BNBC All

Chapter 1
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Services for
Buildings
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Aim of this section of Codes of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Installations
in Buildings
The aim of the codes for Electrical and Electronic Engineering Services for Buildings presented in this section is to
ensure that the related installation work becomes perfect safe for the persons residing in and around the
building. The term safe means safe for the persons and safe for the properties.
The codes in this section have been presented to set minimum standards for Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Installations in Residential Buildings, Multistoried Apartment Buildings, Commercial Buildings, Office Buildings,
Rail Stations, Airport Buildings, Factory Buildings, Warehouses, Jetties, Container Yards, Other Yards, Parking lots
and similar places. All the systems and equipment intended for the supply of normal power and standby power to
all these places are covered by these codes. Electrical and Electronic Engineering Installations include Lighting and
Illumination, Fans Cooling/Heating system, Normal and Standby power supply system, Supply system for the Lifts,
Telecommunications Systems, Data Communication Systems, Fire Alarm System, CCTV monitoring System, Cable
Television Distribution System, Electronic Access Control System, Burglar Alarm System.
Electrical wiring / cabling form a major part in the above mentioned installation works. Electrical wiring / cabling
must be reasonably safe to persons and property. Installations, alteration, or extension of Electrical wiring /
cabling systems conforming to the provisions of this code shall be deemed to be reasonably safe to persons and
property.
1.1.2 Guiding Sources of the Codes of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Installations
Significant Modification, Upgradation and Additions of the Previous Electrical Engineering Section of BNBC of
1993 have been incorporated in this updated version.
While making changes and additions, the following documents/ regulations/ codes have been taken as reference/
guiding sources:
a) Bangladesh Electricity Act.
b) IEE wiring Regulation (17th edition) BS: 7671 2008 including all parts.
c) British Standards (BS).
In addition to these, the following documents/ regulations/ codes have also been taken as references as required:
a) National Building code of India – 2005.
b) Building code of Pakistan – latest version.
c) National Electrical Code of USA with necessary modifications for Bangladesh.
d) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards for International Standards for all electrical,
electronic and related technologies as applicable to Bangladesh.
e) ISO 50001 standard for Energy management System.
f) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) specifies the standards related to energy production and
distribution, electronics, magnetics and electromagnetics, electroacoustics, multimedia and
telecommunication, as well as associated general disciplines such as terminology and symbols,
electromagnetic compatibility, measurement and performance, dependability, design and development,
safety and the environment.
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Building Services 8‐1
Part 8
Building Services
g) Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (Association of German Electrical Engineers) (VDE).
However, efforts have been be given to accept a significant part of rules and practices mentioned in IEE wiring
Regulation (17th edition) BS: 7671 2008 including all parts with necessary modifications for our system and
suitable for our country.
While preparing this document the following standards and practices are kept in mind.
a) For having safe domestic electrical systems, domestic electrical installations shall be designed and
installed according to the "fundamental principles" given in British Standard BS 7671 Chapter 13. These
are similar to the fundamental principles defined in international standard IEC 60364‐1. It is necessary to
apply British Standard BS 7671 (the "Wiring Regulations"), including carrying out adequate inspection and
testing to this standard of the completed works.
i. To meet the above mentioned requirements the following rules and guidance shall be followed.
ii. The rules of the IEE wiring regulations (BS 7671), colloquially referred to as "the regs" (BS 7671:
2008, 17th Edition).;
iii. The rules of an equivalent standard approved by a member of the European Economic Area
(e.g., DIN/VDE 0100);
b) Guidance given in installation manuals that are consistent with BS 7671, such as the IEE On‐Site Guide
and IEE Guidance Notes Nos 1 to 7.
c) Installations in commercial and industrial premises must satisfy the requirements set in Electricity at
Work Regulations 1989 (UK) and must follow recognised standards and practices, such as BS 7671
"Wiring Regulations".
Apart from these, some modifications had to be made considering the weather and other local conditions,
practices and previous experiences in this country.
1.1.3 Designing an Electrical and Electronic Engineering Installations in Buildings and
related structures
The codes presented in this section are not meant to provide adequate information to design Electrical and
Electronic Engineering Installations and Systems in Buildings and related structures. These should not be taken to
be adequate or complete for the efficient design work of installations.
Such design work, the required features, detailed technical specifications, schedule of items etc., should be
obtained through the services of an engineer adequately qualified in this area. Energy efficient appliances should
be considered during electrical designing.
1.2 Lighting and Illumination
1.2.1 Determination of Illumination Levels for Different Application (Principle of
Lighting )
The essential features of an efficient lighting system are:
a) visual comfort through adequate illumination of the working surface,
b) prevention of glare,
c) avoidance of shadows, and
d) ease of maintenance.
The design of a lighting system shall involve:
a) careful planning of the brightness and colour pattern within both the working areas and the surroundings
so that attention is drawn naturally to the important areas, so that details can be seen quickly and
accurately, and so that the appearance inside the room is free from any sense monotony,
b) use of directional lighting to assist perception of task detail,
c) controlling direct and reflected glare from light sources to eliminate visual discomfort,
d) minimizing flicker from certain types of lamps and paying attention to the colour rendering properties of
the light,
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Electrical and Electronic Engineering Services for Buildings Chapter 1

e) the correlation of lighting throughout the building to prevent excessive differences between adjacent
areas, so as to reduce the risk of accidents, and
f) the installation of emergency lighting systems, wherever necessary.
Table 8.1.1 shows the general impressions associated with different illuminance and colour appearances of light.
Table 8.1.2 gives the various colour rendering groups with examples of use.

Table 8.1.1 General Impressions Associated with Different Illuminance and Colour Appearances
Illuminance Associated Impression
(lux) (Colour Appearance)
Warm Intermediate Cool
≤ 500 pleasant neutral cool
500 – 1000 pleasant to stimulating neutral to pleasant cool to neutral
1000 – 2000 stimulating pleasant neutral
2000 – 3000 stimulating to unnatural pleasant to stimulating neutral to pleasant
≥ 3000 unnatural stimulating pleasant

TABLE 8.1.2 Lamp Colour Rendering Groups
Colour Range of Colour
rendering Index Ra Appearance Examples of Use

Group
Cool Textile industries, paint and printing industries
1 Ra ≥ 85 Intermediate Shops, hospitals
Warm Homes, hotels, restaurants
2 70 ≤ Ra < 85 Intermediate Offices, schools, department store, fine industrial

work
3 40 ≤ Ra < 70 Interiors where colour rendering is of comparatively
minor importance
Note : Certain applications, e.g. colour matching, may be extremely critical with regard to the colour
rendering properties of the lamps used. Here, the minimum colour rendering index used shall be 90.
1.2.2 Planning the Brightness Pattern
The brightness pattern seen within an interior is composed of three parts – (i) brightness of the task itself, (ii)
brightness of the immediate background of the task and (iii) brightness of the general surroundings of walls,
ceiling, floor, equipment, furnishing etc.
1.2.2.1 The illumination of all work areas within a building shall be a minimum of 150 lux.
1.2.2.2 Where work takes place over the whole utilizable area of a room, the general illumination over that
area shall be reasonably uniform and the diversity ratio of minimum to maximum illumination shall not
be less than 0.7. This diversity ratio does not however take into account of the effects of any local
lighting provided for specific tasks.
1.2.2.3 When the brightness appropriate to an occupation has been determined, the brightness of the other
parts of the room shall be planned to give proper emphasis to visual comfort and interest. The
recommended brightness ratios are shown in Table 8.1.3.

Bangladesh National Building Code 2011 8‐3
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Building Services
1.2.3 Lighting Calculations
1.2.3.1 In order to determine the necessary number of lamps and luminaires for a specified illumination level
or the average illuminance obtained from a particular lighting design, the Lumen Method of calculation
shall be employed.
1.2.3.2 Unless the reflection factors are known to the lighting designer, the triplet 0.7/0.5/0.3 for the
reflectances of ceiling, walls and working plane respectively shall be used for offices and the triplet
0.7/0.5/0.1 for other premises. Typical reflection factors of smooth coloured surfaces are given in Table
8.1.4.
Table 8.1.3 Brightness Ratios Between Task, Adjacent Sources and Surroundings
For high task brightness (above 100 cd/m2) :
Maximum ratio between task brightness and the adjacent 3 to 1
sources like table tops
Maximum ratio between task brightness and illumination of 10 to 1
the remote areas of the room not being used as work areas
For low and medium task brightness (below 100 cd/m2) The task must be brighter than both the
background and the surroundings; the lower the
task brightness, the less critical is the
relationship.

Table 8.1.4 Reflection Factors of Smooth Coloured Surfaces
Colour Reflection Factor Colour Reflection Factor

Flat white 0.75 – 0.85 Light green 0.40 – 0.50
Ivory 0.70 – 0.75 Grey 0.30 – 0.50
Buff 0.60 – 0.70 Blue 0.25 – 0.35
Yellow 0.55 – 0.65 Red 0.15 – 0.20
Light tan 0.45 – 0.55 Dark brown 0.10 – 0.15
1.2.4 Recommended Illumination Values
The recommended values of illumination required for buildings of different occupancies, based on activity, are
given in Tables 1.5 through 1.11. The initial illuminance should be higher than the recommended value to allow
for the fact that the illuminance will inevitably drop below this value by the end of the cleaning and replacing
period.
A gradual transition (rather than a sudden change) of brightness from one portion to another within the field of
vision is recommended so as to avoid or minimize glare discomfort.
1.2.5 Artificial Lighting to Supplement Daylight
Supplementary lighting shall be used when illumination from daylight falls below 150 lux on the working plane.
For providing supplementary artificial lighting when daylight availability becomes insufficient, cool daylight
fluorescent tubes with semi‐direct luminaires are recommended. To ensure a good distribution of illumination,
the mounting height should be between 1.5 and 2.0 m above the work plane with a separation of 2.0 to 3.0 m
between the luminaires.
1.2.6 Selection of Appropriate Light Fittings
1.2.6.1 Light Fitting
An electric lamp and its fitting accessories, reflector, diffuser, mounting brackets, suspenders etc., shall be
regarded as one unit; they shall be designed to match each other and to give the desired distribution of light. Any
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focusing fittings used which enable the light distribution to be varied by adjustment of the lamp position shall also
be designed for the type and size of lamp to be used.
1.2.6.2 Classification of Light Fittings
Light fittings shall be classified into five categories according to the proportion of the total light output in the
lower hemisphere. These are:
a) Direct fittings, giving 90‐100 percent light downwards;
b) Semi‐direct fittings, giving 60‐90 percent downwards;
c) General diffusing fittings, giving 40‐60 percent light downwards;
d) Semi‐indirect fittings, giving 10‐40 per cent light downwards;
e) Indirect fittings, giving 0‐10 per cent light downwards.
1.2.6.2.1 Direct fittings
Direct fittings shall be used in situations where efficiency of illumination is the major criterion, while contract of
the light source with the surroundings, shadows, and direct/reflected glare may be considered to be of relatively
minor importance.
1.2.6.2.2 Semidirect fittings
Semidirect fittings shall be used in areas where it felt that the reduction of contrast resulting from the small
indirect component of light directed towards the ceiling shall be sufficient for the purpose.
1.2.6.2.3 General diffusing fittings
General diffusing fittings shall be used where, in addition to a substantial indirect component of light aiding
materially to the diffused character of the general illumination, an upward component providing a brighter
background against which to view the luminance, especially for interiors with light‐coloured ceiling and walls, is
desirable.
1.2.6.2.4 Semi‐indirect fittings
Semi‐indirect fittings shall be used when a comfortable brightness ratio between the ceiling and the luminaire is
desirable but an efficiency of illumination, higher than that obtainable from indirect fittings is required.
1.2.6.2.5 Indirect fittings
Indirect fittings shall be used in situations where an environment of evenly distributed illumination is to be
achieved, efficiency of illumination not being a dominant factor.
1.2.6.2.6 Angle Lighting
For good lighting on vertical surfaces, avoiding shadows, creating shadows using concentrated source of lighting
for interior or exterior lighting
Table 8.1.5 Recommended Values of Illumination for Residential Buildings
Area or Activity Illuminance (lux)
Dwelling houses
Bedrooms
General 70
Bed‐head, Dressing table 250
Kitchens 200
Dining rooms (tables) 150
Bathrooms
General 100
Shaving, make‐up 300
Stairs 100
Lounges 100
Garages & Porches 100

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Building Services
Basement Car Park 100
Porches, Entrances 70
Sewing and darning 600
Reading (casual ) 150
Home work and sustained reading 300
Hotels
Entrance halls 150
Reception and accounts 300
Dining rooms (tables) 150
Lounges 150
Bedrooms
General 100
Dressing tables, bed heads, etc. 250
Writing rooms (tables) 300
Corridors 70
Stairs 100
Laundries 200
Kitchens
Food stores 100
Working areas 250
Goods and passenger lifts 70
Cloak‐rooms and toilets 100
Bathrooms 100
Above mirror in bathrooms 300
Table 8.1.6 Recommended Values of Illumination for Educational Buildings
School and College Assembly halls
General 150
When used for examinations 300
Platforms 300
Class and Lecture Rooms
Desks 300
Black boards 250
Embroidery and sewing rooms 500
Laboratories 300
Art rooms 400
Offices 300
Staff rooms and common rooms 150
Corridors 70
Stairs 100
Gymnasia
General 150
Matches 300
Library see Table 8.1.8
Living quarters see Table 8.1.5
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Table 8.1.7 Recommended Values of Illumination for Health Care Buildings
Hospitals and Clinics
Reception and waiting rooms 150
Out patient department 150
Wards
General 100
Beds 150
Operating theatres
General 300
Tables (with adjustable operation lamp lighting)
Minor 2000
Major 5000
Doctor's examination rooms 150
Radiology departments 100
Casualty 150
Stairs and corridors 100
Dispensaries 250
Table 8.1.8 Recommended Values of Illumination for Assembly Buildings
Cinemas
Foyers 150
Auditorium 70
Corridors 90
Stairs 150
Libraries
Shelves (stacks) 100
Reading rooms (newspapers and magazines) 200
Reading tables 300
Book repair and binding 300
Cataloguing, sorting and stock rooms 150
Museums and Art Galleries
Museums
General 200
Displays special lighting
Art galleries
General 250
Paintings 250
Restaurant
Dining rooms 100
Cash desks 300
Self‐carrying counters 300
Kitchens 200
Cloak‐rooms and toilets 100
Theatres
Foyers 150
Auditorium 70

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Building Services
Corridors 90
Stairs 150
Indoor Sports Centre
Halls 200
Swimming pools 250
Lawn or table tennis, badminton, volley ball
Tournament 300
Club 200
Recreational 150
Shooting ranges
On target 300
Firing point 200
Range 100
Football 500
TABLE 8.1.9 Recommended Values of Illumination for Business and Commercial Buildings
Airport Building
Reception areas (desks) 300
Baggage, customs and immigration halls 300
Circulation areas, lounges 200
Banks
Counter, typing and accounting book areas 300
Public areas, lobby 150
Offices 200
Book binding
Pasting, punching and stitching 200
Binding and folding and miscellaneous machines 300
Finishing, blocking and inlaying 300
Dental Surgeries
Waiting rooms 150
Surgeries
General 300
Chairs special lighting
Laboratories 300
Doctor's Surgeries
Waiting rooms and consulting rooms 150
Corridors 70
Stairs 100
Eyesight testing (acuity) wall charts and near vision types 450
Jewellery and watch‐making
Fine processes 700
Minute processes 3000
Gem cutting, polishing and setting 1500
Laundries and dry‐cleaning works
Receiving, sorting, washing, drying, ironing 200
(calendering) and despatch
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Dry‐cleaning and bulk machine work 200
Fine hand ironing, pressing, inspection, mending and spotting 300
Offices
Entrance lobby and reception areas 150
Conference rooms and executive offices 300
General offices 300
Business machine operation 450
Drawing office
General 300
Boards and tracing 450
Corridors and lift cars 70
Stairs 100
Lift landings 150
Telephone exchanges
Manual exchange rooms (on desk) 200
Main distribution frame room 150

Shops and Stores
General areas 150 to 300
Stock rooms 200
Display windows 500
Table 8.1.10 Recommended Values of Illumination for Industrial Buildings and Processes
Aircraft Factories and Maintenance Hangars
Stock parts productions 450
Drilling, riveting, screw fastening, sheet aluminium layout and template work, wing 300
sections, cowing, welding, sub‐assembly, final assembly and inspection
Maintenance and repair (hangars) 300
Assembly Shops
Rough work, for example frame assembly and assembly of heavy machinery 150
Medium work, for example machined parts, engine assembly 300
Fine work, for example radio and telephone equipment, typewriter 700
and office machinery assembly
Very fine work, for example assembly of very small precision 1500
mechanisms and instruments
Automobile Manufacturing
Frame assembly 200
Chassis assembly line 300
Final assembly and inspection line 600
Body manufacturing
Parts 200
Assembly 300
Finishing and inspection 700

Part 8
Building Services
Automobile Service Garages
Repairs 250
Active traffic areas 100
Storage 25
Bakeries
General working area 150
Decorating and icing 250
Breweries and Distilleries
General working areas 150
Brew house, bottling and canning plants 200
Bottle inspection special lighting
Carpet Factories
Winding and beaming 200
Designing, Jacquard card cutting, setting pattern, tufting, topping, cutting, 300
hemming and fringing
Weaving, mending and inspection 450
Chemical Works
Hand furnaces, boiling tanks, stationary driers, stationary and gravity 150
crystallizers
Mechanical furnaces, evaporators, filtration, mechanical crystallizers, bleaching 200
Tanks for cooking, extractors, percolators 200
Chocolate and Confectionery Factories
Mixing, blending and boiling 150
Chocolate husking, winnowing, fat extraction, crushing and refining, 200
feeding, bean cleaning, sorting, milling and cream making
Hand decorating, inspection, wrapping and packing 300
Clay Products and Cements
Grinding, filter presses, kiln rooms moulding, pressing, cleaning and trimming 150
Enameling 150
Colour and glazing ‐ rough work 400
Colour and glazing ‐ fine work 750
Clothing Factories
Matching‐up 450
Cutting, sewing 300
Light 450
Medium 700
Dark
Inspection
Light 450
Medium 1000
Dark 1500
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Hand tailoring
Light 450
Medium 1000
Dark 1500
Pressing 300
Dairies
General working areas 200
Filling and bottle inspection 450
Cooling equipment 150
Laboratories 450
Pasteurizers 150
Separators 150
Electrical Industries
Impregnating 250
Winding and insulating 500
Assembly works
Fine 500
Very fine 750
Testing 500
Electricity Generating Stations (Indoor Locations)
Turbine halls 150
Auxiliary equipment, battery rooms, blowers, auxiliary generators, switchgear and 150
transformer chambers
Boiler house (including operating floors) platforms, coal conveyors, pulverizers, 100 to 150
feeders, precipitators, soot and slag
Boiler house and turbine house 150
Basements 100
Conveyor house, conveyor gantries and junction towers 80 to 100
Emergency lighting ‐ all areas 30
Control rooms
Vertical control panels 200 to 300
Control desks 300
Rear of control panels 150
Switch houses 150
Electricity Generating Stations (Outdoor Locations)
Switchyard 70
Conveyors 70
Fuel oil delivery headers 70
Oil storage tanks 70
Cat‐walks 70
Platforms, boiler and turbine decks 70
Transformer and outdoor switchgear 100
Emergency lighting ‐ all areas 50

Part 8
Building Services
Flour Mills
Rolling 150
Sifting 150
Packing 150
Purifying 150
Product control 300
Cleaning screens, man lifts, aisleways and walkways, bin checking 100
Forge Shops and Foundries
Forge shop 150
Annealing (furnaces) 150
Cleaning 100
Core making (fine) 300
Core making (medium) 150
Grinding and chipping 200
Inspection (fine) 1000
Inspection (medium) 300
Moulding (medium) 300
Moulding (large) 150
Pouring 150
Sorting 200
Cupola 100
Shake out 150
Garages
Parking areas (interior) 70
Washing and polishing, greasing, general servicing and pits 200
Gas Works
Retort houses, oil gas plants, purifiers, coke screening and coke handling 70
plants (indoor)
Governor, meter, compressor, booster and exhauster houses 100
Open type plants 20
Cat‐walks 50
Platforms
Glass Works
Furnace rooms, bending, annealing lehrs 100
Mixing rooms, forming (blowing, drawing, pressing and rolling) 150
Cutting to size, grinding, polishing and toughening 200
Finishing (bevelling, decorating, etching and silvering)
300
Brilliant cutting
General 200
Fine 500
Inspection, etching and decorating 500
Glove Making
Pressing, knitting, sorting and cutting 300
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Sewing
Light 300
Medium 450
Dark 700
Inspection
Light 450
Medium 1000
Dark 1500
Hosiery and Knitwear
Circular and flat knitting machines, universal winders, cutting out, folding 300
and pressing
Lock‐stitch and overlocking machines
Light 300
Medium 450
Dark 700
Mending 1500
Examining and hand finishing, light, medium and dark 700
Linking or running on 450
Iron and Steel Works
Manufacturing by open hearth
Stock yard 20
Charging floor 100
Slag pits 100
Control platforms 100
Mould yard 25
Hot top 100
Hot top storage 100
Stripping yard 100
Scrap stockyard 20
Mixer building 100
Calcining building 50
Rolling mills
Blooming, slabbing, hot strip, hot sheet 100
Cold strip, plate 150
Pipe, rod, tube, wire drawing 200
Merchant and sheared plate 100
Tin plate mills
Tinning and galvanizing 200
Cold strip rolling 200
Motor room, machine room 150
Sheet metal works
Miscellaneous machines, ordinary bench work 200
Pressing, folding, stamping, shearing, punching and medium bench work 200

Part 8
Building Services
Tin plate and galvanized sheet inspection 500
Structural Steel Fabrication
Fabrication and general work 150
Marking and cutting 300
Plating shops
Vat, baths, buffing and polishing 200
Final buffing and polishing 500
Leather Manufacturing
Cleaning, tanning and stretching, vats 150
Cutting, fleshing and stuffing 200
Finishing and scarfing 200
Machine shops
Rough bench and machine work 150
Medium bench and machine work, ordinary automatic machines, rough grinding 300
medium buffing and polishing
Fine bench and machine work , fine automatic machines, medium grinding, 700
fine buffing and polishing
Extra fine bench and machine work, grinding fine work 1000
Paint Works
General, automatic processes 200
Special batch mixing 450
Colour matching 700
Paper Manufacturing
Beaters, grinding, calendering 150
Finishing, cutting, trimming, paper making machines 200
Hand counting, wet end of paper machine 350
Paper machine reel, paper inspection and laboratories 500
Rewinder
500
Paper box manufacturing
200
Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemical Works
Raw material storage 200
Grinding, granulating, mixing and drying, tableting, sterilizing, 300
preparation of solutions, filling, labelling, capping, wrapping and cartoning
Control laboratories and testing 300
Fine chemical processing 200
Fine chemical finishing 300
Printing Industries
Photo‐engraving
Block‐making, etching and staging 200
Finishing, routing and proofing 300
Masking and tint laying 300
8‐14 Vol. 3

Colour Printing
Inspection area 700
Type foundries
Matrix making, dressing type 250
Front assembly and sorting 200
Hand casting 300
Machine casting 200
Printing plants
Machine composition and imposing stones 200
Presses 300
Composition room 450
Proof reading 300
Colour inspection and appraisal 1000
Electrotyping
Block‐making, electroplating, washing and baking 200
Moulding, finishing and routing 300
Rubber Tyre and Tube Manufacturing
Stock preparation
Plasticating, milling 100
Calendering 150
Fabric Preparation
Stock cutting, bead building 250
Tube tubing machines 250
Tread tubing machines 250
Tyre building
Solid tyre 150
Pneumatic tyre 250
Curing department
Tubing curing, casing curing 350
Final Inspection
Tube, casing 1000
Wrapping 200
Shoe Manufacturing (Leather)
Cutting and stitching
Cutting tables 450
Marking, buttonholing skiving, sorting and counting 450
Stitching
Light materials 300
Dark materials 1000
Making and finishing
Nailers, sole layers, welt beaters and scarfers, trimmers, welters, 600
lasters, edge setters, sluggers, randers, wheelers, treers, cleaning,
spraying, buffing, polishing, embossing

Part 8
Building Services
Shoe Manufacturing (Rubber)
Washing, coating, mill run compounding 100
Varnishing, vulcanizing, calendering, upper and sole cutting 300
Sole rolling, lining, making and finishing process 500
Soap Factories
Kettle houses and ancillaries, glycerine evaporation and distillation and continuous
indoor soap making
General areas 150
Control panels 200 to 300
Batch or continuous soap cooling, cutting and drying, soap milling and plodding
General areas 150
Control panels and key equipment 200 to 300
Soap stamping, wrapping and packing, granules making, granules storage and
handling, filling and packing granules
General areas 150
Control panels and machines 200 to 300
Edible products processing and packing 200
Textile Mills (Cotton)
Bale breaking and picking 150
Carding and drawing 200
Slubbing, roving, spinning, spooling 200
Beaming and slashing on comb
Grey goods 200
Denims 300
Weaving
Patterned cloth and fine counts, light 300
Patterned cloth and fine counts, dark 500
Plain grey cloth 200
Cloth inspection 700
Textile Mills (Silk and Synthetics)
Manufacturing
Soaking, fugitive tinting, conditioning, setting or twist 200
Winding, twisting, rewinding and coining, quilting and slashing
Light thread 200
Dark thread 300
Warping (silk or cotton system) on creel, on running ends, on reel, on beam, 300
on warp at beaming
Healding (drawing‐in) 700
Weaving 300 ‐ 500
Inspection 1000
Textile Mills (Woollen and Worsted)
8‐16 Vol. 3

Scouring, carbonizing, testing, preparing, raising, brushing, pressing, back‐washing, 150
gilling, crabbing and blowing
Blending, carding, combing(white), tentering, drying and cropping 200
Spinning, roving, winding, warping, combing (coloured) and twisting 450
Healding (drawing‐in) 700
Weaving
Fine worsteds 700
Medium worsteds and fine woollens 450
Heavy woollens 300
Burling and mending 700
Perching
Grey 700
Final 2000
Wood Working
Rough sawing and bench work 150
Sizing, planing, rough sanding, medium machine and bench work glueing, veneering 200
Fine bench and machine work, fine sanding and finishing 300
Table 8.1.11 Recommended Values of Illumination for Storage Buildings
Storage Rooms of Ware House
Inactive 50
Rough bulky 50
Medium 100
Fine 250

Table 8.1.12 Recommended Values of Illumination for Outdoor Stadiums for Colour TV broadcasting
1 Football Stadium 1700
2 Cricket Stadium 2200
Table 8.1.13 Recommended Values of Illumination for Outdoor open yards
1 Outdoor Car Parking Lot 100
2 Airport Apron 200
3 Container Yard 200
4 Jetty 250
Table 8.1.14 Recommended Values of Illumination for Roads
1 Roads inside a Housing Area 50‐ 100

