Bond, Anchorage & Development Length

CE 315
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES-I

3 Hours per Week
No. of Credit: 3.0
Bond, Anchorage & Development L

Length E
C
By T
Prof. Dr. Md. Jahangir Alam U
R
E
Department of Civil Engineering 24

Chittagong University of Engineering &
Technology
Bond, Anchorage & Development Length
INTRODUCTION
 If the reinforced concrete beam shown in
figure 01 were constructed using plain round
reinforcing bars, and in addition, if those bars
were to be greased or otherwise lubricated
before the concrete were poured, the beam
would be as strong as it was made of plain
concrete, without reinforcement.
INTRODUCTION
End Slip P
INTRODUCTION
Figure 01: Bond Forces due to Flexure
a) Beam before Loading c) Bond Forces acting on

Concrete
b) Unrestrained Slip between d) Bond Forces acting on

Concrete & Steel Steel
INTRODUCTION
 If a load is applied as shown in figure 1b, the
bars would tend to maintain its original
length as the beam deflects.
 The bars would slip longitudinally with

respect to adjacent concrete, which would
experience tensile strain due to flexure.
 The assumption that the strain in an

embedded reinforcing bar is the same as that
in surrounding concrete, would not be valid.
INTRODUCTION
 In order for reinforced concrete to behave as
intended, it is essential that bond forces be
developed on the interface between concrete
and steel, such as to prevent significant slip
from occurring at the interface.
 It is through the action of these interface

bond forces that the slip of figure 1b is
prevented.
INTRODUCTION
 The assumption for the design of reinforced
concrete include-
1) Perfect bonding between the concrete and

steel exists, and
2) No slippage occur
 Based on these assumptions, it follows that

some form of bond stress exists at the
contact surface between the concrete and
steel bars.
INTRODUCTION
 In beams, this bond stress is caused by the
change in bending moment along the length
of the beam and the accompanying change in
the tensile stress in the bars (flexural bond).
 The actual distribution of bond stresses along

the reinforcing steel is highly complex, due
mainly to the presence of concrete cracks.
INTRODUCTION
 Large local variations in bond stress are
caused by flexural and diagonal cracks.
 High bond stresses have been measured

adjacent to these cracks.
 The high bond stress may result in-

 Small local slips adjacent to the crack.
 Increased deflection.
 In general, this is harmless as long as failure

does not propagate all along the bar with
complete loss of bond.
INTRODUCTION
Bond Strength & Development Length
 For reinforcing bars in tension, two types of
bond failure have been observed.
Occurs when ample confinement is provided

by the surrounding concrete.
Direct
Pullout of the This could be expected when relatively
Bar small diameter bars are used with
sufficiently large concrete cover distances
and bar spacing.
Splitting of When cover, confinement or bar spacing is

insufficient to resist the lateral concrete
the Concrete tension resulting from the wedging effect of
along the Bar the bar deformations.
INTRODUCTION
Types of Bond Failure
Splitting
INTRODUCTION
Types of Bond Failure
Figure : Splitting of Concrete along

Reinforcement
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
Development Length Definition
 The development length is defined as that
length of embedment necessary to develop
the full tensile strength of the bar, controlled
by either pullout or splitting.
 In a beam, if the actual extended length of the

bar is equal to or greater than this required
development length, then no bond failure will
occur.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
 The moment and therefore the steel stress, is
evidently maximum at point a and zero at the
supports.
𝒍

𝒂

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
 The moment and therefore the steel stress, is
evidently maximum at point a and zero at the
supports.
Figure : Development Length

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
 If the bar stress is at , then the total tension
force must be transferred from the bar to the
concrete in the distance by bond forces.
 To fully develop the strength of the bar , the
distance must be at least equal to the
development length of the bar.
 If the actual length is equal to or greater than
the development length , no premature bond
failure will occur.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
Main Requirement for Safety against Bond

Failure
 The length of the bar, from any point of
given steel stress ( or at most ) to its nearby
free end, must be at least equal to its
development length.
 If the actual available length is inadequate for

full development, special anchorage, such as
by hooks, must be provided.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
Factors Influencing Development Length
 The tensile strength of concrete is important

because the most common type of bond failure in
Concrete beams is the type of splitting.
Tensile
Strength
 Less tensile strength requires larger development
length.
 If vertical or horizontal cover is increased, more

concrete is available to resist the tension resulting
Cover from the wedging effect of the deformed bars,
Distance
resistance to splitting is improved, and
development length is less.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
Factors Influencing Development Length
Spacing of the
Reinforcing  If bar spacing is increased, more concrete per
Bars bar will be available to resist horizontal splitting.
 Transverse reinforcement, such as provided by

stirrups or ties, improves the resistance of tensile
bars to both vertical or horizontal failure because
Presence of the tensile force in the transverse steel tends to
Transverse prevent opening of the actual or potential crack.
Reinforcement
 The effectiveness of such transverse
reinforcement depends on its cross sectional
area and spacing along the development length.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH IN TENSION

