CE 315

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES-I

3 Hours per Week
No. of Credit: 3.0

Flexure in Beams L
E
C
By
Prof. Dr. Md. Jahangir Alam
T
U
R
E
Department of Civil Engineering
Chittagong University of Engineering & 11
Technology
 Flexure in Beams

REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &
 
Calculation ofGUIDELINES
for Balanced Beam
𝝐  𝒄 =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟑 0.85
  𝑓 ′𝑐  𝒂
𝟐
 𝒂
 𝒄 𝒃
𝑪=𝟎
  . 𝟖𝟓 𝒇 ′𝒄 𝒃𝒄
  𝐍𝐀
 𝒅 𝒕
  𝒂
𝒋𝒅 = 𝒅 −
 𝒅 𝒕 − 𝒄 𝒃 𝟐
𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥
  𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐬
 𝝐 𝒚 𝑻  = 𝑨 𝒔 𝒇 𝒚
𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐈𝐍
  𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐒
 
 Flexure in Beams

REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &
 
Calculation ofGUIDELINES
for Balanced Beam

 
From similar
triangles of the
strain diagram-

Or,
 Flexure in Beams

REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &
 
Calculation ofGUIDELINES
for Balanced Beam

 
Since,

(where, )

Hence,
 Flexure in Beams

REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &
 
Calculation ofGUIDELINES
for Balanced Beam

Where,

= balanced neutral axis depth

= effective depth to extreme tensile
reinforcement layer
= yield point of steel
 Flexure in Beams

REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &
 
ReinforcementGUIDELINES
Ratio at Balanced Condition
 

But,
 Flexure in Beams

REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &
 
ReinforcementGUIDELINES
Ratio at Balanced Condition
  Hence,
 Flexure in Beams

REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &
GUIDELINES
Steel Ratio Formula for Balanced Beam
 
The following formula can be used to determine
the steel ratio at balanced condition-

Where,
= Compressive strength of concrete (psi)
= Yield strength of steel (psi)
=factor that depends on
 Flexure in Beams

REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &
GUIDELINES
Lower Limit for Steel Reinforcement
   The ACI Code established a lower limit on
the amount of tension reinforcement.

 The Code states that where tensile

reinforcement is required, the steel area
should not be less than the following-

For rectangular beam,

 Flexure in Beams

REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &
Steel Ratio GUIDELINES
   The steel ratio (or, reinforcement ratio) is
given by-

NA

 For ductile behavior, ACI Code recommends

that ranges from 50 to 60 % of
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
   The nominal flexural strength of a concrete
member is reached when the net compressive
strain in the extreme fiber reaches the ACI
Code assumed limit of 0.003.

 It also stipulates that when the tensile strain

in then extreme tension steel is sufficiently
large at a value equal or greater than 0.005,
the behavior is fully ductile.
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
The reinforced concrete beam is
characterized by ACI as-
 Tension-controlled
Ductile mode of failure, with ample warning
of failure as denoted by excessive cracking
and deflection (preferred)
 Compression-controlled
Brittle mode of failure, with little warning
 Transitional
Beams with small axial load and large
moment
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

  ANALYSIS & DESIGN
ACI 318-02 Code Strain Limits
 Tension-controlled

 Compression-controlled

 Transitional
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

  ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Maximum Steel Ratio by ACI Code

The maximum steel ratio allowed by the ACI

Code can be obtained using .

According to the ACI Code, when the tensile

strain is greater than or equal to 0.005, the
strength reduction factor is 0.9.
When then
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

  ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Maximum Steel Ratio by ACI Code

When tension controls and

When section will be in the transition region

and
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

  ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Minimum Steel Ratio by ACI Code
when,

when,

When the section meets the ACI Code

limitations for tension controlled section.

When section is not acceptable.

 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

  ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Maximum Steel Ratio by ACI Code

(ksi) (ksi)
40 0.85 0.0203 0.0371
3
60 0.85 0.0135 0.0214
40 0.85 0.0271 0.0495
4
60 0.85 0.0181 0.0285
40 0.80 0.0319 0.0582
5
60 0.80 0.0213 0.0335
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Strain Limits in terms of Neutral Axis
Depth
𝒃
  𝝐  𝒄 =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝝐  𝒄 =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟑

 𝒄 𝒄
 
  𝐍𝐀
𝒅𝒕
 

  𝐍𝐀

𝝐  𝒕 =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝝐  𝒕 =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟐
   

Tension- Compression-
controlled controlled
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

  ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Variation of as a Function of Strain

Variation of the value for the range of strain

between and can be linearly interpolated to
give the following expression-

Spirally-Reinforced Sections:

Other Sections:
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

  ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Variation of as a Function of Strain
Compressio Transition Tension
0.95
n Zone Controlled
0.90 Controlled   Spiral
∅  =𝟎 . 𝟗𝟎
0.85

0.80

0.75

0.70
∅  =𝟎 .𝟕𝟎
  Other
0.65
∅  =𝟎 .𝟔𝟓
0.60
0 0 𝝐  𝒕 =𝟎0 . 𝟎𝟎𝟐 0 0 𝝐  𝒕 =𝟎0.01. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 0.01
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

  ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 03 & DESIGN

Determine the steel required to create a balanced

condition for the beam shown.
b = 10 in, h = 25 in,
d = 22 in

Given:
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

  ANALYSIS & DESIGN
EXAMPLE 03 : SOLUTION
The strain at which steel yields is-

  𝑐𝑏 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐𝑏
=
0.003 0.00207

 
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

  ANALYSIS & DESIGN
EXAMPLE 03 : SOLUTION

Again,
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

  ANALYSIS & DESIGN
EXAMPLE 03 : SOLUTION

And,

Therefore,

Hence,
Required steel for balanced condition =
 Flexure in Beams

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

  ANALYSIS & DESIGN
EXAMPLE 03 : SOLUTION

Alternatively,

(SAME ANSWER)