Part 8
Building Services
2 Roads in a Congested Town / City Area 50‐ 100
3 Wide Roads with dividers 100 ‐ 120
4 Avenues 100 ‐ 120
1.2.7 Illumination of Exit Signs and Means of Escape
1.2.7.1 Exit Signs
1.2.7.1.1 All required exit signs shall be illuminated at night, or during dark periods within the area
served.
1.2.7.1.2 Exit signs may be illuminated either by lamps external to the sign or by lamps contained within
the sign. The source of illumination shall provide not less than 50 lux at the illuminated surface
with a contrast of not less than 0.5. Approved self‐luminous signs which provide evenly
illuminated letters having a minimum luminance of 0.2 cd/m2 may also be used.
1.2.7.1.3 Exit signs within an area where the normal lighting may be deliberately dimmed or extinguished,
such as places of entertainment, shall be illuminated either by lamps contained within the sign or
by approved self‐luminous signs.
1.2.7.2 Means of Escape Lighting
1.2.7.2.1 The means of escape and exit access in buildings requiring more than one exit shall be equipped
with artificial lighting. The lighting facilities so installed shall provide the required level of
illumination continuously during the period when the use of the building requires the exits to be
available.
1.2.7.2.2 The intensity of illumination at floor level by means of escape lighting shall not be less than 10
lux, except that the minimum required floor level illumination of aisles in assembly halls,
theatres and cinema during projection of motion or still pictures by directed light shall not be
less than 2 lux.
1.2.7.2.3 The illumination of exit signs and the lighting of the means of escape and exit access shall be
powered by an alternate or emergency electrical system to ensure continued illumination for a
duration of not less than 30 minutes after the failure of primary power supply.
1.2.8 Selection of Appropriate Type of Lamp
It is important to select appropriate types of lamps for each purpose. The lamps which are used for various
purposes are:
(i) General Service Lamps (GLS) / Incandescent Lamps
General Service Lamps (GLS) are well known Incandescent Lamps. These are available in a number of watt ratings.
However, most commonly used ratings are 40W, 60W, 100W. 150W & 200W rated lamps are also used for special
applications. These types of lamps are inefficient and should be avoided in design consideration. For Kitchen,
Cooking Areas of a Hotel, Serving Counters of a Food Shop or Hotel, Porche, Living Room, Toilet, Corridor,
Veranda, Bed Room the following lamps perform better in terms of light output to watts ratio. This type of lamp
may be used for almost all interior and exterior applications but from energy saving point of view other lamps
perform better in terms of light output to watts ratio.
(ii) Fluorescent Lamps (FL):
These are available in 20W and 40W ratings. These lamps are strongly recommended for Reading Room,
Educational buildings, Laboratories, Office Room, Commercial Space applications, Factory illumination,
Illumination of areas around Industrial Plant and Machineries, Exterior Lighting applications.
40W FL should be used wherever possible because a 40W FL is more energy efficient compared to a 20W FL.
These are long life lamps, have wide applications and are advantageous in many respects.
(iii) Compact Fluorescent Lamp( CFL) Energy Saving Lamps:
8‐18 Vol. 3

CFL Lamps are available in a number of watts ratings e.g., 4W, 7W, 11W, 14W & 24W. CFLs have been finding
wide application for almost all applications because of their high Light output to watts ratio and also because of
the attractive light colour. CFL lamps, therefore, should be widely used for energy saving purpose.
However, for Reading areas, Library areas, Educational buildings, Laboratories Fluorescent Lights give better
service and thus should be selected for these purposes. It is worthwhile mentioning that Fluorescent lamps with
high quality ballasts meet the energy saving purpose.
(iv) LED Lights:
Compact light fitting formed using a cluster of white LED is currently used to replace a conventional lamp. An
LED operates at very small amount of voltage. These are good for lighting, Energy Efficient, have almost
negligible heat dissipation. These are good for relaxed environment interior lighting. LED lights are
becoming more and more popular because of much lower power consumption compared to other
lamps.
(v) Halogen lamp:
Halogen Lamps are used for Spot Lights, Decorative lights in shops and commercial spaces, Inside Show Cases,
Stage Lighting, Projection lights. Due to High temperature rise and UV light output these should be avoided for
interior lighting unless needed.
(vi) Mercury Vapour Lamp
These have been widely used for Shops, Streets, For High Bay Lighting, Warehouse Lighting and similar special
lighting. Most likely, this type of lamp will be discontinued within next five to six years due some of it’s ill effects.
Metal Halide Lamp is coming up as a better alternative to Mercury Vapour Lamp.
(vii) Metal Halide Lamp:
These are available in a number of watts ratings e.g., 150W, 200W, 250W, 500W, 1000W, 2000W. Good for
exterior lighting, indoor and out door athletic facilities, for High Bay Lighting, Warehouse Lighting. These are
required where massive Flood Lighting is required from high altitudes for coverage of large areas.
(viii) HP Sodium Lamp:
These are available in a number of watts ratings e.g., 40W, 50W, 70W, 100W, 150W, 250W, 400W, 1000W. Good
for exterior lighting, Lighting for areas where higher concentration of vehicles and people exist eg. Street Lighting,
Building Exterior Lighting, Security Lighting.
(ix) Low Pressure Sodium Lamp:
For outdoor lighting such as street lights and security lighting where faithful color rendition is considered
unimportant. May be used for street lights, observatory, parking lot and similar types of areas.
(x) Solar Power LED Street/Security Light:
For outdoor lighting such as street lights, security lighting, Parking area etc this types of lamps may be used. These
lights are energy efficient and environment friendly.
1.3 Electrical and Electronic Installations in Buildings
1.3.1 Aim of the Codes of this Section
The aim of the codes and guidelines presented in this section is to make sure that the Electrical and Electronic
installations in buildings are safe (i) for persons, (ii) for the buildings and (iii) for the contents of the buildings,
from electrical hazards arising from the use of electricity for light, heat, power, automation, control,
communications and similar other purposes.
The codes and guidelines presented in this section are set for ensuring minimum standards for electric and
electronic wiring and for the installation of equipment within / in public and private buildings, industries and
other similar premises.
1.3.2 Scope
This section covers:
a) installation of electrical cables / conductors and equipment in public and private buildings, industries and
other similar premises,

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Building Services
b) installation of switches, sockets, other accessories in a building,
c) installation of cables and conductors in a building that connect to the supply of electricity,
d) installation of electrical protection system in a building,
e) installation of earthing system of an electrical installation of a building,
f) installation of lightning protection of a building and its electrical installation,
g) installation of Fire Alarm System in a building,
h) installation of feeder and its protection for lift in a building and
i) installation of Multi‐media Communications, Data Communications and telecommunications in a
building,
1.3.3 Voltage Ratings
The provisions of the Code specified in this chapter covers installations utilizing nominal voltage not exceeding
415 V AC between conductors or 240 V AC to earth. The nominal voltage in Bangladesh is 230 volts AC single
phase and 400 volts AC 3 phase.
1.3.4 Exclusion from Scope
The provisions of this chapter do not cover Installations in ship, water craft, railway rolling stock, aircraft, or
automotive vehicles and recreational vehicles,
1.3.5 Terminology and Definitions
This section provides an alphabetical list of the terms used in and applicable to this chapter of the Code. In case of
any conflict or contradiction between a definition given in this section and that in Part 1, the meaning provided in
this section shall govern for interpretation of the provisions of this chapter.
ACCESSORY: A device associated with current using equipment or with the wiring of an installation; for example,
a switch, a plug, a socket outlet, a lamp holder, or a ceiling rose.
ALIVE: See LIVE.
APPARATUS: Apparatus means Energy Efficient Apparatus. Electrical apparatus including all machines, appliances
and fittings in which conductors are used or of which they form a part.
APPLIANCE: Appliance means Energy Efficient Appliance. An item of electric current using equipment other than a
luminaries or an independent motor.
BDB: Branch‐ Distribution Board located in the same floor of a building and connected to one of the SDBs in the
same floor:
BRANCH CIRCUIT, APPLIANCE: A branch circuit supplying energy to one or more outlets to which appliances are
to be connected; such branch circuits do not have any permanently connected lighting fixtures except those
that are integral parts of the appliances themselves.
BRANCH CIRCUIT, GENERAL PURPOSE: A branch circuit that supplies a number of outlets for lighting and/or
appliance.
BRANCH CIRCUIT, INDIVIDUAL: A branch circuit that supplies only one utilization equipment.
BUNCHED: Cables are said to be bunched when two or more are either contained within a single conduit, duct,
ducting, or trunking or, if not enclosed, are not separated from each other.
CABLE: PVC insulated copper cables having copper cross section of 1 mm2 and above. A length of single insulated
conductor (solid or stranded), or two or more such conductors, each provided with its own insulation. The
insulated conductor or conductors may or may not be provided with an overall mechanical protective covering.
CELING ROSE: A ceiling rose is used for terminating the point wiring for a Light or a Fan in the ceiling. It has brass
terminals in which incoming cables are terminated using brass screws on the terminals and the outgoing flexible
cables get connection through the screw connections.
CIRCUIT: An assembly of electrical equipment supplied from the same origin and protected against overcurrent
by the same protective device .
SUB CIRCUIT, FINAL CIRCUIT: An outgoing circuit connected to one way of a distribution board or a fuse board
and intended to supply electrical energy, to one or more points, to current using appliances without the
8‐20 Vol. 3

intervention of a further distribution fuse board other than a one‐way board. It includes all branches and
extensions derived from that particular way in the distribution board or fuse board.
CIRCUIT BREAKER: A device designed to open and close a circuit by nonautomatic means and to open the circuit
automatically on a predetermined overcurrent, without injury to itself when properly applied within its rating.
CIRCUIT BREAKER: A device used to break a circuit during over current or short circuit condition. An LV Circuit
Breaker is used in a low voltage distribution system and an HV Circuit Breaker is used in a high voltage distribution
system.
CORD, FLEXIBLE CABLE: A flexible cable having large number of strands of conductors of small cross‐sectional
area with a soft PVC insulation. Two flexible cords twisted together may be termed as twin flexible cord. However,
some flexible cords are made following thestyle of a twin core PVC insulated copper cables but much soft and
flexible.
CUTOUT: Any appliance for automatically interrupting the transmission of energy through a conductor when the
current rises above some predetermined value. A cutout contains a part for holding either fuse wire (rectangular
cross section type) or a part for holding tubular fuse (cylindrical body rectangular cross section type). (see Fuse)
DB: Distribution Board. This may be the box where the main incoming cable enters and terminates from the main
service feed connection. The SDBs get feed from a DB.
DEMAND FACTOR : The ratio of the maximum demand of a system, or part of a system, to the total connected
load of the system or the part of the system under consideration.
DUCT : A closed passageway formed underground or in a structure and intended to receive one or more cables
which may be drawn in.
EARTH : The conductive mass of the earth, whose electric potential at any point is conventionally taken as zero.
EARTH ELECTRODE: A metal plate, pipe or other conductor electrically connected to the general mass of the
earth.
EARTH LEAD WIRE: The final conductor by which the connection to the earth electrode is made.
EARTH CONTINUITY CONDUCTOR (ECC): The conductor, including any clamp, connecting to the earthing lead or
to each other, those parts of an installation which are required to be earthed. It may be in whole or in part the
metal conduit or the metal sheath or armour of the cables, or the special continuity conductor of a cable or
flexible cord incorporating such a conductor. ECCs of appropriate size must run from an MDB to it’s DBs, from a
DB to its corresponding SDBs, from an SDB to the Switch Boards under this SDB, from an SDB to the BDBs if there
are any, from a BDB to the Switch Boards under this BDB, from an SDB or a BDB to the Sockets under this SDB or
BDB.
EDB: Emergency Distribution Board. This may be the box where the main incoming cable from the Emergency or
Standby Generator Panel enters and. The ESDBs get feed from a EDB.
EFDB: Emergency Floor Distribution Board located in each of the floors of a multistoried building. The EDBs get
feed from EFDB.
ENGINEER‐IN‐CHARGE: An engineer responsible for implementation /execution of the work of a building or a
project. Such an engineer is expected to have significant knowledge in Electrical Engineering, Electrical
Construction, Measurement, Codes and Practices of such work and availability of different materials needed for
the construction.
FDB: Floor Distribution Board located in each of the floors of a multistoried building. The DBs get feed from FDB.
FUSE : A device that, by the fusion of one or more of its specially designed and proportioned components, opens
the circuit in which it is inserted when the current through it exceeds a given value for a sufficient time. Fuse is
generally made of fusible wires of appropriate ratings which is either mounted inside glass tubes or porcelain
tubes or on a two terminal cutout.
FUSE SWITCH: A composite unit, comprising a switch with the fuse contained in, or mounted on, the moving
member of the switch.
LIGHTING FITTING: A device for supporting or containing a lamp or lamps (for example, fluorescent or
incandescent) together with any holder, shade, or reflector; for example, a bracket, a pendant with ceiling rose,
or a portable unit.
INSULATION : Suitable non‐conducting material, enclosing, surrounding or supporting a conductor. Usually PVC,
polymer, specially treated rubber.
LIVE : Electrically charged so as to have a potential different from that of earth. Also known as ALIVE.

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Building Services
LUMINAIRE: A complete light fitting consisting of lamp, holder, starting gears, reflectors, housing and mounting
accessories.
LT / LV and HT/ HV: LT or LV in this document indicates 230 Volt single phase and 400 volt 3 phase. HT or HV in
this document indicates 11KV Line to line 3 phase system.
MDB: Main Distribution Board. This is the distribution box where the main incoming cable enters and terminates
from the main service feed connection of a large building. The FDBs get feed from MDB.
OVER‐CURRENT : A current exceeding the rated current. For conductors, the rated value is the nominal current
carrying capacity.
PANEL BOARD : A single panel or a group of panel units designed for assembly in the form of a single panel
including buses, automatic overcurrent devices, and with or without switches for the control of light, heat, or
power circuits, designed to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box placed in or against a wall or partition and
accessible only from the front.
PLUG : A device carrying metallic contacts in the form of pins, intended for engagement with corresponding
socket contacts and arranged for attachment to a flexible cord or cable. A plug may contain tubular fuse inside it
although some plugs do not contain fuse.
POINT (in wiring) : A termination of the fixed wiring intended for the connection of current using equipment e.g.,
a Light, a fan, an exhaust fan.
SDB: Sub‐ Distribution Board located in the same floor of a building and connected to the DB. The BDBs get feed
from SDB.
SERVICE : The conductors and equipment required for delivering energy from the electric supply system to the
wiring system of the premises served.
SWITCH : A manually operated device for closing and opening or for changing the connection of a circuit. A 5A
SPST switch is used for the control of a Light or Fan point. A 5A SPDT switch is also used for the control of a Light
or Fan point.
SWITCHBOARD : An assemblage of switchgear with or without instruments; the term, however, does not apply to
a group of local switches on a final sub‐circuit where each switch has its own insulating base.
SWITCHGEAR : Main switches, cutouts or fuses, conductors and other apparatus in connection therewith, used
for the purpose of controlling or protecting electrical circuits or machines or other current using appliances.
1.3.6 List of Symbols used for Electrical Drawings
A list of general graphical symbols used for electrical drawings is given in Table 2.13. These are given as guideline.
In case of justified reasons a designer may modify certain symbol.
Table 8.1.15 Symbols used for Electrical Drawings
Serial No. Description Symbol

1 Main Distribution Board (MDB)

2 Floor Distribution Board (FDB)

3 Distribution Board (DB)

4 Sub‐distribution Board (SDB)

5 Branch Distribution Board (BDB)

6 Switch Board (SB)
7 Telephone Outlet (PSTN)

8 Telephone Outlet (PABX)

9 Change over switch
8‐22 Vol. 3


10 Energy meter

11 Ammeter
A

12 Voltmeter
V

13 Power factor meter
P.F

14 Circuit breaker

15 Fuse
16 Ceiling mounted Incandescent light fitting

17 Wall mounted bracket light fitting

18 Ceiling fan

19 Exit light pendant

20 Exit light‐wall mounted

21 2 pin socket Outlet (single phase)
22 3 pin 13A switched socket Outlet (single phase)

23 Weatherproof and waterproof socket outlet

24 SPST Single – pole, one‐way switch

25 DPST Two ‐ pole, one‐way switch

26 TPST Three ‐ pole, one‐way switch

27 SPDT Two – way switch

28 Push button switch

29 Buzzer

Single fluorescent lamp on ceiling
30 Double fluorescent lamp on ceiling

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Building Services

31 Double fluorescent lamp on wall
32 Spot light
33 Wall Mounted Bracket fan
34 Exhaust fan
35 Pull box
36 TV socket outlet

37 Fire Alarm bell
38 Fire detector
39 Smoke detector
40 Speaker
41 Microphone
42 Conduit, concealed in ceiling or in wall
43 Conduit, concealed in floor or through under ground
44 Telephone conduit

45 Television antenna conduit

46 Earth Electrode

1.3.7 Estimating the load of a building/ a complex
Estimating the total load of a building has to be started with the listing of the connected loads in a building. The
steps are to list the loads in each of the rooms, in each of the flats / offices of a floor, in each of the floors and the
load of the total building. In this way an account of the total building area / the total complex has to be prepared.
Loads of the Lift (s), water pump (s), bulk ventilating system in the basement and any other equipment installed in
the building must also be added. For completing the load calculation, practical value of appropriate diversity
factors will have to be applied at each stage.
Estimating the total load of a complex consisting of a number of building has to be started with the listing of the
connected load of each of the buildings, the are lighting load, the water pump and any other equipment installed
in the complex. For completing the load calculation, practical value of appropriate diversity factors among the
buildings will have to be applied.
1.3.7.1 Maximum Demand and Diversity
Two items need to be determined, which are: (i) Maximum Demand and (ii) Diversity Factor. These are needed in
completing the load calculation and in the computation of current.
In determining the maximum demand of an installation or parts thereof, diversity shall be taken into account.
Appendix A gives some information on the determination of the maximum demand of an installation and includes
the current demand to be assumed for commonly used equipment together with guidance on the application of
allowances for diversity.
8‐24 Vol. 3

1.3.7.2 Estimation of Load in KW, in KVA and in Amperes
An estimation of loads is necessary initially for design purpose and later for keeping a track of the growth of load.
Estimation of loads means estimation of watts or kilowatts in small scale. In bigger scale the KVA is assessed
together with the power factor. A calculation of current is then to be performed for the selection of breakers /
fuses and the current carrying cables.
1.3.7.3 Estimation of Electrical Load in Watts
Energy efficient and energy saving should be considered in estimating the electrical load, the watts rating of
individual equipment / fittings connected to the system need to be listed and added. Typical watt ratings of some
of the equipment / fittings are Table 8.1.14 which may be used for estimation if the actual values are not known
or specified.
Table 8.1.16 Estimated Load for Different Fittings/Fixtures
Type of Fitting/Fixture Ratings in Watts
CFL 4W‐24W
LED
Solar Power LED Security /Street Lights
Fluorescent lamp with accessories:
‐ Nominal length 600 mm 20
‐ Nominal length 1200 mm 40
Photo copiers 1200‐1500
Ceiling fans 100(Maximum)
Electric 1500
Table fans 85 (Maximum)
Pedestal fans 120 (Maximum)
Exhaust fans 100 (Maximum)
5A socket outlets 300
15A socket outlets 1500
Microwave Oven (domestic) 1200‐1500
Washing machine (domestic) 350‐500
Television (Medium size) 120‐200
Computer (without printer) 200
Computer with printer 700‐800
Window type A.C. Machine (12000BTU/hr) 1500
Split type A.C. Machine (12000BTU/hr) 1300
Geyser (water heater, domestic) 1000‐1200
Toaster (domestic) 800‐1000
Electric Calendar 700‐1000
1.3.7.4 Calculation of Current
For the calculation of current (for the selection of cables and breakers) of the Fluorescent Lamps the ratings are to
be multiplied by a factor of 1.65 to take care of the power factor and the starting current situation.
For the calculation of current (for the selection of cables and breakers) of the Celing fans, Table Fans, Pedestal
Fans, Exhaust Fans the ratings are to be multiplied by a factor of 1.65 to take care of the power factor and the
starting current situation.

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Building Services
For the calculation of current (for the selection of cables and breakers) of the small inductive loads (up to 1.0 KW)
the ratings are to be multiplied by a factor of 1.65 to take care of the power factor and the starting current
situation.
The factor shall be higher for higher rated motors.
1.3.7.5 Minimum Load Densities
While estimating the electrical load, the minimum load densities to be considered are those shown in Table
8.1.17.
Table 8.1.17 Minimum Load Densities
Type of Occupancy Unit Load (Watts/m2)
Non A/C A/C
Residence/ Dwelling : single family 20 75
Residence/ Dwelling : multi‐family (other than hotels) 20 75
Hospitals 32 80
Hotels, including apartment house (excluding any provisions for electric 24 75

cooking)
Office and commercial multi‐storeyed buildings 28 75
Industrial building (excluding the loads for machines) 16 ‐
Departmental stores 28 75
Banks 20 75
Restaurants (excluding any provisions for electric cooking) 16 75
Barber shops and beauty parlours 32 75
Schools and Colleges 12 70
Parking area in commercial buildings 4 ‐
Warehouses, large storage areas 2 ‐
1.3.8 Fittings, Fixtures and Accessories
Switch Boards with back boxes and cover plates, Ceiling Roses, Socket Outlets with back boxes, Plugs, Light
Fittings, Fans, pull boxes with cover plates have been put in this category, although there may be other items
which may be included under Electrical Accessories related to electrical and electronic installations in buildings.
1.3.8.1 Switch Boards
Tumbler Switches have been used for surface wiring and Piano Switches have been used for concealed wiring.
Now a day piano switches are also used with surface wiring. Piano Switches are mounted on either a plastic back
box or a metal back box. These piano switches are available in gangs. The other alternative is to have piano
switches mounted on a Perspex or Ebonite sheet which is then mounted on a metal back box.
The Switches must conform to the relevant BS standard. The minimum ampere rating of switch shall not be below
5A.
Switches may be Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) or Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) depending on the operation.
For some application Double Pole Single Throw (DPST) and Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) are also available.
Usually the DPST switches are made for 10A, 15A and 20A rating.
The phase (Live) wire (Red PVC insulated cable) connection to the point must go through the switch.
The metal / sheet steel back boxes of a switch board must have an earthing terminal to terminate the Earth
Continuity Conductor (ECC) coming from a BDB or an SDB.
1.3.8.2 Socket Outlets and Plugs:
In general, all socket outlets must be switched (combined) and shuttered.
8‐26 Vol. 3

1.3.8.2.1 General Requirements of Socket Outlets
Socket Outlets shall be 13 A switched shuttered 3pin flat pin type.
All socket outlets must be switched (combined) and shuttered and shall be for 3 pin Flat pin type
(rectangular cross section) 13A plugs fitted with tubular fuse.
The corresponding plugs must be fitted with fuse. The maximum fuse rating shall be 13A for 13A Sockets.
The fuse rating may be smaller depending upon the current rating of the appliances used.
The phase wire (Red cable) shall be connected to the L terminal of the socket outlet through the combined switch
and the neutral wire (Black cable) shall be directly connected to the N terminal of the socket. Earth Continuity
Conductor (ECC) (Yellow + Green bi‐colour cable) for such a socket outlet shall be connected to the Earth terminal
of the socket.
The plug for each 13A socket outlet provided in a building for the use of domestic appliances shall be provided
with its own individual fuse. The feed cables for such a circuit must have fuse or miniature circuit breaker (MCB)
at the originating point in the Distribution Board or Sub‐Distribution Board or Branch Distribution Board. For some
high current applications, additional fuses/ circuit breakers adjacent to the sockets are recommended.
Each socket outlet shall also be controlled by a switch which shall normally be located immediately adjacent
thereto or combined therewith.
The phase (Live) wire (Red PVC insulated cable) connection to the socket outlet must be through the switch.
Copper size of the Earth Continuity Conductor (ECC) for such a socket outlet shall not be smaller in size than 1.5
mm2 PVC insulated cable.
1.3.8.2.2 15A /20A rated Round Pin socket outlets may be used for Air Conditioner Outlets and
Water Heater Outlets
Under special circumstances, for Air Conditioner Outlets (requiring 15A or 20A), 15A / 20A rated socket
outlets for Round Pin Plugs may be used along with a circuit breaker or fuse protection in a box adjacent
to the sockets..
Each 15A/ 20A socket outlet provided in a building for the use of domestic appliances such as air‐conditioner,
water cooler, etc. shall be provided with its own individual fuse. The feed cables for such a circuit must have fuse
or miniature circuit breaker (MCB) at the originating point in the Distribution Board or Sub‐Distribution Board or
Branch Distribution Board. For some high current applications, additional fuses/ circuit breakers adjacent to the
sockets are recommended.
Each socket outlet shall also be controlled by a switch which shall normally be located immediately adjacent to
the Socket or shall be combined with the Socket.
The corresponding plugs for 15A should be fitted with fuse. The maximum fuse rating shall be 15A for 15A
Sockets. For a 15A rated socket outlet a 15A rated fuse or a 15A circuit breaker must be placed adjacent to the
socket.
For a 20A rated socket outlet a 20A rated fuse or a 20A circuit breaker must be placed adjacent to the socket.
Wiring for sockets shall be radial type of wiring. However, ring type wiring may be used by strictly following the
rules given in IEE Wiring regulations BS 7671: 2008, 17th Edition and by using appropriate size of cable.
1.3.8.2.3 Earth Continuity Conductor (ECC) for a Socket
The ECC for a socket outlet shall not be smaller in size than 1.5 mm2 PVC insulated annealed copper cable. The
colour of the ECC cable insulation shall be Yellow+Green bi‐colour.
1.3.8.2.4 Mounting Height of a Three pin Switched Socket outlet
Three pin Switched Shuttered Socket outlets shall be mounted on a wall at a height 254mm above floor level.
Switched Shuttered Socket outlets are essential for safety in particular for the safety of infants.
For certain applications like computers, printers, UPS, IPS such sockets may be mounted at a higher level for the
ease of operation.
1.3.8.2.5 Restriction on mounting Socket Outlets in wet places
No socket outlets shall be provided inside Bath Rooms / Toilets or any other place where the floor may remain
wet.