ACI Code Provisions for Development of
Tension Bars
 According to ACI Code 12.2.3, the equation
to determine development length is-
3 𝑓 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝜆
𝑙𝑑 =
40 (√ ) (
𝑦
𝑓
′
𝑐
[ 𝑐+ 𝐾 𝑡𝑟
) ] 𝑑𝑏
𝑑𝑏
𝑐+ 𝐾 𝑡𝑟
shall not be taken greater than 2.5
𝑑𝑏
shall

not be taken less than 12 in

Tension Bars
Notations
Development
Length (in)
Yield
Strength of Steel (psi)
Compressive Strength of Concrete (psi);
Diameter
of Steel Bar (in)
Reinforcement
Location Factor𝑙 = 3 𝑓𝑓
3 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝜆
Coating Factor
𝑑𝑑 =
( )(
40
𝑦𝑦
′′
40 √ 𝑓
𝑐𝑐
𝑐+
[
𝑐+ 𝐾𝐾 𝑡𝑟
𝑡𝑟
) ] 𝑑 𝑏𝑏
𝑑
𝑑 𝑏𝑏
Reinforcement
Size Factor
Lightweight
Aggregate Concrete Factor
Spacing or Cover Dimension (in)
Transverse
Reinforcement Index

Notations
Tension Bars
Horizontal reinforcement so placed that
more than 12 in of fresh concrete is cast in 1.3
the member below the development length
or splice
Reinforcem Other Reinforcement 1.0
ent
Location
Factor Other Reinforcement 1.0
1.5
All other epoxy-coated bars or wires 1.2

Epoxy-coated bars or wires with cover less 1.5
Uncoated reinforcement
than or clear spacing less than 1.0
All other epoxy-coated bars or wires 1.2
Coating Uncoated reinforcement 1.0
Factor
However, the product of need not to be taken

Notations
Tension Bars
No.
No. 66 and
and smaller
smaller bars
bars and
and deformed
deformed bars
bars 0.8
0.8
Reinforcem No. 7 and larger bars 1.0

ent Size No. 7 and larger bars 1.0
Factor
When average splitting tensile strength is 1.3

not specified 1.3
Lightweigh
t-Aggregate When is specified,
Concrete
Factor When normal weight Concrete is used 1.0

Notations
Tension Bars
The distance from the center of the

bar to the nearest concrete surface Take the
Smaller
Take the
Spacing or One half of the center to center one
Cover Smaller
spacing of the bars being
One half of the center to center
Dimension developed one
(in) spacing of the bars being
developed

Notations
Tension Bars
Total cross sectional area of all transverse

bars which are within spacing and which
cross the potential plane of splitting
through
Specifiedthe reinforcement
yield strength of being
transverse
developed (in )(psi)
reinforcement
2
Transverse Specified yield strength of transverse

Reinforcem reinforcement (psi)
ent Index
number
maximum of spacing
bars or wires being developed
of transverse
along the planewithin
reinforcement of splitting
center to center (in)

Simplified Equations for Development
Length No. 6 &
smaller bars No. 7 & larger
and deformed bars
wires
Clear spacing of bars being
developed or spliced , clear
cover, and stirrups or ties
throughout not less than
the Code minimum
Clear spacing of bars being Same as above Same as above
developed or spliced, clear Same as above Same as above
cover

Note : the value of is set to 1.5 to obtain the
equations.

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CE 315

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES-I

Bond, Anchorage & Development L

Department of Civil Engineering 24

a) Beam before Loading c) Bond Forces acting on

b) Unrestrained Slip between d) Bond Forces acting on

 The bars would slip longitudinally with

 The assumption that the strain in an

 It is through the action of these interface

1) Perfect bonding between the concrete and

 Based on these assumptions, it follows that

 The actual distribution of bond stresses along

 High bond stresses have been measured

 The high bond stress may result in-

 In general, this is harmless as long as failure

Occurs when ample confinement is provided

Splitting of When cover, confinement or bar spacing is

Figure : Splitting of Concrete along

 In a beam, if the actual extended length of the

Figure : Development Length

 If the actual available length is inadequate for

 The tensile strength of concrete is important

 If vertical or horizontal cover is increased, more

 Transverse reinforcement, such as provided by

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH IN TENSION

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH IN TENSION

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH IN TENSION

All other epoxy-coated bars or wires 1.2

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH IN TENSION

Reinforcem No. 7 and larger bars 1.0

When average splitting tensile strength is 1.3

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH IN TENSION

The distance from the center of the

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH IN TENSION

Total cross sectional area of all transverse

Transverse Specified yield strength of transverse

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH IN TENSION

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