟑
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑱=
𝟑

ℎ 𝐼
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐼 − 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒: 𝒄 = 𝟏, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙: 𝑐 =
2 𝐶
 LATERAL SUPPORT CONDITIONS
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑟
𝑰 𝒚 𝑪𝒘
𝒓𝟐𝒕𝒔 =
𝑺𝒙
𝑰𝒚 𝒉𝟐𝒐
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐼 − 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒, 𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑪𝒘 =
𝟒
𝑰 𝒉
𝒚 𝒐
𝒓𝟐𝒕𝒔 =
𝟐𝑺𝒙
Approximated as 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑏
𝒃𝒇
𝒓𝒕𝒔 =
𝒉𝒕𝒘
𝟏𝟐 𝟏 +
𝟔𝒃𝒇 𝒕𝒇
VERIFICATION:
• Calculate the following for a :
•
•
•
 COMPACT I-SHAPED AND CHANNEL BENT ABOUT MAJOR AXIS
NOMINAL FLEXURAL STRENGTH, NSCP 2015 ALLOWABLE STRENGTH

LIMIT STATE/CONDITION NOMINAL STRENGTH

YIELDING
DESIGN STRENGTH

INELASTIC LTB

ELASTIC LTB