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Building Services
1.3.8.2.6 5A rated 2 Pin socket outlets
5A rated 2 Pin socket outlets may be used along with the Light and Fan Switch Boards only. Such sockets
shall not be used as socket outlets at the skirt level.
1.3.8.2.7 Number of Socket Outlets in a Room / in a Building
The number of socket outlets in a building depends upon the specific requirements of occupants and the type of
building. Adequate number of 13 A switched flat pin (rectangular cross section pin) shuttered socket outlets shall
be provided and arranged around the building to cater to the actual requirements of the occupancy.
15 A round pin (rectangular cross section pin) socket outlets shall be provided for specially Airconditioners and
water heaters of such ratings only.
For residential buildings, the minimal guidelines given in Table 2.18 shall be used to determine the required
number of 13 A switched flat pin (rectangular cross section pin) shuttered socket outlets, when actual
requirements cannot be ascertained.
All socket outlets shall conform to BDS 115.
Table 8.1.18 Minimum Number of 13A flat pin Socket Outlets
Location No. of Switch Socket Outlets
Bed room 2
Living room 3
Drawing room 3
Dining room 1
Toaster / Snack Toaster 1
Kitchen 1
Bathroom 0
Verandah 1
Refrigerator 1
Air‐conditioner one for each room
1.3.8.2.8 Restriction on installation of two socket outlets in room fed from two phases
Installation of two socket outlets in a room fed from two different phases should be avoided as far as possible.
However, in unavoidable cases, the minimum distance between two such socket outlets in a room fed from two
different phases must not be less than 2 m under any circumstances.
1.3.8.2.9 Exterior / outdoor sockets
Socket outlets in exposed places where chances of dripping / falling rain water exist should not be placed.
In case of necessity, weather proof/ waterproof covered socket outlets may be mounted with appropriate
precautions. In such a case the back box should preferably be of bakelite or Acrylic or plastic material.
1.3.8.2.10 Exterior / outdoor switches
Switches in exposed places where chances of dripping / falling rain water exist should not be placed.
In case of necessity, weather proof/ waterproof covered switches may be mounted with appropriate precautions.
In such a case the back box should preferably be of bakelite or Acrylic or plastic material.
1.3.8.3 Ceiling Rose
A ceiling rose is needed for terminating the point wiring for a Light or a Fan in the ceiling.
8‐28 Vol. 3

1.3.8.3.1 A ceiling rose shall not be installed in any circuit operating at a voltage normally exceeding 250
volts.
1.3.8.3.2 Normally, a single pendant be suspended from only one ceiling rose using a flexible cord. A
ceiling rose shall not be used for the attachment of more than one outgoing flexible cord unless it
is specially designed for multiple pendants.
1.3.8.3.3 A ceiling rose shall not contain a fuse terminal as an integral part of it.
1.3.8.3.4 The ceiling rose shall conform to BS 67.

1.3.8.3.5 Luminaire supporting couplers are designed specifically for the mechanical support as well as for
the electrical connection of luminaires and shall not be used for the connection of any other
equipment.
1.3.8.4 Light Fitting
Switches shall be provided for the control of every light fitting. A switch may control an individual light point or a
group of light points.
Where control at more than one position is necessary for a lighting fitting or a group of lighting fittings, as many
two‐way or intermediate switches may be provided as the required number of control positions.
In industrial premises light fittings shall be supported by suitable pipe/conduits, brackets fabricated from
structural steel, steel chains or similar materials depending upon the type and weight of the fittings. Where a
lighting fitting is to be supported by one or more flexible cords, the maximum weight to which the twin flexible
cords may be subject are shown in Table 8.1.19.
Table 8.1.19 Maximum Permissible Weight to which Twin Flexible Cords may be Subject
Nominal Cross‐sectional Area Number and Diameter Maximum Permissible

of Twin Flexible Cord (mm2) (mm) of Wires Weight (kg)
0.5 16/0.2 2
0.75 24/0.2 3
1.0 32/0.2 5
1.5 48/0.2 5.3

2.5 80/0.2 8.8
4 128/0.2 14
For a Light fitting with shade, no flammable shade shall form part of the light fitting and the shade shall be well
protected against all risks of fire. Celluloid shade or lighting fitting shall not be used under any circumstances.
1.3.8.4.1 Lighting Point
At each fixed lighting point one of the following accessories shall be used
a ceiling rose to BS 67
a luminaire supporting coupler to BS 6972 or BS 7001
a batten lampholder to BS 7895, BS EN 60238 or BS EN 61184
a luminaire designed to be connected directly to the circuit wiring
a suitable socket‐outlet
a connection unit to BS 5733 or BS 1363‐4.
A lighting installation shall be appropriately controlled e.g., by a switch or combination of switches to BS 3676
and/or BS 5518, or by a suitable automatic control system, which where necessary shall be suitable for discharge
lighting circuits.

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1.3.8.4.2 Wires / Cables used inside Light Fittings and any other Fitting
Wires / cables used inside a light fitting or any other fittings are mostly flexible types. In some cases single core
PVC insulated wiring cables mostly 1mm2 or 1.5 mm2 are used. In such cases the cables must be of high quality in
terms of insulation and must have appropriate copper cross section. Such cables are usually terminated in a
ceiling rose.
1.3.8.5 Fans
1.3.8.5.1 Ceiling Fan
Ceiling fans including their suspension shall conform to BDS 818.
With respect to the position of a lighting fitting, placing a fan in a way that shadows are thrown on the working
planes is not acceptable.
Where ceiling fans are provided in large buildings, the chosen unit module are (size) also play an important part.
In general, for domestic, office and commercial buildings, for every part of a module to be served by the ceiling
fans, it is necessary that the unit module area shall be so chosen that the required number of fans could be
suitably located in it, to avoid creation of pockets receiving little or no air circulation.
In general, fans in large halls may be spaced at 3 to 3.5 m in both the directions in the horizontal plane. If building
modules do not lend themselves to proper positioning of the required number of ceiling fans, other types of fans,
such as air circulators or wall mounted bracket fans shall have to be installed for the areas uncovered by the
ceiling fans. In such cases, necessary electrical outlets shall have to be provided for the purpose.
Table 8.1.20 gives the recommended areas to be served by different sizes of ceiling fans where the height of fan
blades is at 2.5 m above the finished floor level.
Table 8.1.20 Recommended Fan Sizes in Rooms
Room Area (m2) Fan Sweep
Up to 6 915 mm
Over 6 to 9 1220 mm
Over 9 to 12 1442 mm
Wiring for a ceiling fan outlet from the switch board up to the ceiling fan outlet shall be done through
pre‐laid 18 mm dia PVC conduits using 1.5 mm2 PVC insulated 2 cables of Red and Black insulation. A
high quality ceiling rose is to be installed at the ceiling fan point for the termination of the wiring and the
connection of the two wires of the Fan.
A fan hook is required to be placed during casting of the roof. The fan hook is to be made using a 12.7 mm dia MS
rod having at least 600mm on both sides and shall be placed above the MS rod mesh of the roof slab.
1.3.8.5.2 Wall Mounted Bracket Fan
For Wall mounted bracket fans shall be mounted on the wall using appropriate rowel bolts. Wiring for a
Wall mounted bracket fan outlet from the switch board up to the Wall mounted bracket fan outlet shall
be done through pre‐laid 18 mm dia PVC conduits using 1.5 mm2 PVC insulated 2 cables of Red and
Black insulation. A high quality ceiling rose is to be installed at the ceiling fan point for the termination of
the wiring and the connection of the two wires of the Fan.
1.3.8.5.3 Pedestal Fans and Table Fans:
These items are movable. As a result no fixed connections are necessary. Sockets will be used to energize these
fans.
1.3.8.5.4 Installation/Mounting of Ventilating Fans or Exhaust Fans
Exhaust fans are necessary for spaces, such as toilets, kitchens, canteens and godowns to provide the required air
changes. Since the exhaust fans are located generally on the outer walls of a room, appropriate openings in such
walls shall be provided right from the planning stage. The sizes and the rpm of the exhaust fans will vary according
to the application and the volume for which a fan used. In some applications (such as some industries, big size gas
generator room etc.) high rpm fans are essential. In all cases appropriate types of fan need to be chosen and
appropriate arrangement need to be made so that rain water cannot get inside the rooms.
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1.3.8.5.5 Installation/Mounting of Ceiling Fans
Ceiling Fans shall be suspended from Fan hooks. Fan hooks are to be placed in position during the casting of the
Roof.
1.3.8.5.6 Fan hooks
Fan hooks may be concealed (hidden) or may be exposed type. Fan hooks shall be made using MS rods of 12.7
mm diameter. The diameter of this rod shall not be below 9.53 mm under any circumstances.
1.3.8.5.7 Ceiling Roses for Fan Points
Appropriate type of ceiling roses must be provided at the Fan points for the termination of the Fan point wiring
cables. Connection to the Ceiling Fans will go from the ceiling roses.
1.3.8.5.8 Cutout Box / Circuit Breaker Box
If the BDB or the SDB from which a 3‐pin switched shuttered socket receives power is at a significant
distance away and the load connected to the socket needs special care an additional cutout box or a
circuit breaker box may be placed adjacent to the socket. Such a cutout Box or a Circuit Breaker box shall
be placed inside a 18SWG Sheet Steel (coated with two coats of synthetic enamel paint) of appropriate
size with appropriate Perspex cover plate. Such a box may be surface fitted or may be concealed fitted.
The box shall have a brass terminal for the termination of the ECC.
1.3.9 Distribution Wiring in a Building
1.3.9.1 General
Loads are separated into known and unknown loads.
General illumination is a known load, whether derived from detailed lighting layout, or developed from watts per
square meter calculation. Similarly fans are also known loads. Besides these two types, there may be some other
known loads.
Number, rating and layout of outlets for general illumination, fans and other known loads should accurately be
distributed among a number of branch circuits. These branch circuits should then be carefully loaded with due
regard to voltage drop, operating voltage and possible increase in lighting levels in future. On the other hand the
sockets are unknown loads. Socket loads will be determined from projections based on the utility of the building
and type of applications.
Every installation shall be divided into small circuits (following the rules given in this document) to avoid danger in
case of a fault, and to facilitate safe operation, inspection, maintenance and testing. For the establishment of the
circuits appropriate type of wiring is needed and appropriate terminations / connections / junctions of these
circuits are needed. At the same time appropriate types of protection against faults must be given at different
levels. These are to be achieved through installation of appropriate distribution wiring in the building.
1.3.9.2 Distribution Board
A Distribution Board is the junction point of the incoming line and the outgoing lines for the distribution of
Electricity throughout the building. The incoming as well as the outgoing lines must have Circuit Breaker
protection or Fuse protection. The junctions and terminations of the incoming and outgoing cables are made
through copper bars containing bolts and nuts for cable lugs known as bus‐bars. A Distribution board may be
named as MDB or FDB or DB or SDB or BDB.
a) MDB stands for Main Distribution Board. This is the distribution box where the main incoming cable
enters and terminates from the main service feed connection of a large building. The FDBs get feed from
MDB.
b) FDB stands for Floor Distribution Board located in each of the floors of a multistoried building. The DBs
get feed from FDB. Usually more than one FDBs are needed.
c) DB is the abbreviation for Distribution Board. This may be the box where the main incoming cable enters
and terminates from the main service feed connection. The SDBs get feed from a DB.
d) SDB is used to represent Sub‐ Distribution Board. This board is located in the same floor of a building and
connected to the DB. Usually more than one SDBs are needed. The BDBs get feed from SDB.

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Building Services
e) BDB stands for Branch‐ Distribution Board located in the same floor of a building and connected to the
SDB. Usually more than one BDBs are needed.
f) EDB, EFDF, ESDB, EBDB Sections of DB, FDB, SDB, BDB receiving feed from the Emergency Busbar which
in turn is getting feed from Standby Generator through changeover switch. These may be separate DBs
placed by the corresponding normal supply DBs.
Each of these distribution boards must have bus bars for Line, Neutral and Earthing for a single phase
box. A 3‐phase distribution board must have bus bars for Line1, Line2, Line 3, Neutral and Earthing.
These boxes shall be made with sheet steel of not less than 18 SWG thickness and must be appropriately
paint finished to match the wall paint.
1.3.9.3 Circuit Wiring
1.3.9.3.1 Separate branch circuits for separate control
Separate branch circuits shall be provided for different parts of a building area which need to be separately
controlled. A branch circuit should be independently working and should not be affected due to the failure of
another branch circuit.
The number of final circuits (also termed as sub‐circuits or circuits) required and the points supplied by any final
circuits shall comply with
a) the requirement of over‐current protection,
b) the requirement for isolation and switching, and
c) the selection of cables and conductors.
All final circuits shall be wired using loop wiring system; no joint box shall be used.
Sufficient number of 18 SWG sheet steel made (painted with two coats of grey synthetic enamel paint) pull boxes,
with ebonite / perspex sheet cover plate, must be given on the walls near the ceiling. If brick walls are not
available, pull boxes must be given in the ceilings.
1.3.9.3.2 For Domestic and Office Buildings
5A Light / Fan Circuits must be used for all Domestic and Residential buildings. 5A Light / Fan Circuits are also to
be used for Office and commercial Buildings. The corresponding circuit wire in the BDB/ SDB/ DB then shall be not
less than 1.5 mm2.
1.3.9.3.3 For Office and Commercial Buildings having large open floor areas
Under unavoidable circumstances, in case of difficulties in forming 5A Light / Fan Circuits for Office and
commercial Buildings having large open floor areas, 10A Light / Fan Circuits may be used. The corresponding
circuit wire in the BDB/ SDB/ DB then shall be not less than 2.5 mm2.
However use of 5A Light / Fan Circuits is still emphasized.
1.3.9.3.4 For Industrial / Factory Buildings having large open floor areas
For Industrial / Factory Buildings having large open floor areas, 10A Light / Fan Circuits may be used.
1.3.9.3.5 For Industrial / Factory Buildings/ Warehouses having too large open floor areas
For Industrial / Factory Buildings / Warehouses having large open floor areas, efforts should be given to use
circuits not exceeding 10A. The corresponding circuit wire in the BDB/ SDB/ DB then shall be not less than 2.5
mm2.
For Industrial / Factory Buildings having very large open floor areas, 15A Light / Fan Circuits may be used as
exceptional cases only. The corresponding circuit breaker in the BDB/ SDB/ DB then shall be not less than 4 mm2.
Increase in the sizes of the above mentioned cables may be required if the distance is too long. Voltage drop
calculation will give the guidance in that case.
1.3.9.3.6 Separate branch circuits from miniature circuit breaker (MCB)
Separate branch circuits shall be provided from miniature circuit breaker (MCB) of a BDBD/ SDB or fuse of the
Fuse distribution boards (FDB) for Light / Fan.
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Separate branch circuits shall be provided from miniature circuit breaker (MCB) of a BDBD/ SDB or fuse of the
Fuse distribution boards (FDB) for automatic and fixed appliances with a load of 500 watt or more and socket
outlets. Each automatic or fixed appliance shall be served by a protected socket circuit.
1.3.9.3.7 Less than 50% loading of Circuits with more than one outlet
Circuits with more than one outlet shall not be loaded in excess of 50% of their current carrying capacity.
1.3.9.3.8 Branch circuits must have spare capacity to permit at least 20% increase in load
Each branch circuit running between a DB and a SDB, between a SDB and a BDB must have spare capacity to
permit at least 20% increase in load before reaching the level of maximum continuous load current permitted for
that circuit
1.3.9.3.9 One spare circuit must be allowed in the distribution board for each five circuits in use.
At least one spare circuit must be allowed in the distribution board for each five circuits in use.
Additional space for a circuit breaker along with the provision for connecting a pair of outgoing cables shall be
kept.
1.3.9.3.10 Each final circuit shall be connected to a separate way in a distribution board
Where an installation comprises more than one final circuit, each final circuit shall be connected to a separate
way in a distribution board. The wiring of each final circuit shall be electrically separate from that of every other
final circuit, so as to prevent unwanted energization of a final circuit.
1.3.9.3.11 Size of cables in a branch circuit shall be at least one size larger than that needed for the
computed load current
Size of cables to be used in a branch circuit shall be at least one size larger than that computed from the loading
if the distance from the over‐current protective device to the first outlet is over 15 m.
1.3.9.3.12 4 mm2 (7/0.036) and 6 mm2 (7/0.044) wiring cable for a 15A socket outlet branch circuit
The minimum size of wiring cable used for a 15A socket outlet branch circuit shall be 4 mm2 (7/0.036). When the
distance from the over‐current protective device to the first socket outlet on a receptacle circuit is over 30 m the
minimum size of wire used for a 15A branch circuit shall be 6 mm2 (7/0.044).
1.3.9.3.13 Length of a lighting circuit
The length of a lighting circuit shall be limited to a maximum of 30 m, unless the load on the circuit is so small that
voltage drop between the over‐current protective device and any outlet is below 1%.
1.3.9.3.14 Use of common neutral for more than one circuit is prohibited
Each circuit must have it’s own neutral cable. Use of common neutral cable for more than one circuits is not
permitted.
1.3.9.3.15 Following Correct colour codes of cables
During wiring, correct colour codes of the insulation of the cables must be used. For a single phase circuit Red
colour insulated cable must be used for the live wire and the Black colour insulated cable must be used for the
neutral and green+yellow bi‐colour insulated cable must be used for the ECC. For a three phase circuit Red colour
must be used for the live (L1), Yellow colour for the live (L2), Blue clour for the live (L3) wire and the Black colour
for the neutral and green+yellow bi‐colour must be used for the ECC.
The above mentioned colour coding must be indicated in the design drawing. This should also be mentioned in
the specification.
Table 8.1.2 Colour Codes of Cables which shall be used for wiring
Pre‐2004 IEE Standard
Protective earth (PE)
Green+yellow bi‐colour
or ECC or Earth Lead Wire
Neutral (N) Black

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Building Services
Single phase: Live (L)
Red
Three phase: L1
Three phase: L2 Yellow
Three phase: L3 Blue
1.3.9.3.16 Balancing of circuits in three phase SDBs, DBs, FDBs, and MDBs.
In a 3 phase distribution system special care must be taken during wiring to obtain balancing of loads among the
three phases.
In a 3 phase SDB, DB, FDB, MDB connections of the circuits to the busbars must be made in such a way so that
the load current remains balanced among the three lines during low load as well as full load. After completing the
installation balancing should be checked by clamp meter current measurement of each phase.
The above mentioned current balancing must be indicated in the SDB (if 3 phase), DB, FDB, and MDB circuit
diagram of design drawing. This should also be mentioned in the specification.
1.3.10 Electrical Layout and Installation Drawings
An electrical layout drawing shall be prepared after proper locations of all outlets for lamps, fans, fixed and
transportable appliances, motors etc. have been selected. This is the beginning of the electrical distribution
design work. This job must be done with due importance prior to starting the construction and installation work.
Strong emphasis is given on this work in this document.
1.3.10.1 Locating positions of the points on the plan of the building
At the beginning, the Light points, Fan points, Socket points, Switch Boards, BDBs, SDBs, FDBs. DBs and MDBs shall
be located on each plan based on convention, suitability, application and safety view point.
Conduit layout and cable layout shall then be shown on the drawing.
1.3.10.2 Light and Fan circuits must not be mixed with the Socket Circuits
In designing the wiring layout, power (socket) and heating (socket) sub‐circuits shall be kept separate and distinct
from light and fan sub‐circuits.
All wiring shall be done on the distribution system with main and branch distribution boards placed at convenient
positions considering both physical aspects and electrical load centres. All types of wiring whether concealed or
surface, shall be as near the ceiling as possible. In all types of wiring due consideration shall be given to neatness
and good appearance.
1.3.10.3 Balancing of circuits in three phase Distribution Boxes is a must
Balancing of circuits in three phase installations shall be arranged in the drawing and also must be done during
physical connection.
1.3.10.4 Single phase socket outlets receiving connection from two different phases
Single phase socket outlets receiving connection from two different phases located in the same room is to be
avoided. However, if it is essential to have such socket connection these must be located 2 m or more apart.
1.3.10.5 Electrical Layout drawings for industrial premises
Electrical Layout drawings for industrial premises shall indicate the relevant civil structure /barrier / duct and
mechanical equipment / duct.
1.3.10.6 Preparation of detailed circuit diagram
Circuit diagrams of each of the Light and Fan circuits must first be prepared based on the selection whther it is 5A
or 10A circuit. The cable size of each of the circuits size of the ECC must be shown in the drawing. The circuit
diagrams of the BDBs, SDBs, DBs, FDBs, MDBs etc. are then to be prepared and presented in the form of single
line drawings indicating the cable sizes of each interconnection and the sizes of the ECCs. The distribution of
BDBs, SDBs, DBs, FDBs, MDBs etc. are two be shown in a distribution drawing indicating the cable sizes of each
interconnection and the sizes of the ECCs.
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1.3.10.7 Preparation of Electrical Distribution and Wiring Design drawing by an experienced Engineer
Electrical Distribution and Wiring Design drawing of building must be prepared by an Engineer who is
knowledgeable and preferably experienced in this subject. For big and multistoried building experience is of
utmost importance.
1.3.11 Electrical Wiring in the Interior of Buildings
1.3.11.1 Surface Wiring or Exposed Wiring
Wiring run over the surface of walls and ceilings, whether contained in conduits or not, is termed as
surface wiring or exposed wiring.
Single core PVC insulated cupper through PVC Channels or through PVC conduits or through GI pipes of approved
quality may be used for surface wiring.
Surface wiring using twin core flat PVC insulated cupper on wooden battens used to be used long back. This is
almost discontinued and discouraged now a day.
PVC conduits or GI pipes, when used for surface wiring, shall be clamped with saddles at a spacing not exceeding
600 mm, to the wall or ceiling using plastic rowel plugs with countersunk galvanized screws.
1.3.11.1.1 Surface Wiring using Wood Battens
Surface wiring using wood battens is very rare now a day because of evolution of other decent techniques of
surface wiring. This method is discouraged. However, in case of extreme necessity this may be used.

The wood battens used in this method shall be made with good quality wood having a minimum thickness of 12
mm. They shall be installed exposed and run straight on the ceiling or wall surfaces. Battens on walls shall
be run either horizontally or vertically, and never at an angle. Battens on ceilings shall be run parallel to
the edges in either orthogonal direction, and not at an angle, They shall be fixed to the wall or ceiling by
rowel plugs and countersunk galvanized screws. The wires shall be fixed to the battens by using
galvanized steel clips or brass link clips of required size at a spacing not exceeding 100 mm.
This method is no longer used because of the availability of other surface wiring methods presented below.
1.3.11.1.2 Surface Wiring using PVC Conduits
PVC conduits or GI pipes, when used for surface wiring, shall be clamped with saddles at a spacing not
exceeding 600 mm, to the wall or ceiling using plastic rowel plugs with countersunk galvanized screws.
The conduits placed concealed inside roof or in wall must have 20 SWG GI pull wires placed during laying of the
pipes for pulling the cables later.
1.3.11.1.3 Surface Wiring using PVC Channels
Surface wiring may be done using single core PVC insulated cables placed inside surface fixed PVC channels of
appropriate size. Fixing of channels must be done using screws in rowel plugs inserted into drilled holes on the
walls/ ceilings. The channels must be placed in a straight line with adequate number of screws so that no sag is
observed. Cables must not be stressed in the bends. Adequate space must exist inside the channel to put the
cables in position without difficulty.
Surface wiring using flexible chords, clips and nails shall not be used in general.
1.3.11.1.4 Surface Wiring using Round core flexible cable with plastic clips and nails
Surface Wiring using exposed Round core flexible cable with plastic clips and long nails have been used for
extending a point wiring, for extending a socket wiring due to shift, for add a circuit wiring.
This is not recommended for regular wiring. Instead of using this method, one should go for the recommended
surface wiring using single core PVC cables with PVC channels or single core PVC cables with PVC conduits as
mentioned above in this document.
For a length of not exceeding 1m this may be used only for shifting an existing Light / Fan point or for shifting
an existing socket point only under unavoidable circumstances.
1.3.11.2 Concealed Wiring

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Building Services
The wires in this type of wiring shall be placed inside GI conduits or PVC conduits that are buried in roofs and in
brick/concrete walls. The conduits in the walls shall be run horizontally or vertically, and not at an angle.
Conduits in concrete slabs shall be placed at the centre of thickness and supported during casting by mortar
blocks or 'chairs' made of steel bars or any other approved means. All conduits shall be continuous throughout
their lengths.
Appropriate planning should be made in which there shall be adequate spare capacity in the conduits placed in
roof slabs so that unforeseen situation during execution of the installation can be taken care of. Conduits will run
through the roof and then bend downward for going up to the outlets, DBs, Switch Boards, Sockets.
In a column structure building having no permanent walls, Switch Boards and Socket Boards, Pull Boxes shall be
placed in Columns and must be done during the casting of columns.
Concealed wiring through floors and upward mounting of PVC / GI pipes from the floor is strongly discouraged
because of the occurrence of condensation and accumulation of water from condensation eventually leading to
damaging of the simple PVC insulated cable insulation. This method should not be followed as a general practice.
Underground cables for electrical distribution in the premises/garden/compound of the building shall be encased
in GI or PVC pipes and laid in earth trenches of sufficient depth. Armoured cables need not be encased in conduits
except for crossings under road, footpath, walkway or floors.
The conduits placed concealed inside roof or in wall must have 20 SWG GI pull wires placed during laying of the
pipes for pulling the cables later.
1.3.11.3 Wiring inside Suspended Ceilings (False Ceilings)
Wiring inside Suspended Ceilings (False Ceilings) shall be surface wiring through conduits or through PVC channels
mentioned under the heading of Surface Wiring Methods.
Cables shall not be placed loosely and haphazardly on the suspended ceilings. Placing naked cables inside the
suspended ceiling is not permitted.
Cable joints with PVC tape wrapping is not allowed for connection of a fitting from the ceiling rose or from a
junction box inside the gap space.
1.3.11.4 Wiring through Cable tray
Wiring for connections to some machines may be carried through a cable tray suspended from the ceiling. This is
very rare for a domestic building. However in a commercial / office or industrial building this technique may be
needed. In special circumstances Cables may be pulled through pre laid GI/ PVC pipes under the floor where
there will be no chances of water accumulation in the floor or condensation.
1.3.11.5 Mounting Height of Light and Fan Switch Boards
Light and Fan Switch Boards shall be placed 1220mm above floor level in the Domestic Buildings (i.e, the
clearance between the floor and the bottom of the Switch Board shall be 1220mm).
This above mentioned height shall be1300 mm above floor level in the Office Buildings, Commercial Buildings and
Industrial Buildings. However, the minimum height shall not be below 1220mm.
1.3.11.6 Restriction on the use of Plastic / PVC Insulated Flexible Chords / Cables
Plastic / PVC Insulated Flexible Chords / Cables shall not be used for wiring of light / fan points or for wiring of
Sockets, or for wiring of any sub circuits.
1.3.11.7 Cable Joints and Cable Joint Boxes in Concealed and surface wiring
Both the Red (L) and Black (N) cables of a final circuit shall run from a BDB/ SDB up to the Switch board without a
joint. Similarly, both the Red (L) and Black (N) cables of a point shall run from the point up to the switch board.
Cable joints are to be made in the switch board back box. Circumstances might arise where this is not possible.
Under those circumstances, joints shall be made using approved cable joint methods.
1.3.12 Methods of Point Wiring and Circuit Wiring
1.3.12.1 Methods of Point Wiring
8‐36 Vol. 3

Wiring between a Light / fan point and its corresponding switch board is termed as Point Wiring. It is assumed
that the load of such a point is not in excess of 100watts in general in special this may be up to 200 watts. Wiring
for a Light / Fan point shall be made using one of the methods i.e, (i) Surface Wiring or (ii) Concealed Wiring. For
wiring of a point one Red and one Black PVC insulated copper cable shall run between a point and its switch
board. Cable joints inside conduits or within channels are forbidden. The current carrying capacity for such a
circuit shall not be more than 5A for a domestic or a commercial building. The minimum size of a cable for such
wiring shall be 1.5 mm2 .
Common neutral shall not be used under any circumstances.
1.3.12.2 Methods of Circuit Wiring
Wiring between a switch board and a BDB / SDB / DB will be called Circuit Wiring. Circuit wiring shall be done with
a live cable a neutral cable and an ECC cable for a single phase circuit. Some times this circuit is also referred to as
sub‐circuit.
An ECC must be provided with each circuit. The ECC at the Switch Board end shall be terminated in the earth
terminal of the metal part of the Switch Board using a brass screw/ bolt and a nut. The BDB / SDB / DB end of the
ECC shall be terminated in the Earthing Busbar of the BDB / SDB / DB.
The ECC in this case shall be PVC insulated copper cable of appropriate size but with yellow+Green bi‐colour
insulation.
For each circuit, the live wire must be drawn using red colour insulated PVC cable and the Neutral Wire shall be
drawn using black colour insulated PVC cable.
Common neutral shall not be used under any circumstances.
The minimum size of cable for a 5A circuit protected by a 5A circuit breaker or fuse shall not be below 1.5 mm2
The minimum size of cable for a 10A circuit protected by a 10A circuit breaker or fuse shall not be below 2.5 mm2
.
The minimum size of cable for a 15A circuit protected by a 15A circuit breaker or fuse shall not be below 4 mm2.
The minimum size of cable for a 20A circuit protected by a 20A circuit breaker or fuse shall not be below 6 mm2 .
The above mentioned sizes must be increased for long cables as mentioned else where in this document.
In general, the minimum size of cable for a particular circuit shall depend on the rating of the fuse or circuit
breaker used for the protection of that circuit. A voltage drop check is to be made for each length of the circuit to
ensure that the voltage drop at the farthest end of the load from the main distribution point does not exceed 2.5
percent.
Sockets shall get direct connection from the BDB/ SDB through breaker/ fuse protection. Depending on the
assessed requirements sockets may be grouped / looped at the socket end. Such grouping shall not exceed 3
numbers of sockets in one circuit.
1.3.13 Feeder Wiring between SDB and BDB, DB and SDB, FDB to DB, MDB to FDB etc.
Wiring between a BDB and an SDB, an SDB and a DB, a DB and an FDB, an FDB and an MDB needs special
attention and the rules are similar to Circuit Wiring. ECC must be present for each of the feed connections. The
ECC in this case also shall be PVC insulated copper cable of appropriate size but with Green+ Yellow bi‐clour
insulation.
At both ends the ECC must be terminated at the Earthing Bus Bar.
Appropriate cable lugs / cable sockets must be used for terminating the L1, L2, L3, N and E connections on the
bus bars of both the boards. The sizes of the cables must be chosen to match with the rating of the circuit breaker
/ fuse ratings as mentioned above.
Circuit breakers / fuses must be provided at the outgoing and incoming sides of each of the bus bars of each BDB/
SDB/ DB/FDB boxes.
1.3.14 Conduits, Channels, Cables, Conductors and related Accessories
Conduits, Cables, Conductors and Accessories are important parts of an electrical distribution installation.
1.3.14.1 Conduits and Conduit Fittings

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Cables of an electrical distribution installation are drawn through Electrical Conduits. For the installation of
Conduits various types of Conduit Fittings are needed. At present, two types of conduits are used e.g., (i) PVC
Conduits and (ii) Metal Conduits. Of these, due to the availability of good quality PVC pipe and for the ease of
installation, PVC Conduits are widely used.
1.3.14.1.1 PVC Conduits
PVC conduits and conduit fittings shall be of heavy wall water grade type. All bends shall be large radius bends
formed by heat or by mechanical bending machine. The cross‐section of the conduit shall remain circular at the
bend and the internal diameter shall not be reduced due to bending. PVC pipe fittings shall be sealed with PVC
solvent cement or adhesive for PVC of approved quality.
Conduits installed in floors, if installed, shall have a slope of at least 1:1000 towards floor mounted pull box or
cable duct.
Conduits placed concealed inside roof or in wall must have 20 SWG GI pull wires placed during laying of the pipes
for pulling the cables later.
Water grade PVC conduits must be used for both concealed and surface wiring. Water grade PVC conduits of
different diameters shall be used as per necessity.
Appropriate high grade bends and circular boxes must be used with the PVC pipes.
18SWG metal sheet made and synthetic enamel paint coated quality boxes of matching sizes shall be used as pull
boxes and junction boxes. Appropriate pull‐box covers of ebonite or perspex sheet shall be fitted with GI machine
screw and washer.
The PVC conduits placed concealed inside roof or in wall must have 20 SWG GI pull wires placed during laying of
the pipes for pulling the cables later.
1.3.14.1.2 PVC Channels
PVC channels should be used only for extension work in an already installed building. A design drawing should not
show use of such wiring except inside a false ceiling. Even inside the false ceiling this item should be used for
lengths. For long distances PVC conduits should be used. High quality PVC channels of sufficient thickness should
be used and fixed in a neat manner. For large number of cables and for thick cables PVC channels should not be
used.
1.3.14.1.3 PVC Flexible pipes /Conduits
PVC flexible conduits shall be used with surface wiring only and only in places where PVC bends cannot be used.
Except special circumstances flexible PVC conduits shall not be used.
1.3.14.1.4 Metal / Steel Conduits
GI Steel Conduits shall be made using at least 16 SWG sheet. The conduits shall have seamless joint along the
length and must be suitable for making bends. No projections are allowed inside the conduits. Metal conduits
must be threaded for end to end joints using sockets. In case of necessity, threads will be cut at the end of short
pieces. Sharp edges at the ends must be properly treated so that cable injury does not take place during cable
pulling.
1.3.14.1.5 Pull Boxes
Pull boxes / Joint boxes must be placed closed to the ceiling where conduits from the ceiling are going downward
toward a switch box or are going toward a socket box or are going toward a BDB/ SDB/ DB / FDB.
Pull boxes are extremely essential for pulling the cables without injuring the cables and thus should not be
avoided under any circumstances. These are also essential for future maintenance and extension work.
Pull boxes / Joint boxes must be placed in the ceiling of office / factory building where conduits are running over a
long distance between two walls (terminal points) and where fixed walls are not available and also where heavy
beams are used. In case of big cross section beams pull boxes/ joint boxes shall be placed closed to the beams.
Pull boxes / Joint boxes must be made with 18 SWG GI sheet or with 18 SWG MS sheet but coated with two
coats of Grey Synthetic Enamel paint.
Covers of Pull boxes should be ebonite or Perspex sheet of not less than 1/8 inch thickness.
8‐38 Vol. 3

1.3.14.1.6 Metal Boxes for Switch Boards
Metal Boxes for Switch Boards must be made with 18 SWG GI sheet or with 18 SWG MS sheet but coated with
two coats of Grey Synthetic Enamel paint. A Switch Board Metal Box must have a small Copper / Brass earthing
busbar for terminating the ECCs.
1.3.14.1.7 Switches for operating Light and Fan points
Switches for operating Light and Fan points must be of 5A rating. These switches are usually SPST type. However,
for special applications like stairs and some other places these may be SPDT type.
Switches for operating Light and Fan points may be of Gang type or may be isolated type. The isolated types are
to be mounted on an ebonite top plate which is again fitted on the above mentioned Metal boxes for Switch
Boards.
1.3.14.1.8 Mounting Regulators of Ceiling Fans
Metal Boxes for Mounting Inductor Regulators of Ceiling Fans must be made with 18 SWG GI sheet or with 18
SWG MS sheet but coated with two coats of Grey Synthetic Enamel paint. A Metal Boxes for Mounting Regulators
of Ceiling Fans must have a small Copper / Brass earthing busbar for terminating the ECCs.
However, such regulators may be placed inside the 18 SWG GI sheet or MS sheet made Metal Boxes for Switch
Boards. In such a case arrangements must be made so that the PVC insulated point and circuit wiring cables and
their joints inside the switch board do not touch a regulator. This may be done by appropriately dressing the
cables and fastening the cables by using polymer cable fasteners.
1.3.14.2 Cables and Conductors
For application in building wiring, PVC insulated stranded cables shall be used for Live and Neutral Wires for single
phase and 3‐lines (L1, L2, L3) and one neutral for 3‐phase. For ECC also PVC insulated stranded cables shall be
used. As a result, use of bare conductors is non‐existent.
1.3.14.2.1 Cables
Conductors of a PVC insulated cable, thin or thick, shall be copper. Cable containing Aluminum conductors may be
used for thick cable of size more than 16mm2.
Cables for power and lighting circuits shall be of adequate size to carry the designed circuit load without
exceeding the permissible thermal limits for the insulation. The voltage drop shall also be within the specified
limit of 2.5 per cent from a distribution point up to their farthest end of the load point.
Table 8.1.22 Recommended Sizes of Copper conductors in a Cable
Cable size
2
1 mm
1.5 mm2
2
2.5 mm
2
4 mm
6 mm2
10 mm2
2
16 mm
2
25 mm
35 mm2
50 mm2
2
70 mm
2
95 mm
120 mm2
2
150 mm
2
185 mm
240 mm2

Part 8
Building Services
Cable size
300 mm2
2
400 mm
2
500 mm
630 mm2
800 mm2
2
1000 mm
For final circuit/ sub‐circuit and for Light / fan point wiring the cable nominal cross‐section of the cable shall not
be less than 1.5 mm2 for copper conductors.
Standard copper conductor sizes of cables which should be used for Electrical Installations / Distribution in
buildings are given below. Conductors of sizes other than the sizes listed below are not recommended.
1.3.14.2.2 Phase and neutral cables shall be of the same size
In the wiring of the sub‐circuit/ circuit and all other circuits inside a building the Phase cable and the neutral cable
shall be of the same size.
1.3.14.2.3 Flexible Cables / Flexible Cords
The minimum cross‐sectional area of conductors of flexible cables / flexible cords shall be 0.5 mm2 for copper
conductors. Flexible cable or cords shall not be used as fixed wiring unless contained in an enclosure affording
mechanical protection.
Flexible cables / flexible cords may be used for connections to portable equipment. For the purpose of this
regulation an electric cooker of rated input exceeding 3 kW is not considered to be portable. The flexible cord
shall be of sufficient length so as to avoid undue risk of damage to the outlet, cord or equipment and of being a
hazard to personnel.
1.3.14.2.4 Treatment of Cable Ends / Cable Terminations
All stranded conductors must be provided with cable sockets / cable lugs of appropriate size fitted using
appropriate hand press tool or hand crimp tool or hydraulic press tool depending on the size of the cable. This is
necessary for termination of the cable ends on bus‐bars.
1.3.14.2.5 Jointing of Cables in wiring
Cable joints for the PVC insulated cables used in circuit wiring (thin cables) are to be made through porcelain/PVC
connectors with PIB tape wound around the connector before placing the cable inside the box joint / pull box.
1.3.15 Conduits through the Building Expansion Joints
Conduits shall not normally be allowed to cross expansion joints in a building. Where such crossing is found to be
unavoidable, special care must be taken to ensure that the conduit runs and wiring are not in any way put to
strain or are not damaged due to expansion/contraction of the building structure. In unavoidable situations PVC
conduits through an oversize Flexible PVC conduits may be used with pull boxes on both sides of the expansion
joints.
1.3.16 Types of Electrical Wiring for Exterior Lighting and other exterior purposes
1.3.16.1 Electrical Wiring for Garden Lighting
For garden lighting PVC insulated PVC sheathed underground cables shall be used. For protection purpose these
may be drawn through PVC pipe of appropriate dimension so that adequate clearance remains for the ease of
pulling. In general, no junction of cables shall be provided in underground level. However, in case of necessity,
metal sleeve cable ferrule joints using Crimp Tool or hydraulic press and heat shrink insulated sleeve shall be used
on top.
1.3.16.2 Electrical Wiring for Street Lighting
8‐40 Vol. 3

For street lighting PVC insulated PVC sheathed underground cables shall be used. For protection purpose these
may be drawn through PVC pipe of appropriate dimension so that adequate clearance remains for the ease of
pulling. In general, no junction of cables shall be provided in underground level. However, in case of necessity,
metal sleeve cable ferrule joints using Crimp Tool or hydraulic press and heat shrink insulated sleeve shall be used
on top. Joining the cables at the bottom of a street pole must be done inside a metal joint box located sufficiently
above the street level so that water cannot reach the box even during the worst rain / flood situation.
1.3.16.3 Electrical Wiring for Boundary Light
For boundary lighting PVC insulated PVC sheathed underground cables shall be used. For protection purpose
these may be drawn through PVC pipe of appropriate dimension so that adequate clearance remains for the ease
of pulling. In general, no junction of cables shall be provided in underground level. However, in case of necessity,
metal sleeve or cable ferrule joints using Crimp Tool or hydraulic press and heat shrink insulated sleeve shall be
used on top. However, for the portion of the cable running concealed through a wall, PVC insulated cables
through PVC conduits may be used.
1.3.17 Branch Distribution Boards, Subdistribution Boards, Distribution Boards, FDBs

and MDBs
1.3.17.1 Enclosure/ Box
Enclosures for sub‐distribution boards located inside the building shall be dust‐proof and vermin‐proof using
sheet steel fabrication of a minimum thickness of 20 SWG. The boards shall be safe in operation and safe against
spread of fire due to short circuit.
1.3.17.2 Size of the Enclosure of a BDB/ SDB/ DB/ FDB/ MDB
Table 8.1.23 provides a guidance of sizes of enclosures for sub‐distribution boards containing miniature circuit
breakers or fuses. However, the size will depend on the number and size of the circuit breakers or the fuses the
number of outgoing cables and their sizes, the size of the busbars and the type of insulators used for the busbars.
Table 8.1.23 Recommended Enclosure Sizes for MCB's and Fuses
Dimensions (mm) No. of MCB's or Fuses
Height Width Depth
350 390 120 up to 12
480 390 120 up to 24
610 390 120 up to 36
740 390 120 up to 48
1.3.17.3 Location
A Sub‐distribution board shall be located as close as possible to the electrical load centre for that SDB. This is also
applicable for determining the locations of FDBs, DB and BDBs. These boards shall never be located on a water
soaked or damp wall.
1.3.17.4 Wiring of Sub‐distribution Boards
(a) In wiring a sub‐distribution board, total load of the consuming devices shall be distributed, as far as possible,
evenly between the number of ways of the board, leaving the spare way(s) for future extension.
(b) All connections between pieces of apparatus or between apparatus and terminals on a board shall be neatly
arranged in a definite sequence, following the arrangements of the apparatus mounted thereon, avoiding
unnecessary crossings.
(c) Cables shall be connected to terminals only by soldered or welded lugs, unless the terminals are of such form
that it is possible to securely clamp them without cutting away the cable strands.
1.3.18 Electrical Services Shafts, Bus Ducts, L.T. Riser Cables and L.T. Busbar Trunking
1.3.18.1 Vertical Service Shaft for Electrical Risers

Part 8
Building Services
For buildings over six‐storey or 20 m high there shall, in general, be a minimum of one vertical electrical service
shaft of 200 mm x 400 mm size for every 1500 m2 floor area. The electrical service shaft shall exclusively be used
for the following purposes:
Electric supply feeder cables or riser mains,
Busbar Trunking,
telephone cables,
Data Cables,
fire alarm cables,
CCTV cables,
Other signal cables,
Area fuse/circuit breakers,
Floor Distribution board / sub‐distribution boards for individual floors.
The construction of the floors of the duct area shall be constructed in such a way so that the empty space after
putting the cables/ busar trunking / pipes / conduits in position the remaining open space is filled up with RCC
slab(s) or any other non inflammable material so that fire or molten PVC can not fall from one floor to the next
lower floor(s). For this purpose arrangements need to be made during the main floor casting.
Free and easy access to the electrical shaft room in each floor must be available for operation, maintenance and
emergency shut downs.
Vertical cables other than electrical cables shall be placed at a sufficient distance from the nearest electrical cable.
A vertical separating brick wall between electrical and non electrical wall is preferable.
Vertical Service Shaft for Electrical Risers as mentioned above must not be placed adjacent to the Sanitary Shafts.
They should be placed at significant separation in order to ensure that the Vertical Service Shaft for Electrical
Risers remains absolutely dry.
1.3.18.2 L.T. Riser Main Cables
For low rise building Riser Main Cables will serve to bring L.T. connection to the Floor Distribution Boards (FDBs)
of each floor from the Main Distribution Board. For a 5 storied building or lesser having a floor space of less than
600 m2 in each floor the riser cables may be PVC insulated cables through PVC or GI pipes.
For bringing the riser main cables a common vertical wall and holes or slots in the floors must be given by the
building construction people.
However, for larger floor area or for higher buildings PVC insulated PVC sheathed underground cables must be
used with protection and spacing.
For more than 9 storied building Busbar preferably sandwiched copper Busbar. Trunking should be used for
safety reasons.
PVC insulated PVC Sheathed underground cables must be used as Riser Main Cables. These cables shall be placed
in or pulled through a PVC pipe of higher diameter so that the cable can be easily pulled through it. The PVC pipes
must be fixed vertically in a straight line on the wall of the shaft using appropriate saddles. However, in some
cases PVC insulated PVC Sheathed underground cables may be directly fixed on the wall using appropriate saddles
with 37mm spacing between two adjacent cables. Sheet metal made Joint Boxes (with ebonite cover plates) must
be placed at each floor tapping point.
The cable work shall be done neatly so that no suspended cables are seen around the place and no suspended
flexible pipes are seen.
Each riser cable must have appropriate fuse or circuit breaker protection at the source busbur junction and
also at the tap off point.
1.3.18.3 L.T. Busbar Trunking
For high rise buildings, LT (0.4KV TP&N) busbar trunking sytem is used instead of riser main cables to minimize
space in the vertical electrical shaft, to minimize the risk of spreading of fire from one floor to another due to
electrical short circuit in one of the cables or sparks, to have a neat distribution system. Most part of the Busbar
Trunking are installed vertically. The horizontal portion of the Busbar Trunking usually connects the vertical
portion with the Substation LT panel.
8‐42 Vol. 3

a) Busbar Trunking are specially useful to minimize voltage drop on account of high amperage intermittent
loads. The conductors supported by insulators inside the busbar trunking shall be copper of solid
rectangular cross‐section. The copper bars are insulated. A busbar trunking system shall be laid with
minimum number of bends for distribution system. Typical rating of feeder busbar trunking for 3‐phase‐
3‐wire or 3‐phase‐ 4‐wire system shall range from 200 amperes to 3000 amperes although lower
amperes are not impossible.
b) Horizontal busbar trunking of suitable size may be provided along the roads for a group of buildings to be
fed by a single substation but with heavy weather protection and covered with appropriate weather
resistant water proof material. Extreme care need to be taken in these cases for protection against
moisture, water and outside weather.
c) Busbar Trunking must not be placed in places which is even slightly exposed to weather/ moisture/ spray
or sprinkle of water.
1.3.18.4 L.T. Busducts
In certain applications, especially in factory lighting and factory power distribution of large area factories Busducts
are used. In most cases, these Busducts are suspended from ceiling. Busducts offer safe, reliable, neat distribution
system in these cases. The choice will depend on the floor area, type of machineries, type of jobs and other
factors.
Appropriate circuit protection using adequate number of circuit breakers of appropriate rating are needed. In
most cases these busducts are horizontally mounted / suspended. The busbars shall be copper. The rating shall
depend on the current on each segment and the current carried by each segment.
1.3.19 L. T. Main Incoming Cable and Service Connection
1.3.19.1 Overhead service connection to a building shall be achieved with PVC insulated Cables with GI support
wire (similar to cateneray) or catenary wire (mainly for single phase consumers). The overhead service
connection shall be led into buildings via roof poles or service masts made of GI pipe at least 38 mm in
diameter having a goose neck bend at the top and installed on the outer wall. This is one choice. The
alternative is to have underground cable connection.
1.3.19.2 Underground Cables for using as Main Incoming Cable
Underground PVC insulated PVC sheathed water proof cables shall be placed in underground cable trench or
pulled through a PVC pipe of higher diameter placed in a cable trench so that the cable can be easily pulled
through it. PVC insulated stranded annealed copper ECC cables matching with the main cable size shall run along
the Main incoming cable with termination at the earthing busbar at both end.
Each of the PVC pipes must have 18 SWG GI pull wires placed during laying of the pipes for pulling the cables
later.
1.3.19.3 Jointing of underground Cables and Main Incoming Cables
For main incoming thick underground cables joints are strongly discouraged and should be avoided as far as
possible.
However, for unavoidable cases joints must be made through sleeve or ferrule of appropriately matched size
fitted with hydraulic press following neat processing of the cable ends. Appropriate fusible heat shrink cover
must be used over such junction.
For thick cables running through conduits as vertical risers, these joints must be put inside metal joint / pull boxes
with covers.
1.3.19.4 Flame proof enclosure of Incoming cables and riser cables
Special forms of construction, such as flame proof enclosures, shall be adopted where risk of fire or explosion
exists near a place where thick incoming cable or riser cables are placed.
1.3.19.5 Underground service cables shall be laid in conformity with the requirements of Sec 1.3.29 titled
“Laying of LT underground Cables”.

Part 8
Building Services
1.3.19.6 Power and telecommunication or antenna cables must be laid separately maintaining sufficient
distance.
1.3.19.7 Fire alarm and emergency lighting circuits shall be segregated from all other cables and from each
other in accordance with BS 5839 and BS 5266. Telecommunication circuits shall be segregated in
accordance with BS 6701 as appropriate.

1.3.19.8 Proximity to non‐electrical services
Where a wiring system is located in close proximity to a non electrical service both the following conditions shall
be met:
the wiring system shall be suitably protected against the hazards likely to arise from the presence of the other
service in normal use, and appropriate protection against indirect contact shall be taken.
1.3.19.9 A wiring system shall not be installed in the vicinity of a service which produces heat, smoke or fume
likely to be detrimental to the wiring, unless protected from harmful effects by shielding arranged so as
not to affect the dissipation of heat from the wiring.
1.3.19.10 Where a wiring system is routed near a service liable to cause condensation (such as water, steam or
gas services) precautions shall be taken to protect the wiring system from deleterious effects.
1.3.19.11 No cable shall be run in a lift (or hoist) shaft unless it forms part of the lift installation as defined in BS
5655.
1.3.20 Design for Electrical Wiring
Design of Electrical wiring must be done following the codes provided in this document. Detailed Design drawings
must be prepared by a designer for complete execution of the electrical works mentioned in this document and
any other new items arising because of the evolution of new technologies in the near future.
Typically, there must be conduit layout drawing(s) indicating the conduit layouts, the locations of the switch
boards, locations of the sockets, locations of the BDBs, locations of the SDBs, locations of the DBs, locations of the
FDBs, location of the MDB, location of the Main incoming cable.
A distribution diagram of the BDBs, SDBs upto MDBs as applicable indicating the ampere rating of the incoming
MCB / MCCB, interlinking cable sizes and the ECCs must be presented.
Detailed Circuit Diagrams of the circuits and the BDBs, SDBs… MDBs as applicable must be presented.
Detailed drawings of earthing and earth inspection pits and any other complicated parts must be presented. The
contractor shall prepare as built drawings after completing a project.
1.3.20.1 Design for Electrical Wiring in Bedrooms and Drawing Rooms
The location of a switch board must be near the entrance door of a bedroom like any other room. The location of
the wall mounted light fittings must be chosen based on the possible locations of furniture which is also needed in
other rooms. Sufficient number of 3‐pin 13 A switched shuttered flat pin sockets must be provided in a bed room.
The same ideas are applicable for a Living room.
Design must be made in such a way that sufficient clearance (space) is left inside the concealed conduits (i) for the
ease of pulling the cables and also for adding few more cables in case of necessity during future modification.
For Bedrooms and Drawing Rooms the Light + Fan sub circuits for shall not be of more than 5A rating.
Generally, Single core PVC insulated Stranded Electrolytic Annealed Copper Cables shall be used for wiring by
using the concealed wiring technique or the other two methods mentioned in the wiring section.
1.3.20.2 Design for Electrical Wiring in a Kitchen especially providing 3 pin sockets near Kitchen sink (the
clearance).
The sensitive item in a kitchen is placing 3‐pin 13 A switched shuttered flat pin sockets on wall of the kitchen side
table near the wall. Good distance must be maintained between the kitchen water tap and the socket. The Socket
for the Refrigerator (if any) shall also be a 3‐pin 13 A switched shuttered flat pin socket, and may be placed at the
8‐44 Vol. 3

same level as the other socket. For the ease of operation a 3‐pin 13 A switched shuttered flat pin socket for this
purpose may be placed at the bottom level height of a switch board provided this is acceptable in terms of
aesthetics.
For Kitchens, the Light + Fan sub circuits for shall not be of more than 5A rating.
1.3.20.3 Switches for Toilets and Bath Rooms
Switches for toilet lights and toilet ventilating fans must be placed outside the toilets adjacent to the entrance
door but must not be placed inside the Toilet. The same rule should be followed for Bath Rooms. Using ceiling
mounted chord switch at the entrance path of the door of a toilet is a good idea for small toilets attached to bed
rooms. Ceiling mounted chord switches may be used with a chord suspended from the ceiling near the opening of
the door
1.3.20.4 Design for Electrical Wiring in Office Rooms
The location of a switch board must be near the entrance door of an office room. The location of the light fittings
must be chosen based on the possible locations of work table, furniture. Sufficient number of 3‐pin 13 A switched
shuttered flat pin sockets must be provided in each office room. In this regard special consideration need to be
given on the possible location of computers and other office equipment.
Sufficient conduits and cables must be left for future modification as often rearrangement of tables need to be
made.
Generally, Single core PVC insulated Stranded Electrolytic Annealed Copper Cables shall be used for wiring by
using the concealed wiring technique or the other two methods mentioned in the wiring section.
In case of special requirements, PVC insulated PVC sheathed Stranded Electrolytic Annealed Copper Cables may
be used for wiring through conduits or other methods.
For Offices the sub circuits for shall not be of more than 5A rating.
1.3.21 Temporary Electrical Connection for a Building Construction Site
Temporary connections are needed for a building construction site. A Fuse Distribution board containing incoming
cut out fuse, outgoing cutout fuses plus bus bars or a Distribution boards containing in coming circuit breakers,
outgoing circuit breakers plus bus bars of appropriate rating must be installed for such connections. Such boards
shall be installed in a dry place so that rain water or waters coming from a construction zone cannot reach such
boards.
1.3.22 Temporary Electrical Connection for an outdoor concert
Temporary connections are needed for an outdoor concert stage for special lighting, for various display systems,
for high power audio systems. A Fuse Distribution board containing incoming cut out fuse, outgoing cutout fuses
plus bus bars or a Distribution board containing in coming circuit breakers, outgoing circuit breakers plus bus bars
of appropriate rating must be installed for such connections. Such boards shall be installed in a dry place and shall
be mounted at a safe height above ground so that rain water or waters coming from anywhere cannot reach such
boards. Such boards shall not be installed near flammable materials.
Cables of appropriate types and appropriate ratings must be used for such applications.
Appropriate type of sockets, preferably flat 3‐pin switched shuttered 13A sockets should be used for distribution.
1.3.23 11KV/ 0.4 KV Electrical Substation in a Building
1.3.23.1 General
According to the rule of the distribution companies of Bangladesh, 11KV/ 0.4KV Electrical substations shall be
required for a building if the load requirement of the building exceeds 50KW. In most cases, substations are
required for Multi‐storied residential, Multi‐storied Commercial buildings, Multi‐storied Office building and
Industries.
To determine the rating of the substation required, a load factor of at least 80% shall be applied to the estimated
load of the building. The future expansion requirements should definitely be taken into consideration.
1.3.23.2 Location of an Electrical Substation

Part 8
Building Services
In a multi‐storied building, the substation shall preferably be installed on the lowest floor level, but direct access
from the street for installation or removal of the equipment shall be provided. The floor level of the substation or
switch room shall be above the highest flood level of the locality. Suitable arrangements should exist to prevent
the entrance of storm or flood water into the substation area.
The location of a substation will depend on (i) the feed point of the 11 KV Supply Authority line and (ii) the
location of the LT vertical riser cables.
It is preferable to locate the air‐conditioning plant room (if any) adjacent to the electrical substation in such a way
that the distance from the controlling switchboard of the air‐conditioning plant rooms and corresponding
switches in the electrical substation are kept minimum.
In case of a building complex, or a group of buildings belonging to the same organization, the substation should
preferably be located in a separate building and should be adjacent to the generator room, if any. Location of
substation in the basement floor and on the floors above ground floor level (GFL) preferably be avoided. If Sub‐
Station it to be installed on the basement floor or the floors above ground floor level (GFL) special safety
measures is to be taken by the user or owner. Measures are as follows:
(i) No objection certificate stating the Sub‐Station safe by the Fire Service and Civil Defense
Department.
(ii) Certification of the building consultant stating safe, Proper ventilation, Easy entrance and exit and
safe load bearing capacity of the floors above the ground floor level (GFL).
(iii) Proper undertaking of the Sub‐Station user or owner as the case may be, Stating safety and liability
will be ensured by them.
In case the electric substation has to be located within the main building itself for unavoidable reasons, it
should be located on ground floor or Basement floor or the floors above the ground floor (GFL) with easy
access from outside.
1.3.23.3 Height, Area, Floor Level and other requirements of a Substation Room
a) The minimum height of a substation room should be 3.0m to 3.6m depending upon the size of the
transformer.
b) The minimum area required for substation and transformer room for different capacities are given in
Table 8.1.24.
c) For transformers having large oil content (more than 2000 litres), soak pits are to be provided.
The areas given in Table 8.1.24 hold good if they are provided with windows and independent access doors in
accordance with local regulations.
All the rooms shall have significant ventilation. Special care should be taken to ventilate the transformer rooms
and where necessary louvers at lower level and exhaust fans at higher level shall be provided at suitable locations
in such a way that cross ventilation is maintained. Fans should be provided so that the transformer gets air supply
from the fans.
The floor level of the substation should be high. Arrangement shall be made to prevent storm water entering the
transformer and switch rooms through the soak pits, if floor level of the substation is low.
Sub‐Station of higher voltage may also be considered to the basement floor having proper & safe building design.
Table 8.1.24 Area Required for Transformer and Recommended Minimum Area for Substation of Different Capacities
Capacity of Transformer Total Substation Area (with HT, LT Panels & Transformer Room

Transformer Area but without Generators)
(kVA) (m2) (m2)
1x150 12 45
1x250 13 48
2x250 26 100

1x400 13 48
2x400 30 100
3x400 40 135
8‐46 Vol. 3

2x630 26 100

3x630 40 190
2x1000 40 180
3x1000 45 220
1.3.23.4 11KV / 0.4KV Distribution Transformer for the Substation of a Building
An 11KV / 0.4KV indoor distribution Transformer is a major part of an indoor substation . These Substations may
be installed inside the building itself or may be housed in a separate building adjacent to the building.
For small to moderate power rating up to 2MW two types of indoor transformers have been widely used in recent
years. These are (i) Oil Type Natural Cooled transformer and (ii) Cast Resin Dry Type Natural Cooled transformers.
In most cases Oil Type Natural Cooled transformer may be used for substations if adequate space is available to
accommodate the transformer.
Cast Resin Dry Type Natural Cooled transformers should be used (i) in places where stringent protection against
spread of fire is needed and (ii) in places where space saving is of utmost importance.
1.3.23.4.1 Choice of Oil type or Dry type transformers
Dry type transformer should be installed where risk of spreading of fire is high and where flammable materials are
to be kept around the substation.
For Hospital buildings, Multistoried Shopping Centers Dry type transformers should be used to for minimizing fire
risks.
An Industrial buildings containing inflammable materials, Chemical and having the substation in the same
building Dry type transformers should be used for minimizing fire risks.
1.3.23.5 Type of connection between a Substation Transformer and its LT panel
Connection between a Substation Transformer and its LT panel can be established a) by using NYY underground
LT Cables or b) by using Ceiling Suspended Busbar Trunking. For small size transformers the first method should
be used although there is no restriction in using the second method. However, for big substations the second
method is safer and at the same time gives a neat solution.
1.3.23.6 Ventilation of a Substation
In an Electrical Substation significant amount of forced ventilation is very much needed apart from natural
ventilation. Exhaust Fans (minimum 18” dia) must be provided in sufficient numbers on all sides of the substation
above the lintel level. Grill fitted Windows having window panes must be provided on all sides for natural
ventilation. The windows must have sun sheds to ensure that no rain water can come inside the substation.
If due to space constraint or due to any other difficulties, sufficient number of windows and ventilating fans
cannot be installed, high velocity forced ventilation using ducts must be provided.
1.3.23.7 Layout of a Substation
In general, the Substation HT to LT Transformer shall be placed in one corner of the room so that the HT side
remains away from the passage of the persons.
The HT Metering panel shall be located near the exterior of the substation room near the exit gate and also shall
be convenient for the HT cable entry.
The HT Panel shall be located near the exterior, just after or adjacent to the HT panel.
LT Panel shall remain at a sufficient distance from the Transformer but not too far away from the Transformer. On
the other hand, the location of the LT panel should such that the riser main cable can have their way upward or
outward within very short distance.
In allocating the areas within a substation, it is to be noted that the flow of electric power is from supply company
network to HT room, then to transformer and finally to the low voltage switchgear room. The layout of the rooms
shall be in accordance with this flow.
All the rooms shall have significant ventilation. Special care should be taken to ventilate the transformer rooms
and where necessary louvres at lower level and exhaust fans at higher level shall be provided at suitable locations

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Building Services
in such a way that cross ventilation is maintained. Ceiling fans must be provided so that the transformer gets air
supply from the ceiling fans.
1.3.24 Standby Power Supply
1.3.24.1 Provision for Standby Power Supply
Provision should be made for standby power supply, in buildings, where interruption of electrical power supply
would cause significant discomfort, result in interruption of activities, major production loss, cause hazard to life
and property and cause panic. The Standby Power Supply may be a Petrol Engine or Diesel Engine or Gas Engine
Generator or an IPS or a UPS.
1.3.24.2 Capacity of a Standby Generating Set
The capacity of standby generating set shall be chosen on the basis of essential light load, essential air‐
conditioning load, essential equipment load and essential services load, essential lift (s), one or all water pumps
and other loads required as essential load. Table 8.1.25 shows minimum generator room area requirements for
different sizes of generators.
1.3.24.3 The Generator Room
The generating set should preferably be housed in the substation building or should be placed adjacent to the
substation room to enable transfer of electrical load (Change over) with negligible voltage drop as well as to avoid
transfer of vibration and noise to the main building. The generator room should have significant amount of
ventilation and fitted with a number of ceiling fans. Appropriate type and number of fire fighting equipment must
be installed inside the generator room. The generator engine exhaust should be appropriately taken out of the
building and should preferably be taken out through any other side except South. The generator Oil tank should
be place away from the control panel side. In case of gas engine generator extra precaution must be taken
regarding ventilation, leakage to prevent explosion.
1.3.24.4 Changeover Switch of a Standby Generator
A standby generator, if needed, is to be connected at the supply input point after the Energy meter and after the
Main Incoming Switch or the Main Incoming Circuit Breaker, but through a Changeover Switch of appropriate
rating. The rating of such a switch shall be at least 1.25 times the rating of the Main Incoming Circuit Breaker. The
Changeover Switch shall be of such a type so that when moved to the mains position, there is no chance that the
generator will be connected and vice versa.
The Changeover Switch may be manual type with knife switch type switching or may be automatic type with
magnetic contactors. In both the cases the Changeover Switch shall be properly made so that there is no chance
of loose connection or spark.
The wiring for this purpose shall be made following the standard practices mentioned under the heading of wiring
using cables of appropriate size.
Table 8.1.25 Area Requirements for Standby Generator Room
Capacity Area
(kW) (m2)
1x25 20
1x48 24
1x100 30
1x150 36
1x300 48
1x500 56
1.3.24.5 Installation of an IPS or a UPS
For safety purpose size of a UPS should be kept as small as possible.
For the installation of a 200 – 600 VA IPS a 5A circuit must be made with the light points and fan points of
different rooms to be brought under the control of the IPS. This circuit must have 3A Fuse protection using fuse
8‐48 Vol. 3

cutout box. Wiring and connection has to be made following the wiring rules given in the wiring sections of this
document. Cables of appropriate size must be used for wiring.
For the installation of a 600 – 700 VA IPS a 5A circuit must be made with the light points and fan points of
different rooms to be brought under the control of the IPS. This circuit must have 5A Fuse protection or 5A circuit
breaker protection. Wiring and connection has to be made following the wiring rules given in the wiring sections
of this document. Cables of appropriate size must be used for wiring.
For the installation of a IPS of higher capacity, a BDB with multiple outgoing circuits each not exceeding 5A shall
be used with cutout ‐ fuse protection at both incoming and outgoing sides. Cables of appropriate size must be
used for wiring of each circuit.
Battery maintenance (checking water level, temperature rise and the condition of the terminals) should be done
at least every 15 days. Connection of the Battery terminals should be made properly and checked periodically for
loose connection and deposition of sulphate. Battery of an IPS must be kept in a safe place so that short circuit
between the battery terminals does not occur. Inflammable materials must not be kept in the vicinity of the IPS or
battery.
Safety issue must be taken into consideration in placing an IPS in a room.
Same points apply for the installation of an UPS.
1.3.24.6 Installation of a Solar Photovoltaic System on top of a Building
Building should be provided with solar photovoltaic system. For installation Solar Photovoltaic system necessary
precaution need to be taken. Separate wiring and protection system may also be ensured.
Installation of solar water heaters on the roof tops of the residential and commercial buildings: The buildings or
apartments where hot water will be required and for that purpose installation of geezers or electric kettles should
be considered and use of solar water heaters instead of electric and gas water heaters should be made
mandatory. Flat plate heat collectors or vacuum tube solar water heaters of various capacities are available in the
market. These devices are relatively cheap an environment friendly.
The integral parts of a conventional Solar Photovoltaic System are
a) Solar Photovoltaic Panel(s)
b) Battery Charge Controller
c) Inverter
d) Cables between the Solar Photovoltaic Panel(s) and the Battery Charge Controller
e) Cables between the Battery and the Battery Charge Controller
f) Cables between the Inverter and the Distribution Board (DB/ SDB/BDB)
g) Other cables and accessories.
For the installation of a Solar Photovoltaic System of higher capacity, a DB with multiple outgoing circuits each not
exceeding 5A shall be used with cutout ‐ fuse protection at both incoming and outgoing side. Copper Cables of
appropriate size must be used for wiring of each circuit.
Battery maintenance (checking water level, temperature rise and the condition of the terminals) should be done
at least every 15 days. Connection of the Battery terminals should be made properly and checked periodically for
loose connection and deposition of Sulphate.
Batteries of a Solar Photovoltaic System must be kept in a safe place so that short circuit between the battery
terminals does not occur. Inflammable materials must not be kept in the vicinity of the IPS or battery. In most
cases for roof top Solar Panels, the battery room shall be placed inside a roof top room with adequate natural
ventilation and forced cooling using ceiling fans. Because of the roof top location of the Solar panels, the room
temperature is expected to be higher.
Safety issue must be taken into consideration in placing the batteries of a Solar Photovoltaic System .
For a residential flat system building, one or two circuits for each flat shall come from the DB of the Photo‐Voltaic
Source at roof top to each flat depending on the requirement. Connection to load in each flat will be done
through a changeover switch for each circuit.
For a Commercial/ Office Building, one or two circuits for each office /Office area shall come from the DB of the
Photo‐Voltaic Source at roof top to each flat depending on the requirement. Connection to load in each flat will
be done through a changeover switch for each circuit.

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Building Services
Conduit based riser system must carefully be installed, separately for this system only, during the construction of
the building to bring down the cables from the roof top DB room up to each flat/ office / office area. Special care
must be taken during installation so that rain water can under no circumstances get into the conduit and cable
system.
1.3.24.7 Installation of a Solar Photovoltaic System on the exterior Glass of a Building having Large Glass area
Facade
For semitransparent solar panels mounted on exterior glass of multistoried building similar process and
precautions mentioned above must be followed.
1.3.25 Electrical Distribution System
1.3.25.1 Design, selection and Choice of the type of Connection
a) In the planning and design of an electrical wiring installation, due consideration shall be given to
prevailing conditions. Advice of a knowledgeable and experienced electrical design engineer must be
sought from the initial stage up to the completion of the installation with a view to have an installation
that will prove adequate for its intended purpose, and which will be safe and will be efficient.
b) All electrical apparatus shall be suitable for the voltage and frequency of supply of this country
mentioned earlier.
c) The number and types of connection required e.g., single‐phase two‐wire AC or three‐phase four‐wire
AC shall be assessed, both for the supply source and for the internal circuits needed within the
installation.
d) The following characteristics of the supply shall be ascertained :
i. nominal voltage(s),
ii. current and frequency,
iii. prospective short circuit current at the origin of the installation,
iv. type and rating of the over‐current protective device acting at the origin of the installation,
v. suitability for the requirements of the installation, including the maximum demand,
vi. expected maximum value of the earth loop impedance of that part of the system external to the
installation.
e) In case of connected loads of 50 KW and above, HT 11KV three‐phase supply line with substation must be
installed because of the requirement of the distribution companies although the use of HT supply will
involve higher expenses due to installation of a distribution transformer, HT Metering Panel, HT Panel
and LT Panel at the consumer's premises.
In this respect, the rules of the electrical distribution authorities will be the ultimate deciding factor.
1.3.25.2 Equipment and Accessories
a) High Voltage Switchgear
The selection of the type of high voltage switchgear for any installation should consider the following:
i. voltage of the supply system,
ii. the prospective short circuit current at the point of supply,
iii. the size and layout of electrical installation,
iv. the substation room available, and
v. the types machineries of the industry (if applicable).
b) Guidelines on Various Types of Switchgear Installation
i. Banks of switchgears shall be segregated from each other by means of fire resistant barriers in
order to prevent the risk of damage by fire or explosion arising from switch failure. Where a bus‐
section switch is installed, it shall also be segregated from adjoining banks in the same way.
ii. In the case of duplicate or ring main supply, switches with interlocking arrangement shall be
provided to prevent simultaneous switching of two different supply sources.
c) Low Voltage Switchgear
8‐50 Vol. 3

i. Switchgear and fusegear must have adequate breaking capacity in relation to the capacity of the
transformers.
ii. Isolation and protection of outgoing circuits forming the main distribution system may be
effected by means of circuit breakers, or fuses or switch fuse units mounted on the main
switchboard. The choice between alternative types of equipment will take the following points
into consideration:
iii. In certain installations supplied with electric power from remote transformer substations, it may
be necessary to protect main circuits with circuit breakers operated by earth leakage trips, in
order to ensure effective earth fault protection.
iv. Where large electric motors, furnaces or other heavy electrical equipment are installed, the main
circuits shall be protected by metal clad circuit breakers or conductors fitted with suitable
instantaneous and time delay overcurrent devices together with earth leakage and backup
protection where necessary.
v. In installations other than those mentioned above or where overloading of circuits may be
considered unlikely, HRC type fuses will normally afford adequate protection for main circuits
separately as required; the fuses shall be mounted in switch fuse units or with switches forming
part of the main switch boards.
vi. Where it is necessary to provide suitable connection for power factor improvement capacitors at
the substation bus, suitable capacitors shall be selected in consultation with the capacitor and
switchgear manufacturer and necessary switchgear/feeder circuit breaker shall be provided for
controlling the capacitor bank(s).
1.3.26 Transformers
a) Where two or more transformers are to be installed in a substation to supply an LT distribution system,
the distribution system shall be divided into separate sections each of which shall normally be fed from
one transformer only unless the LT switchgear has the requisite short circuit capacity.
b) Provision may, however, be made to interconnect Busbar sections through bus couplers to cater for the
failure or disconnection of one transformer which need to be executed with much care using locking
system.
c) The transformers, which at any time operate in parallel, shall be so selected as to share the load in
proportion to their respective ratings. Appropriate protection must be provided and appropriate
arrangements need to be made.
d) When a step‐up transformer is used, a linked switch shall be provided for disconnecting the transformer
from all poles of the supply, including the neutral conductor.
1.3.27 Precautions regarding Rotating Machines
a) All equipment including cables, of every circuit carrying the starting, accelerating and load currents of
motors, shall be suitable for a current at least equal to the full load current rating of the motor. When the
motor is intended for intermittent duty and frequent stopping and starting, account shall be taken of any
cumulative effects of the starting periods upon the temperature rise of the equipment of the circuit.
b) The rating of circuits supplying the rotors of slip ring or commutator of a motor or an induction motor
shall be suitable for both the starting and loaded conditions.
c) Every electric motor having a rating exceeding 0.376 kW shall be provided with control equipment
incorporating means of protection against overcurrent.
d) Every motor shall be provided with means to prevent automatic restarting after a stoppage due to drop
in voltage or failure. This requirement does not apply to any special cases where the failure of the motor
to start after a brief interruption of the supply would be likely to cause greater danger. It also does not
preclude arrangements for starting a motor at intervals by an automatic control device, where other
adequate precautions are taken against danger from unexpected restarting.

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Building Services
1.3.28 LT Energy Meters
LT Energy meters shall be installed in residential buildings at such a place which is readily accessible to the owner
of the building and the Authority. Installation of Digital Energy Meters at the users’ premises is a requirement of
the distribution Companies.
LT Energy meters should be installed at a height where it is convenient to note the meter reading but should not
be installed at a level less than 1.5 meter above the ground.
The energy meters should either be provided with a protective covering, enclosing it completely except the glass
window through which the readings are noted, or shall be mounted inside a completely enclosed panel provided
with hinged or sliding doors with arrangement for locking. Earthing terminal must be provided if a metal box is
used. Such an earthing terminal must be connected to the ECC.
1.3.29 Laying of LT underground Cables
PVC‐PVC NYY underground LT cables shall be laid using one of the three methods.
In the first method, brick wall prepared 915mm deep trenches with cover plates shall be used for placing the
cables at the bottom of the trench.
In the second method, 915mm deep trenches prepared by ground excavation (underground direct burial method)
shall be used for placing the cables on top of a 75mm sand layer. . In this second method (underground direct
burial method), two layers of brick on top, marking tape and then back filling the trench will have to be done. The
depth of the trench in general shall be 915mm.
In the third method, pre‐laid PVC pipes having sufficient clearance compared to the cable size (s) may be required
at places. The PVC pipes must be laid in trenches of the 915mm depth. For pre‐laid PVC pipe ducts, Brick wall
made underground inspection pits will be required at an interval of at least 9.15 meter for cable pulling and
future extensions or alterations.
1.3.30 Laying of HT underground Cables
The HT underground armoured cables shall be laid using one of the three methods.
In the first method (i) brick wall prepared 915mm deep trenches with cover plates shall be used for placing the
cables at the bottom of the trench.
In the second method, 915mm deep trenches prepared by ground excavation (underground direct burial method)
shall be used for placing the cables on top of a 75mm sand layer. . In this second method (underground direct
burial method), two layers of brick on top, marking tape and then back filling the trench will have to be done. The
depth of the trench in general shall be 915mm.
In the third method, pre‐laid PVC pipes having sufficient clearance compared to the cable size (s) may be required
at places. The PVC pipes must be laid in trenches of the 915mm depth.
For pre‐laid PVC pipe ducts, Brick wall made underground inspection pits will be required at an interval of at least
9.15 meter for cable pulling and future extensions or alterations.
PVC pipe having sufficient clearance may be used for bringing the cable up to the trench of the Metering Panel or
HT panel.
The PVC pipes must have 18 SWG GI pull wires placed during laying of the pipes for pulling the cables later.
Different ways of installation of cables
Methods of installation of cables and conductors in common use are specified in Table 8.1.26.
Table 8.1.26 Different ways of Installation of Cables and Conductors in Common Use
Type Description Example

A Cables enclosed in conduit

Single‐core Multi‐core
8‐52 Vol. 3


B Cables enclosed in trunking
Single-core Multi-core
C Cables enclosed in underground
conduit, ducts, and cable ducting.
D Two or more single‐core cables
contained in separate bores of a multi‐
core conduit and intended to be solidly
embedded in concrete or plaster or
generally incorporated in the building

structure.
E Sheathed cables clipped direct to a
nonmetallic surface.
Multi-core
Single-core
F Sheathed cables on a cable tray.
G Sheathed cables embedded direct in
plaster.
H Sheathed cables suspended from or
incorporating a catenary wire.
Multi-core

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J Sheathed cables in free air.
Vertical surface of a wall
or open cable trench
20 mm min. 20 mm min.
For cables in which the conductor cross‐sectional area does not exceed
185 mm2, S is equal to twice the overall diameter of the cable. For
cables in which the conductor cross‐sectional area exceeds 185 m2, S is
about 90 mm. For two cables in horizontal formation on brackets fixed
to a wall, S may have any lesser value.
K Single and multi‐core cables in Two single‐core cables with
enclosed trench 450 mm wide by 600 surfaces separated by a distance
mm deep (minimum dimensions) equal to one diameter; three
including 100 mm cover. single‐core cables in trefoil and
touching throughout. Multi‐core
cables or groups of single‐core
cables separated by a minimum
distance of 50 mm.

L Single and multi‐core cables in Single‐core cables arranged in flat
enclosed trench 450 mm wide by 600 groups of two or three on the
mm deep (minimum dimensions) vertical trench wall with surfaces
including 100 mm cover. separated by a distance equal to
one diameter with a minimum
separation of 50 mm between
groups. Multi‐core cables
installed singly separated by a
minimum* distance of 75 mm. All
cables spaced at least 25 mm from
the trench wall.
8‐54 Vol. 3


M Single and multi‐core cables in Single‐core cables arranged in
enclosed trench 600 mm wide by 760 groups of two or three in flat
mm deep (minimum dimensions) formation with the surfaces
including 100 mm cover. separated by a distance equal to
one diameter or in trefoil

formation with cables touching.
Groups separated by a
minimum* distance of 50 mm

either horizontally or vertically.
Multi‐core cables installed singly
separated by a minimum*

distance of 75 mm either
horizontally or vertically. All cables
spaced at least 25 mm from the

trench wall.

* Larger spacing to be used where practicable.
1.3.31 Main Switch and Switchboards
1.3.31.1 Metal Clad Enclosed Type
All main switches shall be either metal clad enclosed type or of any other insulated enclosed type and the circuit
breakers shall be fixed at close proximity.
1.3.31.2 Circuit Breakers on Each Live Conductor
There shall be circuit breakers or miniature circuit breakers or load break switch fuses on each live conductor of
the supply mains at the point of entry. The wiring throughout the installation shall be such that there is no break
in the neutral wire in the form of a switch or fuse unit or otherwise.
1.3.31.3 Location
a) The location of the main board shall be such that it is easily accessible for firemen and other personnel to
quickly disconnect the supply in case of emergencies.
b) Main switchboards shall be installed in boxes or cupboards so as to safeguard against operation by
unauthorized personnel.
c) Open type switchboards shall be placed only in dry locations and in ventilated rooms and they shall not
be placed in the vicinity of storage batteries or exposed to chemical fumes.
d) In damp situation or where inflammable or explosive dust, vapour or gas is likely to be present, the
switchboard shall be totally enclosed or made flame proof as may be necessitated by the particular
circumstances.
e) Switchboards shall not be erected above gas stoves or sinks, or within 2.5 m of any washing unit in the
washing rooms or laundries.
f) In case of switchboards being unavoidable in places likely to be exposed to weather, to drip, or in
abnormally moist atmosphere, the outer casing shall be weather proof and shall be provided with glands
or bushings or adapted to receive screwed conduit.
g) Adequate illumination shall be provided for all working spaces about the switchboards, when installed
indoors.
1.3.32 Mounting of Metal clad switchgear
A Metal clad switchgear shall be mounted on hinged type metal boards or fixed type metal boards.

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Building Services
a) Hinged type metal boards shall consist of a box made of sheet metal not less than 2 mm thick and shall
be provided with a hinged cover to enable the board to swing open for examination of the wiring at the
back. The joints shall be welded. The board shall be securely fixed to the wall by means of rag bolt plugs,
or wooden plugs and shall be provided with locking arrangement and an earthing stud. All wires passing
through the metal board shall be protected by a rubber or wooden bush at the entry hole. The earth stud
should be commensurate with the size of the earth lead(s).
b) Fixed type metal boards shall consist of an angle or channel steel frame fixed on the wall at the top, if
necessary.
c) There shall be a clearance of one meter at the front of the switchboards.
1.3.33 Wooden Boards as main boards or subboards containing fused cutouts and main
switches
Use of Wooden Board is discouraged because of the fear of break out of fire from a spark or from an overheated
cable.
However, for small installations, not exceeding 15A SP, connected to a single‐phase 230 volts supply, wooden
boards may be used as main boards or sub‐boards containing fused cutouts and main switches of appropriate
ratings may be used.
Such a board shall be made using seasoned teak or other approved quality timber.
1.3.34 Location of Distribution Boards
The distribution fuse boards shall be located as near as possible to the centre of the load they are intended to
control.
a) They shall be fixed on suitable stanchion or wall and shall be accessible for replacement of fuses, and
shall not be more than 2 m from floor level.
b) They shall be either metal clad type, or all insulated type. But if exposed to weather or damp situations,
they shall be of the weather proof type and if installed where exposed to explosive dust, vapour or gas,
they shall be of flame proof type. In corrosive atmospheres, they shall be treated with anticorrosive
preservative or covered with suitable plastic compounds.
c) Where two or more distribution fuse boards feeding low voltage circuits are fed from a supply of medium
voltage, these distribution boards shall be :
i. fixed not less than 2 m apart, or
ii. arranged so that it is not possible to open two at a time, namely, they are interlocked, and the
metal case is marked "Danger 415 Volts" and identified with proper phase marking and danger
marks, or
iii. installed in rooms or enclosures accessible to authorized persons only.
d) All distribution boards shall be marked "Lighting" or "Power", as the case may be, and also be marked
with the voltage and number of phases of the supply. Each shall be provided with a circuit list giving
diagram of each circuit which it controls and the current rating for the circuit and size of fuse element.
1.3.35 Overcurrent and Short Circuit Protection of Circuits
1.3.35.1 Appropriate protection shall be provided at the distribution boards for all circuits and sub‐circuits
against short circuit and over‐current. The installed protective devices shall be capable of interrupting
any short circuit current that may occur, without causing any danger. The ratings and settings of fuses
and the protective devices shall be coordinated so as to obtain absolute certain discrimination of the
faulty area only during a fault.
1.3.35.2 Where circuit breakers are used for protection of main circuit and the sub‐circuits, discrimination in
operation shall be achieved by adjusting the protective devices of the sub‐main circuit breakers to
operate at lower current settings and shorter time‐lag than the main circuit breaker.
1.3.35.3 A fuse carrier shall not be fitted with a fuse element larger than that for which the carrier is designed.
8‐56 Vol. 3

1.3.35.4 The current rating of fuses shall not exceed the current rating of the smallest cable in the circuit
protected by the fuse.
1.3.36 Fire alarm and emergency lighting circuits
Fire alarm and emergency lighting circuits shall be segregated from all other cables and from each other in
accordance with BS 5839 and BS 5266. Telecommunication circuits shall be segregated in accordance with BS
6701 as appropriate.
1.3.37 Earthing
1.3.37.1 General
The object of an earthing system is to provide a system of conductors, as nearly as possible at a uniform and zero,
or earth, potential. The purpose of this is to ensure that, in general, all parts of equipment and installation other
than live parts shall be at earth potential, thus ensuring that persons coming in contact with these parts shall
also be at earth potential at all times.
1.3.37.2 Earthing used in Electrical Installation for Buildings
The usual method of earthing is to join the exposed metal work to earth via a system of Earth Continuity
Conductors (ECC) connected to an Earth Electrode buried in the ground through a system of Earth Lead Wires. In
conjunction with a fuse, or other similar device, this then forms a protective system.
Thus, if a live conductor accidentally comes into contact with an exposed metal, the fuse or protective device
operates. As long as the overall resistance of the protective system is low, a large fault current flows which blows
the fuse. This cuts off the supply and isolates the faulty circuit, preventing risk of shock, fire, or damage to
equipment/installation.
In Electrical Installation for Buildinngs, following types of earthing are required to be installed.
L.T. Circuit / System Earthing,
Equipment Earthing (LT side),
Substation Neutral Earthing,
Substation LT System Earthing,
H.T. Circuit earthing for a Subtation
1.3.37.2.1 The purpose of L.T. Circuit / System Earthing is to limit excessive voltage from line surges, from
cross‐overs with higher voltage lines, or from lightning, and to keep noncurrent carrying
enclosures and equipment at zero potential with respect to earth.
Earthing the system helps facilitate the opening of overcurrent protection devices in case of earth
faults. Earthing associated with current carrying conductors is normally essential for the
protection and safety of the system and is generally known as circuit/ system earthing, while
earthing of non‐current carrying metal work and conductor is essential for the safety of human
life, animals, and property and it is generally known as equipment earthing.

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1.3.37.2.2 The earthing arrangements shall be such that :
The value of resistance from the consumer's main earthing terminal to the earthed point of the
supply, or to earth, is in accordance with the protective and functional requirements of the
installation, and expected to be continuously effective,
1.3.37.2.3 Tarth fault currents and earth leakage currents likely to occur are carried without danger,
particularly from the point of view of thermal, thermomechanical and electromechanical
stresses.
1.3.37.2.4 Where a number of installations have separate earthing arrangements, protective conductors
running between any two of the separate installations shall either be capable of carrying the
maximum fault current likely to flow through them, or be earthed within one installation only
and insulated from the earthing arrangements of any other installation.
1.3.37.3 Integral parts of an Earthing System
The integral parts of an Earthing System are:
a) Earth Electrode(s) buried under the ground
b) Earth Lead Cables/ Wires connecting the Earth Electrode(s) with the Earthing Busbar System. Earth Lead
Cables/ Wires are also need to interconnect the Earth Electrodes when there are more than one Earth
Electrode.
c) Earth Continuity Conductors (ECC) for linking Earthing Busbar at the Substation LT panel or main
distribution DB of a building.
d) Earth Electrode Clamp.
Connections of (i) Earth Continuity Conductors (ECC), (ii) Earth Lead Cables/ Wires and (iii) Earth Electrode(s) must
be made in appropriate and long lasting manner because poor connection or loss of connection will render the
earthing system ineffective.
1.3.37.3.1 Earth Continuity Conductors (ECC)
ECC runs along the circuits / sub‐circuits, socket circuits, interlinking circuits between a BDB and a SDB, between a
SDB and a DB, between a DB and a FDB, between a FDB and a MDB, between a MDB and the LT Panel Earthing
Busbar of the Substation. At each point an ECC shall be terminated in a copper earthing busbar. In metal switch
boards back boaxes and in metal socket back boxes appropriate copper or brass bolt nut termination shall be
provided.
ECC of an earthing system joins or bonds together all the metal parts of an installation.
PVC insulated wiring copper cables of appropriate size having Green+Yellow bi‐colour insulation shall be used as
ECC.
The minimum size of the ECC shall be 4.0mm2 PVC insulated wiring copper cables of appropriate size having
Green+Yellow bi‐colour insulation.
1.3.37.3.2 Earth Lead Cable/ Wire
Earth Lead Cable/ Wire runs between an Earth Electrode and the Earthing Busbar of the MDB /DB or between an
Earth Electrode and the LT Panel Earthing Busbar of the Substation.
Often more than one Earth Electrodes are needed. In such a case duplicate Earth Lead Cables/ Wires from each
Earth Electrode must be brought to the MDB /DB or to the LT Panel Earthing Busbar of the Substation and
properly terminated. In addition, in the case of multiple Earth Electrodes, the Earth Electrodes must be interlinked
by additional Earth Lead Cables/ Wires.
PVC insulated wiring copper cables of appropriate size having Green+Yellow bi‐colour insulation shall be used as
Earth Lead Wire. At both ends of the Earth Lead Cable/ Wire, copper cable lugs must be fitted using crimp tools or
hydraulic press.
The minimum size of the Earth Lead Wire shall be 2 numbers of 1.5mm2 PVC insulated wiring copper cables of
appropriate size having Green+Yellow bi‐colour insulation.
The ends of the earth lead wires shall be terminated using crimp tool fitted cable lugs for fitting on the bus bar or
with the Earth Electrode Clamp.
8‐58 Vol. 3

a) An Earth Lead Cable/ Wire establishes connection between the main Earthing Bus Bar and the earth
electrode(s). The Earth Lead Wire shall be brought to one or more connecting points (Earthing Bus),
according to size of installation; the copper wire earthing leads shall run from there to the electrodes.
Usually more than one Earth Lead Wires are needed for one Earth Electrode to make sure that this link
never fails.
b) Earth Lead Cable/ Wires shall one of the following types:
i. PVC insulated cable
ii. stranded copper cables without insulation
iii. copper strips (copper bars)
iv. PVC insulated cable is preferable in most cases.
v. Earth Lead Wires shall run through PVC pipe from the Earth Electrode up to the Earthing Busbar
of the MDB/ DB or LT Panel.
c) Earth Lead Cables/ Wires shall run, at least, 2 in parallel (at least) down to the earth electrode so as to
increase the safety factor of the installation. The two cables shall be terminated in two seperate cable
lugs and bolts at both ends. Copper wire used as earthing lead must not be smaller than single core
stranded 2x4mm2 PVC insulated cables (i.e. 2 nos. of single core 4mm2 PVC insulated cables in parallel).
Depending on the current capacity of the Main incoming line the size will have to be raised.
Earth Lead Cables/ Wires shall be pulled from the Earth electrode up to the terminating Earthing Busbar through
PVC conduits or GI pipes of appropriate dimension.
Table 8.1.27 Minimum Cross‐sectional Area of Copper ECCs in Relation to the Area of Associated Phase Conductors
Cross‐sectional Area of Phase Minimum Cross‐sectional Area of the
Conductor(s) Corresponding Earth Conductor
(mm2) (mm2)
Less than 16 Same as cross‐sectional area of phase conductor
but not less than 4mm2

16mm2
16 or greater but less than 35
Half the cross‐sectional area of phase conductor
35 or greater
1.3.37.3.3 Earth Electrodes and their installation
The Earth Electrode shall, as far as practicable, penetrate into moist soil (which will remain moist even during the
dry season) preferably below ground water table. The resistance of an Earthing system after measured after the
installation of Earth electrodes (individually or combined as a single group) shall be around one ohm.
Following types of earth electrodes are to be used for Earthing of Electrical Installations of a Building
Copper Rods,
Copper Plates,
Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes.
Earth Electrodes and their sizes shall be as follows :
A Copper Rod Earth Electrode shall have a minimum diameter of 12.5 mm of minimum length of 3.33m. Multiple
Copper Rod Earth Electrodes may have to be installed to achieve an acceptable value of earthing resistance of
around 1 ohm.
A Copper Plate Earth electrode shall be 600 mm x 600 mmx 6 mm minimum. The copper plate shall be buried at
least 2 m below the ground level. Multiple Copper plate earth electrodes may have to be installed to achieve an
acceptable value of earthing resistance of around 1 ohm.
GI pipes for GI Pipe Earthing shall have a minimum diameter of 38 mm and of minimum length of 6.5m. Multiple
GI pipes Earth Electrode may have to be installed to achieve an acceptable value of earthing resistance of around
1 ohm.
Details of typical Copper Rod Earthing, Copper Plate Earthing, GI Pipe Earthing system are shown in Fig 1.1 and
1.2.

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Building Services
For installing a Copper Rod Earth Electrode, a 38mm GI pipe shall be driven below ground up to a depth of 4m and
shall be withdrawn. The 12.5 mm dia Copper Rod Earth Electrode shall then be easily driven into that hole up to a
depth of 3m and 0.33 meter shall be left for placing inside the earthing pit described below.
For installing a 600 mm x 600 mmx 6 mm Copper plate 2 m below the ground level earth excavation will have to
be done. The earth lead wire shall come via an earthing pit.
Considering the practical situation in this country and GI Pipe Earth Electrodes driven by tube well sinking method
are suggested. For this purpose 38 mm dia GI pipes are recommended for domestic buildings. For large plinth
area buildings and multi‐storied buildings 50 mm dia GI pipes are recommended.
The length of GI pipe to be driven below the ground level depends on the earthing resistance which in turn
depends on the availability of water table during the dry season in this country. However, except the high land
and mountains, this depth varies between 12.19 meter to 24.38 meter.
Multiple number of GI Pipe Earth Electrodes need to be used and connected in parallel in order to lower the
earthing resistance measured with an earth resistance measuring meter.
Fig 8.2.1 and 8.2.2

Fig. 8.2.1 Plate Earthing
8‐60 Vol. 3

Fig. 8.2.2 Pipe Earthing

1.3.37.3.4 Brass Clamps / Terminals on Earth Electrodes (Earth Electrode Clamp)
A Brass Clamp must be fitted on top of a GI Pipe Earth Electrode to terminate the Earth lead wire and to maintain
electrical contact with the earth electrode. This is needed to establish long lasting and firm connection between
the Earth Electrode and Earth Lead Wire, which in turn means connection between the Earth Electrode and
Earthing Busbar of an LT Panel or MDB/ DB. This is extremely important part for an Earthing System which needs
craftsmanship and extra care. The Brass clamp shall be made using at least 9.5mm thick and at least 50 mm wide

Part 8
Building Services
Brass plate bent and shaped properly to fit tightly around the GI pipe earth electrode and shall have sufficient
length (at least 35mm) on both sides for fixing bolts and cable lugs. This clamp shall have two hexagonal head 9.5
mm bolts on one side and two hexagonal head 9.5mm bolts on the other side. Sufficient space should be available
for fixing the cable lugs of the Earth Lead Wires. After fitting the lugs of the Earth Lead Cables the Brass clamp and
the GI pipe head should be coated with two coats of synthetic enamel paint on top of one undercoat paint layer.
1.3.37.3.5 Earthing Busbars
A Copper Earthing Busbar must be provided inside the LT Panel or MDB/ DB of a building. The Earth Lead Wire
coming from the Earth Electrode (s) shall be terminated on this bus bar using cable lugs (cable lugs must be fitted
using crimp tools or hydraulic press) and brass bolts and nuts.
Copper Earthing Busbar must also be provided inside the DBs, FDBs, SDBs andBDBs. Hexagonal Head brass screw,
nuts and washers are needed for fixing the ECC and Earth Lead cables with this busbar
1.3.37.3.6 Earthing Pit
An Earthing Pit must be constructed around the top of the Earth Electrode, below the ground level using 254mm
brick walls on a CC floor with a 152mm thick RCC slab cover on top having lifting hooks. The top of the Earth
electrode (in case of pipe earthing) shall remain 380mm above the top of the bottom CC floor of the pit. The
minimum inside dimension of the Earthing Pit shall be 610mm X 610mm X 610mm. The outside as well as the
inside of the walls of the pit and the floor of the pit shall be cement mortar plastered. The inside shall be net
cement finished. The top of the RCC slab pit cover shall remain 38mm above the ground level. The pit shall be
made in such a way that water cannot get in to the pit. One Earthing Pit is needed for one Earth Electrode.
1.3.38 Lightning Protection of Buildings
1.3.38.1 General
Whether a building needs protection against lightning depends on the probability of a stroke and acceptable risk
levels. Assessment of the risk and of the magnitude of the consequences need to be made. As an aid to making a
judgement, a set of indices is given in Table 8.1.28 below for the various factors involved.
1.3.38.1.1 Importance of Structure
The lightning hazard to human beings within a structure or a building is a very important factor in deciding how
far to go in providing lightning protection. Schools, hospitals, auditoriums, railway stations, etc., are places where
a large number of people congregate and, therefore, would in general be structures of greater importance than
small buildings and houses.
1.3.38.1.2 Type of Construction
The type of construction of the structure has a large influence upon the extent of protection to be provided. A
steel framed building to some extent is self‐protecting and may not generally require additional protection, while
brick buildings or buildings with thatched roof require greater degree of protection.
1.3.38.1.3 Fire and Loss due to Lightning
In addition to direct loss due to destruction of buildings by lightning, fire resulting from lightning, killing of
livestock, etc. there may be indirect losses which sometimes accompany the destruction of buildings and their
contents. An interruption to business or to farming operations, specially, at certain times of the year, may involve
losses quite distinct from, and in addition to, the losses arising from the direct destruction of property. There are
also cases where whole community depends for safety and comfort in some respect on the integrity of a single
structure, as for instance on the brick chimney of a water pumping plant. A lightning strike to it may have a
serious consequence due to disruption of sanitary facilities, drinking water, water for irrigation, fire protection,
etc. The contents of buildings should also be considered as to whether they are replaceable, explosive,
combustible, flammable vapour or explosive dust. These may present a hazard in a building that is otherwise
immune to lightning. Protection measures are extremely necessary for houses where items like hay or cotton are
stored.
1.3.38.1.4 Degree of Isolation
The relative exposure of a particular building will be an element in determining whether the expense of lightning
protection is warranted. In closely built‐up towns and cities, the hazard is not as great as in the open country.
8‐62 Vol. 3

Table 8.1.28 Index Figures Associated with Lightning Protection Design
Index A: Use of Structure Index
Houses and similar buildings 2
Houses and similar buildings with outside aerial 4
Small and medium size factories, workshops and laboratories 6
Big industrial plants, telephone exchanges, office blocks, hotels, 7

blocks of flats
Places of assembly, for example, places of workshop, halls, 8
theatres, museums, exhibitions, department stores, post offices,
stations, airports, stadiums
Schools, hospitals, children's homes and other such structures 10
Index B: Type of Construction
Steel framed encased with nonmetal roofa 1
Reinforced concrete with nonmetal roof 2
Brick, plain concrete, or masonry with nonmetal roof 4
Steel framed encased or reinforced concrete with metal roof 5
Timber formed or clad with any roof other than metal or thatch 7
Any building with a thatched roof 10
aA structure of exposed metal which is continuous down to
ground level is excluded from the table as it requires no lightning
protection beyond adequate earthing arrangements.
Index C: Contents or Consequential Effects
Ordinary domestic or office building, factories and workshops not 2
containing valuable materials
Industrial and agricultural buildings with specially susceptibleb 5

contents
Power stations, gas works, telephone exchanges, radio stations 6
Industrial key plants, ancient monuments, historic buildings, 8

museums, art galleries
Schools, hospitals, children's and other homes, places of assembly 10
b This means specially valuable plant or materials vulnerable to

fire or the results of fire.
Index D: Degree of Isolation
Structure located in a large area having structures or trees of 2
similar or greater height, e.g. a large town or forest
Structure located in an area with a few other structures or trees 5
of similar height
Structure completely isolated or exceeding at least twice the 10
height of surrounding structures or trees

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Building Services
Index E: Type of Terrain
Flat terrain at any level 2
Hilly terrain 6
Mountainous terrain 300 m and above 8
Index F: Height of Structure
Up to 9 m 2
9‐15 m 4
15‐18 m 5
18‐24 m 8
24‐30 m 11
30‐38 m 16
38‐46 m 22
46‐53 mc 30
c Structures higher than 53 m require protection in all cases
Index G: Lightning Prevalence
Number of thunderstorm days per year :
Up to 3 2
4‐6 5
7‐9 8
10‐12 11
13‐15 14
16‐18 17
19‐21 20
Over 21 21
1.3.38.1.5 Type of Terrain
In hilly or mountainous areas, buildings are more susceptible to damage due to lightning than buildings in the
plains or flat terrain. In hilly areas, a building upon high ground is usually subject to greater hazard than one in a
valley or otherwise sheltered area.
1.3.38.1.6 Height of Structure
Height of the structure is an important factor for the purpose of lightning protection. Taller structures are subject
to greater hazards than smaller structures and, therefore, lightning protection is more desirable for tall structures.
1.3.38.1.7 Lightning Prevalence
The number of thunderstorm days in a year varies in different parts of a country. However, the severity of
lightning storms, as distinguished from their frequency of occurrence, is usually much greater in some locations
8‐64 Vol. 3

than others. Hence, the need for protection varies from place to place, although not necessarily in direct
proportion to the thunderstorm frequency.
1.3.38.2 Risk Assessment
"Risk Index" is the sum of the indices for all the factors, as given in Table 8.1.28. A few examples of calculation of
Risk Index are given in Table 8.1.29, based on a marginal Risk Index of 40.
1.3.38.3 Integral parts of a Lightning Protection System
A smallest complete lightning protection system shall consist of (i) an Air Spike or Air Terminal, (ii) a Down
Conductor, (iii) a Roof Conductor and (iv) an Earth Electrode. An Air Spike or Air Terminal is that part which is
intended to intercept lightning discharges. It consists of a vertical thick conductor of round cross section mounted
on the highest part of the building to protect the required area. However, in general there may be more than one
Air Spike or Air Terminal. In such a case roof conductors (made with copper strips or PVC insulated Annealed
Stranded copper cables) need to be used to interconnect the Air Spikes or Air Terminals. Usually, for each Air
Spike or Air Terminal there shall be one down conductor (made with copper strips or PVC insulated Annealed
Stranded copper cables) going down up to the Earth Electrode pit and connected to the Earth Electrode. In all
junctions, appropriate type of copper or brass junction plates or brass clamps must be used to ensure low
resistance, firm and long lasting connection.
(i) Air Spike/ Air Terminal
An Air Spike or Air Terminal shall be made with copper rod of minimum 12mm diameter with tin coating on top.
The terminal shall have a copper / brass base plate for mounting on top of roof, column, parapet wall using rowel
bolts. The minimum dimension of such a base plate shall be 152mm x 152mm x 13mm. The length and width may
need to be increased depending on the number of connection of the down conductors and the roof conductors.
Such connections are to be made using hexagonal head brass bolts and nuts of 10mm diameter with brass
washers.
(ii) Down Conductor
A Down Conductor shall be made with copper strip or Stranded PVC insulated annealed copper cable.
(iii) Roof Conductor
A Roof Conductor shall be made with copper strip or Stranded PVC insulated annealed copper cable. This shall run
along the periphery of the roof to link all air spikes and all down conductors installed on top of a building. The
joints shall be made using clamps made of copper strips (of 1/8 inch minimum thickness) and appropriate brass
bolts and washers of 3/8 inch minimum diameter.
(iv) Earth Electrode
The Earth Electrode is exactly of the same type as the Earth Electrode of the Electrical Distribution (Electrical
Installation for Buildings) system described earlier in this document. Considering the practical situation in this
country and Pipe Earth Electrodes are suggested. For each Air spike one Earth Electrode is an ideal solution.
(iv ) Earth Inspection Boxes
A 18 SWG GI sheet made Earth Inspection Box must be provided for each down conductor 1000mm above the
plinth level of the building (concealed inside the wall) which will contain a copper strip made clamp on the
insulation peeled down conductor to check the continuity of the Earth Lead Down Conductor and the Earth
Electrode and also to measure the Earth Resistance of the system. The box shall have a GI sheet made cover plate.
(v) Earthing Pit
Earthing Pits shall be provided as described in the Earthing topic above.
1.3.38.3.1 Number of Lightning Arrestors Required and their Installation
Number of Lightning Protection Air Spikes in a building will depend on the nature of the roof top, on the total area
of the roof top, on the height of the building, height of the adject buildings, height of the nearby towers or other
similar structures. However, as a thumb rule, for every 80 m2 area at least one air spike should be chosen at the
beginning. During placement of the air spikes the total number may have to be increased or adjusted.
1.3.38.3.2 Protection Zone
The zone of protection is the space within which an air spike provides protection by attracting the stroke to
itself. It has been found that a single vertical conductor attracts to itself strokes of average or above average
intensity which in the absence of the conductor would have struck the ground within a circle having its centre at

Part 8
Building Services
the conductor and a radius equal to twice the height of the conductor. For weaker than average discharges the
protected area becomes smaller. For practical design it is therefore assumed that statistically satisfactory
protection can be given to a zone consisting of a cone with its apex at the top of the vertical conductor and a base
radius equal to the height of the conductor. This is illustrated in Fig 8.2.3.

Fig. 8.2.3 Protected Zone for Vertical Conductors

Fig. 8.2.4 Protected Zone for Horizontal Conductors
8‐66 Vol. 3

1.3.38.3.3 A horizontal conductor can be regarded as a series of apexes coalesced into a line, and the zone
of protection thus becomes a tent‐like space (Fig 8.2.4).
Table 8.1.29 Example of Calculation of Risk Index
Total Recommen‐
Example A B C D E F G Index dations
Figure
Small residential building in No protection
a thickly populated locality needed, in
2 4 2 2 2 2 21 35
(height less than 10 m) general

Office building in a locality As the figure is

(height 20 m) around 40, need
7 2 2 2 2 5 21 41
of protection will
depend upon the
importance of
the building

Hotel building (height 31m) Protection

exceeding twice the height essential
7 2 2 10 2 16 21 60
of surrounding structures

Building of historical Protection

importance completely essential
8 4 8 10 2 30 21 83
isolated (height exceeding
55 m)

Structure of high historical Protection

importance (height essential as the
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
exceeding 55 m) height exceeds
53 m

Structure, such as hydro‐ Protected by

electric power stations, surroundings
7 2 6 2 6 4 21 48
sufficiently protected by
means of surrounding
structures, for example,
high vertical cliffs, high
metallic structures or earth
wire of transmission system
(height 15 m)

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Building Services
1.3.38.3.4 When there are several parallel horizontal conductors the area between them has been found by
experience to be better protected than one would expect from the above considerations only. The
recommended design criterion is that no part of the roof should be more than 9 m from the
nearest horizontal conductor except that an additional 0.3 m may be added for each 0.3 m or part
thereof by which the part to be protected is below the nearest conductor.
1.3.38.3.5 The earth termination is that part which discharges the current into the general mass of the
earth. In other words, it is one or more earth electrodes. Earth electrodes for lightning
protection are no different from earth electrodes for short circuit protection systems. The total
resistance of an electrode for a lightning protection system must not exceed 2 ohms.
1.3.38.3.6 The down conductor is the conductor which runs from the air termination to the earth
termination. A building with a base area not exceeding 100 m2 shall be provided with one down
conductor. For a larger building, there shall be one down conductor for the first 80 m2 plus a
further one for every 100 m2 or part thereof in excess of the first 80 m2. Alternatively, for a larger
building one down conductor may be provided for every 30 m of perimeter. Ideally, every air
spike should have a down conductor going down up to the earth electrode.
1.3.38.3.7 The material used for lightning conductors must be copper. The criterion for design is to keep
the resistance from air termination to earth electrode to a negligible value.
1.3.38.3.8 Recommended dimensions for various components of lightning arrester are given in Table
8.1.30. Larger conductors should however be used if the system is unlikely to receive regular
inspection and maintenance.
Table 8.1.30 Sizes of the Components of Lightning Protection Systems
Components Minimum Dimensions
Air Terminals 12mm dia
copper strip 20 mm W x 3 mm T
copper and phosphor bronze rods 12 mm dia
PVC insulated stranded annealed copper cable (minimum size) 19 strands of 1.8 mm dia

Down Conductors
20 mm x 3 mm
copper strip
19 strands of 1.8 mm dia
PVC insulated stranded annealed copper cable (minimum size)
Earth Electrode
Hard drawn copper rods for driving into soft ground 12 mm dia
Hard drawn or annealed copper rods for indirect driving or laying in 12 mm dia
ground
Phosphor bronze for hard ground 12 mm dia
Copper clad steel for hard ground 50 mm dia
GI pipe
1.3.38.3.9
External metal on a building should be bonded to the lightning conductor with bonds at least as large as the
conductor.
1.3.38.3.10 When a lightning conductor carries a stroke to earth, it is temporarily raised to a potential
considerably above that of earth. There is, therefore, a risk that the discharge will flash over to
nearby metal and cause damage to the intervening structure. This can be prevented by either (i)
providing sufficient clearance between conductor and other metal or (ii) by bonding these
together to ensure that there can be no potential difference between them. The necessary
clearance is obtained from:
H
D = 0.3R + 2.9.1
15n
8‐68 Vol. 3

where,
D = clearance in metres
R = resistance to earth in ohms
H = height of building in metres
n = number of down electrodes
Since it is often impracticable to provide the necessary clearance, the alternative technique of bonding is
preferred.
1.3.38.3.11 Surge Arrester Selection
A surge arrester is a protective device for limiting surge voltages by discharging, or bypassing, surge current
through it. It also prevents continued flow of follow‐through current while remaining capable of repeating these
functions. It is used to protect overhead lines, transformers and other electrical apparatus mostly in an outdoor
substation from lightning voltages traveling through the overhead lines.
1.3.38.3.12 Horn‐gap lightning arresters
Horn‐gap lightning arresters are commonly used for low and medium voltage overhead lines. The rating of the
surge arrester shall be equal to or greater than the maximum continuous phase to ground power frequency
voltage available at the point of application.
1.3.39 Telecommunications in Buildings
1.3.39.1 General
Placing concealed 2 pair indoor cables is needed to get (ii) telephone lines of the Wired Telphone Companies
inside rooms of a building and (ii) to get the PABX lines of the building / offices in the building to the respective
rooms under the PABXs. In addition to this, 10 pair/ 20 pair/ 50 pair telephone cables are required to be brought
in to the PABX room(s) of the building. Conduits are to be installed for both of these two categories. For the entry
of 10 pair/ 20 pair/ 50 pair cables, conduits through straight and easy path (in most cases, through one side of
the vertical electrical duct) need to be brought in.
1.3.39.2 Concealed Telecommunication Cable Wiring
2 pair PVC insulated PVC sheathed annealed copper telecommunication cable shall be drawn through sufficient
number of pre‐laid 19mm / 25mm / 38mm PVC conduits to establish Telecommunication Network inside a
building. A clearance of at least 40% must be maintained inside the PVC conduits. Sufficient number of 18SWG GI
sheet made pull boxes (with Perspex sheet / ebonite sheet cover plates) at all suitable places must be placed for
the ease of pulling these cables.
2 pair PVC insulated PVC sheathed annealed copper telecommunication cable shall be used for wiring between a
Telephone DP / Patch panel and a Telecommunication outlet. The extra pair shall remain for future maintenance.
The minimum size of the copper wire of this cable shall be 0.5mm. The copper shall be preferably tinned.
1.3.39.3 Surface Telecommunication Cable Wiring
Surface wiring should not be a choice during designing a building wiring. However, if the building is already
constructed or under compulsory conditions or for extension of an existing network one may go for surface
wiring. The same 2 pair PVC insulated PVC sheathed annealed copper telecommunication cable shall be used for
this purpose. Wiring shall be done either by using channels or by using PVC conduits following the power line
surface wiring methods mentions earlier.
1.3.39.4 Telecommunications Outlets
Wall mounted Telecommunication outlets shall contain RJ11 or RJ45 connectors / jacks (shuttered). For simple
telephone connection RJ11 shuttered jacks are sufficient. The outlet box shall have a back‐box which may be
made of the same polymer material as the front panel or shall be made using18 SWG GI sheet or 18 SWG MS
sheet but painted with two coats of synthetic enamel paint.
1.3.39.5 Telephone DP room, Patch Panel Room and Digital PABX room
Telephone DP room, Patch Panel Room and PABX room should be located near the vertical riser duct of the
building so that the incoming 50 pair or 100 pair underground Telephone cable can be terminated in the DP/ MDF

Part 8
Building Services
or Patch Panel for distribution among the Flats of a Multistoried Residential Building or among the offices of a
Multistoried Commercial / Office building.
If a Digital Telephone PABX is to be installed then this can be installed in the same room. A separate Earth
Electrode with earth lead wire will be required for the PABX.
1.3.40 Television Antennas / Cable Television system
In a multistoried residential / Office building, television antennas shall be placed at one suitably sited antenna
location on roof top and connect these to individual flats/ residences/ Offices in the same building by coaxial
cables through concealed conduits.
1.3.40.1 Cable work for Television Antennas / Cable Television system
Vertical duct and easy entry to each flats/ offices must be provided as sharp bending of these cables is difficult
and harmful to the cables. These cables must not be placed in the same conduit with power cables. A distance of
at least 350mm must be maintained if a portion runs in parallel with the power cable conduits.
RF and Video cables shall be PVC sheathed Co‐axial Cables shall be made with solid Copper centre conductor,
foamed polythene insulated and further sealed Alluminium foil taped and Copper wire braided.
1.3.40.2 Television Antenna Outlets / Cable Television system outlets
Wall mounted Television coaxial cable outlets shall contain high quality coaxial connectors / jacks. The outlet box
shall have a back‐box which may be made of the same polymer material as the front panel or 18 SWG GI sheet or
18 SWG MS sheet made but painted with two coats of synthetic enamel paint.
1.3.41 Data Communication Network for LAN and Internet Services inside a Building
Data Communication Network for LAN and Internet Services inside a Building may be installed using Cat 6
unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables in a concealed manner following the concealed wiring power cables
installation procedure mentioned in the wiring methods section of this document. Each of the cables will be
terminated at one end at the 8P8C ( RJ45) connector based data socket outlet board in the required rooms at the
power socket level. On the other end, the cable will be terminated in the patch panel. From the patch panel up to
the data socket outlet the cable shall be in one piece i.e., no joints will be allowed. As a result the concealed
conduit work needs to be done carefully to have a straight line path and without any bend in the roof slab.
Sufficient pull boxes will be required in the roof slab. Pull box will also be needed close to the vertical bend near
the bend and ceiling at any downward drop of the conduit. The conduits must have 20 SWG GI pull wires during
laying for pulling the cables later.
Because of the nature of these cables more clearances are needed inside the PVC conduits compared to the
power cables.
If the conduits are running parallel to the power cables then there should be at least a distance of 410mm
between these two.
Recently Cat. 7 cables are emerging as a better choice in place of Cat. 6 cables.
1.3.42 Fire Detection and Alarm System inside a Building
The major parts of a Fire Detection and Alarm System inside a Building may be listed as
a) A number of different types of Fire Detectors/ detection devices wired in a number of radial circuits
b) Manual Callpoints
c) A central control panel for Fire Detection
d) A number of alarm sounders / alarm devices wired in a number of radial circuits
e) Cables for wiring the Fire Detectors/ detection devices
f) Cables for wiring the alarm sounders / alarm devices
Control Panel
The control panel will indicate in which detection circuit (zone) an alarm or fault condition has been generated
and will operate common or zonal sounders and auxiliary commands (for example door release or Fire Brigade
signaling).
Detectors
8‐70 Vol. 3

A number of types of Detectors (smoke detectors, heat detectors, ionisation smoke detectors, Optical beam
smoke detectors, Opto‐heat detectors) For the installation
Alarm Devices
Alarm devices fall into two types, audible and visual. The audible types are most common, with a variety of types
being available from bells to all kinds of different electronic sounders including those containing pre‐recorded
spoken messages. The choice of device is dependent on local preference, legal requirement and the need to have
a tone distinct from all other building audible alarms.
Speech alarms or links to PA systems overcome some of the complacent responses to warning tones and can be
used to good effect when carrying out regular fire tests in buildings where there are many people unfamiliar with
the regular routines ‐ such as hotels. Finally visual alarms are to be used where the hard of hearing may be
occupying a building or where the ambient noise is such (above 90dBA) that audible warning may not be heard,
where hearing protectors are in use or where the sounder levels would need to be so high that they might impair
the hearing of the building occupant.
Audible and Visual Alarm Devices
The audible types are most common, with a variety of types being available from bells to all kinds of different
electronic sounders including those containing pre‐recorded spoken messages. The choice of device is dependent
on local preference, legal requirement and the need to have a tone distinct from all other building audible alarms.
Cables for fire detectors
BS5839‐1:2002 introduced more onerous requirements for the types of cables used in fire detection and alarm
systems. Fireproof cables should now be used for all parts of the system and enhanced fire resistance cables
should be used where there is a requirement to ensure cable integrity over a longer period of time. For example
when connecting to alarm sounders or where the connection between sub‐panels provides any part of the alarm
signal path.
Fire alarm cables should be segregated from the cables of other systems; they should be clearly marked,
preferably coloured red and should be routed through parts of the building that provide minimum risk. This latter
point is particularly relevant where the use of the building is being changed ‐ for example if a fuel store is being
moved.
Specific Areas of Application for Fire Detection and Alarm Equipment
The BS5839 suite of standards relate to specific areas of application for fire detection and alarm equipment.
Specifically part 1 relates to public premises and part 6 relates to residential premises. BS5839‐1 is a
comprehensive code of practice for fire detection and alarm systems, the requirements relate to both life and
property protection and the standard includes much advice and comment with is very useful in informing the
building owner or system specifier of the background to the requirements.
Codes of Practice For Different Types Of Fire Protection Systems
The parts of BS7273 are codes of practice for different types of fire protection systems. Generally this is
considered separately to fire alarm systems but there may be occasions where a trade off can be made between
the two systems, or where the two systems interact and must be interfaced.
Standards Relates To The Design And Performance of Items of Equipment That Make up a Fire Detection And
Alarm System
The EN54 suite of standards relates to the design and performance of items of equipment that make up a fire
detection and alarm system. Each part relates to a different piece of equipment, for example part 3 relates to
alarm devices, part 11 to call points, part 4 to power supplies etc.
Fire Detection Zones
Fire detection zones are essentially a convenient way of dividing up a building to assist in quickly locating the
position of a fire. BS 5839‐1 has some specific recommendations with respect to detection zones.
Wiring of the fire Detection and alarm system will be done using the concealed wiring and the surface wiring
methods described in the power line wiring section of this document.
1.3.43 CCTV System inside a Building
Installation of Cable network for CCTV System inside a Building shall be done following the guidelines given for
Cable work for Television Antennas / Cable Television system earlier in this document.

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For wiring of the power lines required for the Installation of CCTV System inside a Building will be done using the
concealed wiring and the surface wiring methods described in the power line wiring section of this document.
1.3.44 Design and Installation of Access Control System
Wiring of the Installation of Access Control Systems will be done using the concealed wiring and the surface wiring
methods described in the power line wiring section of this document.
1.3.45 Installation of Electronic Security Systems
Wiring of the Installation of Electronic Security Systems will be done using the concealed wiring and the surface
wiring methods described in the power line wiring section of this document.
1.3.46 Qualification of the Contractor of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Works in a
Building
A Contractor who will be working with the Electrical and Electronic Engineering Works in a Building must have
appropriate abc license from the Electrical Licensing Board of Government of Bangladesh.
The contractor must have sufficient number of well trained and experienced technicians to execute the job. For
big volume of work, the contractor must have at least one Graduate Electrical Engineer assigned for the job.
1.3.47 Inspection and Testing
1.3.47.1 General
Every installation shall, on completion and before being energized, be inspected and tested. The methods of test
shall be such that no danger to persons or property or damage to equipment occurs even if the circuit tested is
defective.
1.3.47.2 Periodic inspection and testing
Periodic inspection and testing shall be carried out in order to maintain the installation in a sound condition after
putting it into service. Where an addition is to be made to the fixed wiring of an existing installation, the latter
shall be examined for compliance with the recommendations of the Code.
1.3.47.3 Checking the conformity with the Bangladesh Standard
The individual equipment and materials which form part of the installation shall generally conform to the
relevant Bangladesh Standard (BDS) wherever applicable. If there is no relevant Bangladesh standard specification
for any item, these shall be approved by the appropriate authority.
1.3.47.4 Inspection of the colour identification of cables of wiring
For single phase, Red for Live, Black for Neutral, Gree+Yellow bi‐colour for ECC. For three phase, Red for L1,
Yellow for L2, Blue for L3, Black for Neutral and Gree+Yellow bi‐colour for ECC and Earth Lead Wire.
1.3.47.5 Inspection of Earthing Terminal, Earthing Bus
Inspection should be made to check whether Brass made Earthing Terminals have been provided inside the metal
back boxes of the switchboards and socket boards (welded or screwed to the metal back box) and whether the
ECCs of the sub circuit have been terminated in these terminals. Inspection should be made to check whether at
least one copper Earthing Bus Bar has been provided in the BDBs, SDBs, FDBs, DBs, MDBs and the LT panel and
whether ECCs have been appropriately terminated in these Busbars using hexagonal head brass bolt and nuts.
Also it should be checked whether the Earth Lead Wires have been properlyterminated in the LT Panel / MDB / DB
as appropriate.
1.3.47.6 Insulation Tests
Insulation test is one of the most important tests for Electrical Installations in a Building.
1.3.47.6.1
Insulation resistance test shall be made on all electrical equipment, using a self‐contained instrument such as the
direct indicating ohm‐meter of the generator type. DC potential shall be used in these tests and shall be as follows
or an appropriate Meggar:
8‐72 Vol. 3

Circuits below 230 volts 500 volts Meggar
Circuits between 230 volts to 400 volts 1000 volts Meggar
1.3.47.6.2
The minimum acceptable insulation resistance value is 5 mega ohms for LT lines. Before making connections at
the ends of each cable run, the insulation resistance measurement test of each cable shall be made. Each
conductor of a multi‐core cable shall be tested individually to all other conductors of the group and also to
earth. If insulation resistance test readings are found to be less than the specified minimum in any conductor, the
entire cable shall be replaced.
1.3.47.6.3
All transformers, switchgears etc. shall be subject to an insulation resistance measurement test to ground after
installation but before any wiring is connected. Insulation tests shall be made between open contacts of circuit
breakers, switches etc. and between each phase and earth.
1.3.47.7 Earth Resistance Test and the Continuity Resistance Test
1.3.47.7.1
Earth resistance tests shall be made on the system, separating and reconnecting each earth connection using
earth resistance meter.
1.3.47.7.2
The electrical resistance of the Earth Continuity Conductor of different segment shall be measured separately
using sensitive digital Ohm meter or by means of resistance bridge instrument. The resistance of the Earth Lead
Wire shall be measured from the Earthing Busbar of the LT Panel / MDB /DB and the Earth Electrode(s). The
electrical resistance of any section shall not exceed 1 ohm.
1.3.47.7.3
Where more than one earthing sets are installed, the earth resistance between two sets shall be measured by
means of sensitive digital Ohm meter or by means of resistance bridge instrument. The earth resistance between
two sets shall not exceed 1 ohm.
1.3.47.7.4 Operation Tests
Current load measurement shall be made on equipment and on all power and lighting feeders using Clamp on
Ammeters.
The current reading shall be taken in each phase wire and in each neutral wire while the circuit or equipment is
operating under actual load conditions.
Clamp on Ammeters are required to take current readings without interrupting a circuit.
All light fittings shall be tested electrically and mechanically to check whether they comply with the standard
specifications.
Fluorescent light fittings shall be tested so that when functioning no flickering or choke singing is felt.
1.3.47.8 Inspection of the Installation
On completion of wiring a general inspection shall be carried out by competent personnel in order to verify that
the provisions of this Code and that of the Electricity Act of Bangladesh have been complied with. A certificate
may be issued on satisfactory completion of the work in a format as shown in Appendix C. Items to be inspected
are detailed in the following sections.
1.3.47.8.1 Inspection of Substation Installations
In substation installations, it shall be checked whether:
a) The installation has been carried out in accordance with the approved drawings;
b) Phase to phase and phase to earth clearances are provided as required;
c) All equipment are efficiently earthed and properly connected to the required number of earth
electrodes;
d) The required ground clearance to live terminals is provided;

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e) Suitable fencing is provided with gate with lockable arrangements;
f) The required number of caution boards, fire fighting equipment, operating rods, rubber mats, etc., are
kept in the substation;
g) In case of indoor substation sufficient ventilation and draining arrangements are made;
h) All cable trenches have covers of noninflammable material;
i) Free accessibility is provided for all equipment for normal operation;
j) All name plates are fixed and the equipment are fully painted;
k) All construction materials and temporary connections are removed;
l) Oil level , bus bar tightness, transformer tap position, etc. are in order;
m) Earth pipe troughs and cover slabs are provided for earth electrodes/earth pits and the neutral and LA
earth pits are marked for easy identification;
n) Earth electrodes are of GI pipes or CI pipes or copper plates. For earth connections, brass bolts and nuts
with lead washers are provided in the pipes/plates;
o) Earth pipe troughs and oil sumps/pits are free from rubbish, dirt and stone jelly and the earth
connections are visible and easily accessible;
p) HT and LT panels and switchgears are all vermin and damp‐proof and all unused openings or holes are
blocked properly;
q) The earth bus bars have tight connections and corrosion free joint surfaces;
r) Control switch fuses are provided at an accessible height from ground;
s) Adequate headroom is available in the transformer room for easy topping‐up of oil, maintenance, etc.;
t) Safety devices, horizontal and vertical barriers, bus bar covers/shrouds, automatic safety shutters/door
interlock, handle interlock etc. are safe and in reliable operation in all panels and cubicles;
u) Clearances in the front, rear and sides of the main HT and LT and subswitch boards are adequate;
v) The switches operate freely; the 3 blades make contact at the same time, the arcing horns contact in
advance; and the handles are provided with locking arrangements,
w) Insulators are free from cracks, and are clean;
x) In transformers, there is no oil leak;
y) Connections to bushing in transformers are light and maintain good contact;
z) Bushings are free from cracks and are clean;
aa) Accessories of transformers like breathers, vent pipe, buchholz relay, etc. are in order;
bb) Connections to gas relay in transformers are in order;
cc) In transformers, oil and winding temperature are set for specific requirements to pump out;
dd) In case of cable cellars, adequate arrangements exist to pump off water that has entered due to seepage
or other reasons; and
ee) All incoming and outgoing circuits of HT and LT panels are clearly and indelibly labeled for identifications.
1.3.47.8.2 Inspection of Low Tension (LT) Installation
In Low Tension (LT) or Medium Voltage (MV) Installations, it shall be checked whether:
a) All blocking materials that are used for safe transportation in switchgears, contactors, relays, etc. are
removed;
b) All connections to the earthing system have provisions for periodical inspection;
c) Sharp cable bends are avoided and cables are taken in a smooth manner in the trenches or alongside the
walls and ceilings using suitable support clamps at regular intervals;
d) Suitable linked switch or circuit breaker or lockable push button is provided near the motors/apparatus
for controlling supply to the motor/apparatus in an easily accessible location;
e) Two separate and distinct earth connections are provided for the motor apparatus;
f) Control switch fuse is provided at an accessible height from ground for controlling supply to overhead
travelling crane, hoists, overhead bus bar trunking;
8‐74 Vol. 3

g) The metal rails on which the crane travels are electrically continuous and earthed and bonding of rails
and earthing at both ends are done;
h) Four‐core cables are used for overhead travelling crane and portable equipment, the fourth core being
used for earthing, and separate supply for lighting circuit is taken;
i) If flexible metallic hose is used for wiring to motors and other equipment, the wiring is enclosed to the
full lengths, and the hose secured properly by approved means;
j) The cables are not taken through areas where they are likely to be damaged or chemically affected;
k) The screens and armours of the cables are earthed properly;
l) The belts of belt driven equipment are properly guarded;
m) Adequate precautions are taken to ensure that no live parts are so exposed as to cause danger;
n) Installed Ammeters and voltmeters work properly and are tested; and
o) The relays are inspected visually by moving covers for deposits of dusts or other foreign matter.
1.3.47.8.3 Inspection of Overhead Lines
For overhead lines, every care must be taken so that:
a) All conductors and apparatus including live parts thereof are inaccessible;
b) The types and size of supports are suitable for the overhead lines/conductors used and are in accordance
with approved drawing and standards;
c) Clearances from ground level to the lowest conductor of overhead lines, sag conditions, etc. are in
accordance with the relevant standard;
d) Where overhead lines cross the roads suitable grounded guarding shall be provided at road crossings,
e) Where overhead lines cross cross each other or are in proximity with one another, suitable guarding shall
be provided at crossings to protect against possibility of the lines coming in contact with one another;
f) Every guard wire shall be properly grounded / earthed;
g) The type, size and suitability of the guarding arrangement provided shall be adequate;
h) Stays cables must be provided suitably with the overhead line carrying poles as required and shall be
efficiently earthed at the bottom and and shall be provided with suitable stay insulators of appropriate
voltages;
i) Anti‐climbing devices and Danger Board/Caution Board Notices are provided on all HT supports;
j) Clearances along the route are checked and all obstructions such as trees/branches and shrubs are
cleared on the route to the required distance on either side;
k) Clearance between the live conductor and the earthed metal parts are adequate; and
l) For the service connections tapped off from the overhead lines, cutouts of adequate capacity are
provided.
1.3.47.8.4 Inspection of Lighting Circuits
The lighting circuits shall be checked to see whether:
a) Wooden boxes and panels are avoided in factories for mounting the lighting boards, switch controls, etc.;
b) Neutral links are provided in double pole switch fuses which are used for lighting control, and no fuse is
provided in the neutral;
c) The plug points in the lighting circuit are all 3‐pin type, the third pin being suitably earthed;
d) Tamper proof interlocked switch socket and plug are used for locations easily accessible;
e) Lighting wiring in factory area is enclosed in conduit and the conduit is properly earthed, or alternatively,
armoured cable wiring is used;
f) A separate earth wire is run in the lighting installation to provide earthing for plug points, fixtures and
equipment;
g) Proper connectors and junction boxes are used wherever joints are in conductors or cross over of
conductors takes place;
h) Cartridge fuse units are fitted with cartridge fuses only;

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i) Clear and permanent identification marks are painted in all distribution boards, switchboards, sub‐main
boards and switches as necessary;
j) The polarity has been checked and all fuses and single pole switches are connected on the phase
conductor only and wiring is correctly connected to socket outlets;
k) Spare knockouts provided in distribution boards and switch fuses are blocked;
l) The ends of conduits enclosing the wiring leads are provided with ebonite or other suitable bushes;
m) The fittings and fixtures used for outdoor use are all of weatherproof construction, and similarly, fixtures,
fittings and switchgears used in the hazardous area are of flameproof application;
n) Proper terminal connectors are used for termination of wires (conductors and earth leads) and all
strands are inserted in the terminals;
o) Flat ended screws are used for fixing conductor to the accessories;
p) Flat washers backed up by spring washers are used for making end connections.
1.3.47.8.5 Accessibility of Connections and Cable joints for Inspection
Except for the following, every connection and joint shall be accessible for inspection, testing and maintenance:
a) a compound‐filled or encapsulated joint
b) a connection between a cold tail and a heating element (e.g. a ceiling and floor heating system, a pipe
trace‐heating system)
c) a joint made by welding, soldering, brazing or compression tool
d) a joint formatting part of the equipment complying with the appropriate product standard.

Relevant Appendices:‐
Appendix 8.1.A Maximum Demand and Diversity
Appendix 8.1.B Useful Tables Relating to Conductor Sizes
Appendix 8.1.C Completion Certificate Form

8‐76 Vol. 3
Chapter 2
AIR‐CONDITIONING, HEATING AND
VENTILATION
2.1 GENERAL
2.1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this chapter is to provide minimum standards for regulating and controlling the design,
construction, installation, quality of materials, location, operation, performance, maintenance and use of air
conditioning, heating and ventilation systems to ensure acceptable conditions of air inside the building required
for human health, safety and welfare with energy conservation.
2.2 Scope
2.2.1
The provisions of this Code shall apply to erection, installation, alteration, repair, relocation, replacement,
addition to, use and maintenance of any air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation systems.
2.2.2
Additions, alterations, repairs and replacement of equipment or systems shall comply with the provisions for new
equipment and systems except as otherwise provided in Sec 2.2.2.1.
2.2.3
Where, in any specific case, different sections of this Code specify different materials, methods of construction or
other requirements, the most restrictive one shall govern. Where there is a conflict between a general
requirement and a specific requirement, the specific requirement shall be applicable.
2.2.4
The regulations of this Code are not intended, and shall not be understood to permit violation of the provisions of
other ordinances, regulations or official requirements in force.
2.3 Application
It shall be unlawful to install, extend, alter, repair or maintain air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation systems in
or adjacent to buildings except in compliance with this Code.
2.3.1 Existing Systems
a) Existing Installations: Air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation systems in existence at the time of
adoption of this Code may have their use, maintenance or repair continued if the use, maintenance or
repair is in accordance with original design and location and no hazard to life, health or property has
been created by such system.
b) Additions, Alterations or Repairs: Additions, alterations or repairs may be made to any air‐conditioning,
heating or ventilation system without requiring the existing system to comply with all the requirements
of this Code, provided the addition, alteration or repair conforms to the requirements of a new system.
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Additions, alterations or repairs shall not make an existing system unsafe, create unhealthy or overloaded
conditions.
c) Changes in Building Occupancy: Air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation systems which are a part of any
building or structure undergoing a change in use or occupancy, as defined in the Building Code, shall
comply with all requirements of this Code which may be applicable to the new use, or occupancy.
d) Maintenance: All air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation systems, materials and appurtenances, both
existing and new, and all parts thereof shall be maintained in proper operating condition in accordance
with the original design and in a safe and hazard free condition. All devices or safeguards which are
required by this Code shall be maintained in conformance with this Code. The owner or the owner's
designated agent shall be responsible for maintenance of the systems and equipment.
e) Moved Buildings: Air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation systems or equipment which is a part of
buildings or structures moved to another premises shall comply with the provisions of this Code for new
installations.
2.3.2 Alternative Materials and Methods of Construction
The provisions of this code are not intended to prevent the use of any material or method of construction not
specifically prescribed by this Code, provided any such alternative material and/or method of construction has
been approved and the use authorized by the Authority.
The Authority shall require that sufficient evidence or proof be submitted to substantiate any claims made
regarding the use of alternatives.
2.3.3 Modifications
Whenever there are practical difficulties involved in carrying out any of the provisions of this Code, the Authority,
within the limitations set forth in Part 2 may allow modifications for individual cases. The modifications shall be in
conformity with the intent and purpose of this Code and that such modification shall not lessen health, life and
fire safety requirements.
2.4 Terminology
This section provides an alphabetical list of the terms used in and applicable in this chapter of the Code. In case of
any conflict or contradiction between a definition given in this section and that in Part 1, the meaning provided in
this section shall govern for interpretation of the provisions of his chapter.
ABSORPTION: A process whereby a material extracts one or more substances present in an atmosphere or
mixture of gases or liquids accompanied by the material’s physical and/or chemical changes.
ABSORPTION REFRIGERATING SYSTEM: A refrigerating system in which refrigerant gas evaporated in the
evaporator is absorbed in the absorber by an absorbent solution. This also includes a generator for separation of
refrigerant from the absorbent solution, a condenser to liquefy the refrigerant and an expansion device.
ADSORPTION: The action, associated with the surface adherence, of a material in extracting one or more
substances present in an atmosphere or mixture of gases and liquids, unaccompanied by physical or chemical
change.
AIR CHANGE: Introducing new, cleansed, or recirculated air to conditioned space, measured by the number of
complete changes per unit time.
AIR TERMINALS: A round, square, rectangular, or linear air outlet or inlet device used in the air distribution
system.
AIR, OUTSIDE: External air; atmosphere exterior to refrigerated or conditioned space; ambient (surrounding) air.
AIR, RECIRCULATED: The part of return air passed through the air‐conditioner before being resupplied to the
conditioned space. Also known as AIR, RETURN.
AIR, RETURN: See AIR, RECIRCULATED.
AIR‐CONDITIONING: The process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, purity,
distribution, pressure and air movement to meet the thermal requirements of the space.
AIR‐HANDLING UNIT: An equipment comprised of cooling and/or heating coil and a blower or fan with electric
motor used for the purpose of cooling/heating and distributing supply air to a room, space or area.

8‐76 Vol. 3
Air‐conditioning, Heating and Ventilation Chapter 2

BLOWER: A fan used to force air under pressure.
BOILER: A closed vessel in which a liquid is vaporized.
BRINE: Any liquid cooled by the refrigerant and used for the heat transmission without a change in its state. This
also includes chilled water.
CHIMNEY: Primarily a vertical shaft enclosing at least one flue for conducting flue gases to the out‐doors.
COIL: A cooling or heating element made of pipe or tubing.
CONDENSER (Refrigerant): A heat exchanger in which the refrigerant, compressed to a suitable pressure, is
condensed to liquid by rejecting heat to an appropriate external cooling medium.
When the condenser rejects heat to air, the condenser is termed as air cooed condenser.
When the condenser rejects heat to water, the condenser is termed as water cooled condenser.
When the condenser rejects heat to glycol (brine), the condenser is termed as glycol cooled condenser.
CONDENSING UNIT: A condensing unit is a complete set consisting of compressor(s) and condenser(s) with or
without receiver. It may be air cooled or water cooled.
CONTROL: Any device for regulating a system or component in normal operation, manual or automatic.
COOLING TOWER: An enclosed device for evaporatively cooling water by contact with air.
DAMPER: A device for regulating the flow of air or other fluid.
DEHUMIDIFICATION: Condensation of water vapour from air by cooling below the dew point.
DEW POINT TEMPERATURE: The temperature at which condensation of moisture begins when the air is cooled at
same pressure.
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE: The temperature of air as registered by a thermometer, taken in such a way as to
avoid errors due to radiation.
DUCT SYSTEM: A continuous passageway for the transmission of air which, in addition to the ducts, may include
duct fittings, dampers, plenums, grilles and diffusers.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO: The ratio between refrigeration capacity of a complete air conditioning unit in btu/hr
with the power consumption in watt.
ENTHALPY: A thermal property indicating quantity of heat in the air above an arbitrary datum, in kilo joules per
kg of dry air (or btu per pound of dry air).
EVAPORATIVE AIR COOLING: The removal of sensible heat from the air by the adiabatic exchange of heat
between air and a water‐spray or wetted surface, wherein the evaporating water absorbs the sensible heat of air.
EVAPORATOR (refrigerant): A heat exchanger in which liquid refrigerant, after reducing its pressure (expansion),
is evaporated by absorbing heat from the medium to be cooled.
EXFILTRATION: The phenomenon of inside air leaking out of an air conditioned space.
FAN: An air moving device comprising of a wheel or blade, and housing or orifice plate.
FAN, TUBEAXIAL: A propeller or disc type wheel within a cylinder and including driving mechanism supports for
either belt drive or direct connection.
FILTER: A device to removeType equation here. solid particles from a fluid.
FIRE DAMPER: A closure which consists of a normally held open damper installed in an air distribution system or
in a wall or floor assembly and designed to close automatically in the event of a fire in order to isolate the
conditioned space from the fire zone.
FIRE SEPARATION: A construction assembly that acts as a barrier against spread of fire and may not be required
to have a fire resistance rating or fire protection rating.
GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP): Global warming potential of a chemical compound is its relative
contribution to global warming compared to Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
Global warming can make our planet and its climate less hospitable and more hostile to human life. Thus it is
necessary to reduce reduction in emission of green house gases such as CO2, SOx, NOx and refrigerants. Long
atmospheric life time of refrigerants results in global warming unless the emissions are controlled.
GWP values of some of the refrigerants are given below:

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Sl. No. Refrigerant GWP values

(i) R‐11 4,000
(ii) R‐12 2,400
(iii) R‐22 1,700
(iv) R‐123 0.02
(v) R‐134a 1,300
(vi) R‐407A 2,000
(vii) R‐407C 1,600
(viii) R‐410A 1,890
(ix) R‐744 (CO2) 1.00
The values indicated above are for an integration period of 100 years.
HUMIDITY: Water vapour within a space.
HUMIDITY, RELATIVE: The ratio of the partial pressure or density of the water vapour in the air to the saturation
pressure or density, respectively, of water vapour at the same temperature.
HYDRONIC: Of, relating to, or being a system of heating or cooling that involves transfer of heat by a circulating
fluid (as water or vapour) in a closed system of pipes.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ): Air quality that refers to the nature of conditioned air that circulates throughout the
space/area where one works, lives, that is, the air one breathes when indoors.
It not only refers to comfort which is affected by temperature, humidity, air movement and odors but also
harmful biological contaminants and chemicals present in the conditioned space. Poor IAQ may be a cause of
serious health hazard. Carbon dioxide has been recognized as the surrogate ventilation index.
INFILTRATION: The phenomenon of outside air leaking into an air conditioned space.
INSULATION, THERMAL: A material having a relatively high resistance to heat flow and used principally to retard
heat flow.
INTEGRATED PART LOAD VALUE (IPLV): It is the part‐load efficiency figure of the chiller at the ARI 550/590
standard rating point, measured in kW/ton, according to the following standard formula:
1

0.01 0.42 0.45 0.12

where, A = kW/ton at 100% load
B = kW/ton at 75% load
C = kW/ton at 50% load
D = kW/ton at 25% load
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT: A refrigerating system in which the gas evaporated in the evaporator
is compressed by mechanical means usually by a compressor. This also includes condenser and expansion device.
NON‐STANDARD PART LOAD VALUE (NPLV): It is the part‐load efficiency figure of the chiller at the rating
conditions other than the ARI standard rating point but within prescribed limits. The rating points are actually
values at which the chiller will actually be operating.
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U): The time rate of heat flow per unit area (normal to the flow) from
the fluid on the warm side of a barrier to the fluid on the cold side, per unit temperature difference between the
two fluids.
OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL (ODP): Ozone depletion potential of a chemical compound is its relative
contribution to the depletion of the ozone layer compared to CFC‐11.
ODP values of some of the refrigerants are as follows:

8‐78 Vol. 3

Sl. No. Refrigerant ODP values

(i) R‐11 1.000
(ii) R‐12 1.00
(iii) R‐22 0.050
(iv) R‐123 0.02
(v) R‐134a 0.000
(vi) R‐407A 0.000
(vii) R‐407C 0.000
(viii) R‐410A 0.000
PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONER: An encased assembly of equipment/machinery for thermal conditioning
(cooling/heating) of air along with cleaning and circulation of air to maintain internal thermal environment of an
air conditioned space. It includes a prime source of refrigeration for cooling and dehumidification with or without
internal and external air distribution ducting. It may also include means for heating, humidifying and ventilating
air. These units may be floor mounted, wall mounted or ceiling mounted type. They may provide free delivery or
ducted delivery of conditioned air.
These machines are equipped with air cooled or water cooled condenser(s). These machines are equipped with
reciprocating, rotary or scroll compressor(s).
PLENUM: An air compartment or chamber to which one or more ducts are connected and which forms part of an
air distribution system.
POSITIVE VENTILATION: The supply of outside air by means of a mechanical device, such as a fan.
PSYCHROMETRY: The science involving thermodynamic properties of moist air and the effect of atmospheric
moisture on materials and human comfort. It also includes methods of controlling properties of moist air.
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART: A chart graphically representing the thermodynamic properties of moist air.
REFRIGERANT: The fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system, which absorbs heat at a low temperature
and a low pressure of the fluid and rejects heat at a higher temperature and a higher pressure of the fluid, usually
involving changes of phase of the fluid.
REHEATING: The process by which air, which has been cooled down in order to condense out part of the moisture
it contains, is heated again in order to raise its temperature to a suitable level.
RETURN AIR GRILLE: These are fittings fixed at the openings through which air is taken out from the air‐
conditioned enclosure by an air‐conditioning plant or unit.
ROOM AIR‐CONDITIONER: A factory made, encased assembly designed as a self‐contained unit primarily for
mounting in a window or through the wall or as a console. It is designed to provide free delivery of conditioned air
to an enclosed space, room or zone (conditioned space). It includes a prime source of refrigeration for cooling and
dehumidification and means for the circulation and cleaning of air. It may also include means for heating,
humidifying, ventilating or exhausting air.
SHADE FACTOR: The ration of instantaneous heat gain through fenestration with shading device to that through
the fenestration without shading device.
SUPPLY AIR: The air that has been passed through the conditioning apparatus and taken through the duct system
and distributed in the conditioned space.
SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER: A split package air conditioner is same as the packaged air conditioner excepting that
the condenser or the condensing unit is built as a separate package for remote field installation and
interconnecting refrigerant pipes between indoor unit and outdoor unit is considered as a package.
SUPPLY AIR DIFFUSERS/GRILLES: These are fittings fixed at the openings through which air is delivered into the
air‐conditioned enclosure by an air‐conditioning plant or unit.
TEMPERATURE, DRY BULB: The temperature of air as registered by a thermometer.
TEMPERATURE, WET BULB: The temperature at which water, by evaporating into air, may bring the air to
saturation adiabatically at the same temperature. Wet‐bulb temperature (without qualification) is the
temperature indicated by a wet bulb psychrometer constructed and used according to specifications.

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THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE: Thermal transmission per unit time through unit area of the given building unit
divided by the temperature difference between the air or some other fluid on either side of the building unit in
‘steady state’ conditions.
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE: Storage of thermal energy, sensible, latent or combination thereof for use in
central system of air conditioning or refrigeration. It uses a primary source of refrigeration for cooling and storing
thermal energy for reuse at peak demand or for backup as planned.
VARIABLE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM: A refrigerating system where refrigerant flow through evaporator(s) is (are)
variable. The system is usually comprised of digital scroll compressor(s)/variable speed scroll compressor(s),
condenser(s), evaporator(s), expansion device(s) and controls.
VENTILATION: The process of supplying and/or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any
space. Such air may or may not have been conditioned.
WATER CONDITIONING: The treatment of water circulating in a hydronic system, to make it suitable for air
conditioning system due to its effect on the economics of the air conditioning plant.
Untreated water used in air conditioning system may create problems such as scale formation, corrosion and
organic growth. Appraisal of the water supply source including chemical analysis and determination of dissolves
solids is necessary to devise a proper water conditioning program.
2.5 General Provisions
2.5.1
Air conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall be designed, constructed, installed, operated and
maintained in accordance with good engineering practice such as described in the ASHRAE (American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air‐conditioning Engineers) Handbooks, HI (Hydraulic Institute of USA) manuals and
relevant chapters of latest BNBC.
2.5.2
All electrical work in connection with air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall be carried out in
accordance with the provisions of latest Bangladesh Electricity Act and the provisions of any of its regulations and
bye‐laws, and shall also comply with the requirements of Chapter 1 of Part 8.
2.5.3
All plumbing work in connection with air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall be carried out in
accordance with the provisions and guidelines of ASHRAE handbooks and HI manuals.
2.5.4
All gas and fuel piping in connection with air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall be carried out in
accordance with the provisions of Chapter 8 of Part 8.
2.5.5 Fire Safety
Installations of equipment of air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall conform to the requirements
of Part 4.
2.6 PLANNING
2.6.1 General
2.6.1.1 All relevant aspects of air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system installations shall be
analyzed and evaluated properly during the planning stage of the building in order to determine
the necessary provisions to be kept in the building for proper and safe installation of the system
machinery, equipment and other facilities.

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2.6.1.2 Necessary particulars of electrical requirements of air‐conditioning, heating or ventilation system
shall be determined early in the planning stage to include it in the electrical provisions of the
building.
2.6.1.3 Where necessary, all plans, calculations, specifications and data for air‐conditioning, heating and
ventilation system serving all buildings and all occupancies within the scope of the Code shall be
supplied to the Authority, for review purposes.
2.6.1.4 Design air conditioning, heating and ventilation system taking consideration for energy efficiency
and energy conservation. Provide data to design architect to keep provisions in the building for
reduction of energy usage required for operation of air‐conditioning system. Optimize the design
by coordinating the design with the design architect at the early stage i.e. in the schematic design
phase and continually improve design during the design development process.
2.6.2 Building Planning
2.6.2.1 Orientation of Building
Effect of orientation of building and arrangement of rooms/spaces shall be analyzed in the planning stage of the
building to find out the most effective plan of the building in terms of building use, application of air‐
conditioning, heating and ventilation system and reduction of energy consumption.
2.6.2.2 Building Design and Use of Materials
Analysis shall be carried out in the design stage for selection of appropriate shading devices and other materials
as set forth in Sec 2.4.1 so as to take advantage of reduction in energy consumption related air‐conditioning,
heating and ventilation system.
2.6.2.3 Equipment Space
Requirements of space for erection and installation of air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system equipment
and machinery (ducting, cooling, heating and air‐conditioning equipment; refrigerating machinery, boiler etc.)
shall be determined during the planning stage of the building so that it can be incorporated in the building
planning effectively. Requirements of equipment/machinery space shall be determined taking consideration of
actual equipment and machinery space; clearance space for operation; maintenance and fire prevention
requirement; access space and other requirements of this Code. Building plan shall also include adequate
provisions for transportation of equipment and machinery to and from equipment/machinery room, installation
of outdoor air inlets and exhaust air outlets. Planning for equipment space shall take into consideration of
different parameters described in section 2.5 and 2.6.
a) Equipment Space Planning for Central Air Conditioning Plant:
i) In selecting the location for plant room, the aspects of efficiency, economy and good practice should be
considered and wherever possible it shall be made contiguous with the building. This room shall be located as
centrally as possible with respect to the area to be air conditioned and shall be free from obstructing
columns.
ii) In the case of large capacity water cooled chiller installations (500 TR and above), it is advisable to have a
separate isolated equipment room where possible. The clear headroom below soffit of beam should be
minimum 4.5m for centrifugal chillers, and minimum 3.6m for reciprocating and screw type chillers.
iii) The floors of the equipment rooms should be light colored and finished smooth. For floor loading, the air
conditioning engineer should be consulted.
iv) Supporting of pipe within plant room spaces should be normally from the floor. However, outside plant
room areas, structural provisions shall be made for supporting the water pipes from the floor/ceiling slabs. All
floor and ceiling supports shall be isolated from the structure to prevent transmission of vibrations.
v) Equipment rooms, wherever necessary, shall have provision for mechanical ventilation. In hot climate,
evaporative air‐cooling may also be considered.
vi) Plant machinery in the plant room shall be placed on plain/ reinforced cement concrete foundation and
provided with anti‐vibration supports. All foundations should be protected from damage by providing epoxy
coated angle nosing. Requirements of Seismic Restraint Supports may also be considered.

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Building Services
vii) Equipment room should preferably be located adjacent to external wall to facilitate equipment movement
and ventilation.
viii) Wherever necessary, acoustic treatment should be provided in plant room space to prevent noise
transmission to adjacent occupied areas.
ix) Air conditioning plant room should preferably be located close to main electrical panel of the building in
order to avoid large cable lengths.
x) In case the air conditioning plant room is located in basement floor, equipment movement route shall be
planned to facilitate future replacement and maintenance. Service ramps or hatch in ground floor slab should
be provided in such cases.
xi) Floor drain channels or dedicated drainpipes in slope shall be provided within plant room space for
effective disposal of waste water. Fresh water connection may also be provided in the air conditioning plant
room.
xii) Thermal energy storage:
In case of central plants, designed with thermal energy storage its location shall be decided in consultation
with the air conditioning engineer. The system may be located in plant room, on rooftop, in open space near
plant room or buried in open space near plant room. For roof top installations, structural provision shall take
into account load coming due to the same. For open area surface installation horizontal or vertical system
options shall be considered and approach ladders for manholes provided. Buried installation shall take into
account loads due to movement above, of vehicles, etc. Provision for adequate expansion tank and its
connection to thermal storage tanks shall be made.
b) Space Planning for Air Cooled Chillers:
i) Air Cooled chiller shall be installed where adequate open space is available for heat transfer of air cooled
condensers of the chiller.
ii) Where such space is available on ground, it can be installed on ground provided noise and hot air from the
chiller do not create any problem to the adjoining building.
iii) Roof of the building is a suitable location for installation of air cooled chiller. When it is intended to install
air cooled chiller on roof, prior planning is a must. The roof shall be structurally strong enough to withstand
the dynamic load of the chiller along with chilled water pumps, pipes, valves and associated equipment
required for this purpose. Advice from an air conditioning engineer shall be taken at the planning stage.
iv) Vibration from the machine shall not transmit to the roof structure. Chiller shall be installed on seismic
restraint type vibration isolators.
v) Noise of the air cooled chiller shall be attenuated so that it does not transmit to the occupied area. A low
speed condenser fan with acoustically treated fan cylinder shall be preferable. Similarly acoustically encased
compressors shall also be preferable.
c) Planning Equipment Room for Air Handling Units and Package Units:
i) This shall be located as centrally as possible to the conditioned area and contiguous to the corridors or other
spaces for carrying air ducts. For floor loading, air conditioning engineer shall be consulted.
ii) In the case of large and multistoried buildings, independent air handling unit should be provided for each
floor. The area to be served by the air‐handling unit should be decided depending upon the provision of fire
protection measures adopted. Air handling unit rooms should preferably be located vertically one above the
other.
iii) Provision should be made for the entry of fresh air. The fresh air intake shall have louvers having rain
protection profile, with volume control damper and bird screen.
iv) In all cases air intakes shall be so located as to avoid contamination from exhaust outlets or to the sources in
concentrations greater than normal in the locality in which the building is located.
v) Exterior openings for outdoor air intakes and exhaust outlets shall preferably be shielded from weather and
insects.
vi) No air from any dwelling unit shall be circulated directly or indirectly to any other dwelling unit, public
corridor or public stairway.
vii) All air handling unit rooms should preferably have floor drains and water supply. The trap in floor drain shall
provide a water seal between the air conditioned space and the drain line.

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viii) Supply/return air duct shall not be taken through emergency fire staircase.
Exception: Ducts can be taken Inside the fire stair provided fire isolation of ducts at wall crossings is(are) carried
out.
x) Waterproofing of air handling unit rooms shall be carried out to prevent damage to floor below.
xi) The floor should be light colored, smooth finished with terrazzo tiles or the equivalent. Suitable floor loading
should also be provided after consulting with the air conditioning engineer.
xii) Where necessary, structural design should avoid beam obstruction to the passage of supply and return air
ducts. Adequate ceiling space should be made available outside the air handling unit room to permit installation
of supply and return air ducts and fire dampers at air handling unit room wall crossings.
xiii) The air handling unit rooms may be acoustically treated, if located in close proximity to occupied areas.
xiv) Access door to air handling unit room shall be single/double leaf type, airtight, opening outwards and
should have a sill to prevent flooding of adjacent occupied areas. It is desired that access doors in air
conditioned spaces should be provided with tight sealing, gaskets and self closing devices for air conditioning to
be effective.
xv) Air handling unit rooms shall be separated from the air conditioned space by 4 hour fire rated walls and 2‐
hour fire rated door. Fire/smoke dampers shall be provided in supply/ return air duct at air handling unit room
wall crossings and the annular space between the duct and the wall should be fire‐sealed using appropriate fire
resistance rated material.
xvi) Fire isolation shall be provided for vertical fresh air duct, connecting several air handling units.
d) Planning of Pipe Shafts
i) The shafts carrying chilled water pipes should be located adjacent to air handling unit room or within the
room.
ii) Shaft carrying condensing water pipes to cooling towers located on roof/terrace should be vertically
aligned.
iii) All shafts shall be provided with fire barrier at floor crossings in accordance with the provisions of chapter‐
4.
iv) Access to shaft shall be provided at every floor.
e) Planning for Supply Air Ducts and Return Air
i) Duct supports, preferably in the form of angles of mild steel supported using stud anchors shall be provided
on the ceiling slab from the drilled hole. Alternately, duct supports may be fixed with internally threaded
anchor fasteners and threaded rods without damaging the slabs or structural members.
ii) If false ceiling is provided, the supports for the duct and the false ceiling shall be independent. Collars for
grilles and diffusers shall be taken out only after false ceiling/boxing framework is done and frames for fixing
grilles and diffusers have been installed.
iii) Where a duct penetrates the masonry wall it shall either be suitably covered on the outside to isolate it
from masonry or an air gap shall be left around it to prevent vibration transmission. Further, where a duct
passes through a fire resisting compartment/barrier, the annular space shall be sealed with fire sealant to
prevent smoke transmission (see also Part 4 ‘Fire and Life Safety’).
f) Space Planning for Cooling Tower
i) Cooling towers are used to dissipate heat from water cooled refrigeration, air conditioning and industrial
process systems. Cooling is achieved by evaporating a small proportion of re‐circulating water into outdoor air
stream. Cooling towers are installed at a place where free flow of atmospheric air is available.
ii) Cooling towers shall be installed at least 3m above the bases of the chillers. Cooling tower shall preferably
be installed on the roof of the concerned building. In special cases it may be installed on ground or on any
elevated platform or on the roof of the adjacent building provided the moisture laden discharge air from the
cooling towers do not pose any problem to other buildings. Cooling tower should be so located as to eliminate
nuisance from drift to adjoining structures.
iii) Any obstruction to free flow of air to the cooling tower shall be avoided.
iv) Structural provisions for the cooling tower shall be taken into account while designing the building. Wind
speed shall be taken into consideration while designing the foundations/supports for cooling towers. Vibration
isolation shall be an important consideration in structural design.

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Building Services
v) Special design requirements are necessary where noise to the adjoining building is to be avoided. Special
provisions shall be included in the design to reduce water droplet noise.
vi) Provision for make‐up water tank to the cooling tower shall be made. Make‐up water tank to the cooling
tower shall be separate from the tank serving drinking water.
vii) Make‐up water having contaminants or hardness, which can adversely affect the refrigeration plant life,
shall be treated.
2.6.2.4 Building Structure
Structural design requirements viz. load on the floor or ceiling; punches in the roof, floor and walls; vertical shaft
for pipe risers and duct risers; concrete ducts etc. shall be determined in the planning stage to make adequate
provisions in the structural design and to keep such provisions in the building. The structural design shall consider
static and dynamic loads of equipment and machinery including vibration of machinery.
2.6.2.5 Design Drawings
For the purpose of effective installation of air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system, working drawings
showing layout of machinery, equipment, ducts, pipes etc., details of builders' works, holes and/or punches in
roof, floors, walls, supports for machinery/equipment etc. shall be prepared prior to finalization of building design
drawings. Such drawings/documents shall be properly stored for future reference.
2.7 AirConditioning SYSTEM DESIGN
2.7.1 Building Design Requirements
2.7.1.1 Glazing
a) Building design shall consider all the aspects for reduction of heat transfer through the glazing. Building
orientation shall be such that, if possible, glazing in walls subject to direct and intensive sun exposure shall be
avoided. In case where it is not possible to do so, necessary protective measures shall be taken to reduce heat
transfer through the glazing. Such protective measures may be in the form of sun breakers, double glazing, heat
resistant glass or application of other shading devices.
b) When sun breakers are used, it shall preferably be 1m away from the wall face, with free ventilation,
particularly from bottom to top, being provided for cooling of sun breakers and window by free convection.
Conduction from sun breakers to main building shall be minimum. Sun breakers shall shade the maximum glazed
area possible, especially for the altitude and azimuth angle of the sun. Sun breakers shall preferably be light and
bright in colour so as to reflect back as much of the sunlight as possible.
c) Where the above protection is in the form of reflective surfaces, adequate care shall be taken to avoid
any hazard to the traffic surrounding the building and people on the road because of the reflected light from the
surfaces.
d) Application of any protection shall not restrict entry of light to a limit demanding artificial lights.
2.7.1.2 Roof Insulation
a) Construction of exposed roofs shall be such that the heat transmission through the roof is not excessive.
Where required the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) of the roof exposed to sun shall be reduced effectively by
using appropriate construction materials and/or proper type of insulation material (s). The overall thermal
transmittance from the exposed roof should be kept as minimum as possible and under normal conditions, the
desirable value should not exceed 0.58 W/(m² ⁰C).
b) Under‐deck or over‐deck insulation shall be provided for exposed roof surface using suitable Insulating
materials. Over‐deck insulation shall be properly waterproofed to prevent loss of insulating properties.
c) The ceiling surface of floors which are not to be air conditioned may be suitably insulated to give an overall
thermal transmittance not exceeding 1.16 W/(m² ⁰C).

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2.7.2 Design Conditions
2.7.2.1 Inside Design Conditions
a) For comfort air‐conditioning, the inside design conditions shall be selected with an objective to reduce
energy consumption in the operation of the air‐conditioning system. Acceptable values of inside design conditions
for summer are provided in Table 8.2.1. Unless otherwise specifically required, the design calculations shall be
based on the normal practice values of Table 8.2.1.
b) To avoid thermal shock, the difference between the dry bulb temperatures of outdoor air and indoor air
shall not exceed 11oC. If it is absolutely necessary to have a difference more than 11oC, there shall have adequate
provision for ante‐room to reduce the effect of thermal shock.
c) For air‐conditioning systems other than comfort air‐conditioning, design conditions required by the
specific processes involved or applications may be adopted. When required, proper protective measures shall be
taken for persons working therein.
d) Velocity of air in an air‐conditioned space, in the zone between the floor level and the 1.5 m level, shall
be within 0.12 m/s and 0.25 m/s for comfort applications for commercial buildings, and for other applications it
shall not exceed 0.5 m/s.
Table 8.2.1 Inside Design Conditions of Some of Applications for Summera
Sl. No. Use Category of Space
Indoor Design Conditions
Dry Bulb Temperature Relative Humidity
(ºC) (%)
1. Restaurants, Cafeteria and Dining Hall 23 ~ 26 55 ~ 60
2. Kitchens 28 ~ 31 --
3. Office buildings 23 ~ 26 50 ~ 60
4. Bank/Insurance/ Commercial building 23 ~ 26 45 ~ 55
5. Departmental stores 23 ~ 26 50 ~ 60
6. Hotel guest rooms 23 ~ 26 50 ~ 60
7. Ball room/meeting room 23 ~ 26 40 ~ 60
8. Class rooms 23 ~ 26 50 ~ 60
9. Auditoriums 23 ~ 26 50 ~ 60
10. Recovery rooms 24 ~ 26 45 ~ 55
11. Patient rooms 24 ~ 26 45 ~ 55
12. Operation theatres 17 ~ 27 45 ~ 55
13. Delivery room 20 ~ 23 45 ~ 55
14. ICU/CCU 20 ~ 23 30 ~ 60
15. New born Intensive care 22.5 ~ 25.5 30 ~ 60
16. Treatment room 23 ~ 25 30 ~ 60
17. Trauma room 17 ~ 27 45 ~ 55
18. Endoscopy / Bronchoscopy 20 ~ 23 30 ~ 60
19. X-ray (diagnostic & treatment) 25.5 ~ 27 40 ~ 50
20. X-ray (surgery/critical area and 21 ~ 24 30 ~ 60
21. Laboratory (diagnostics) 22.5 ~ 24.5 30 ~ 60
22. Art Galleries/Museums 17 ~ 22 40 ~ 55
23 Libraries 20 ~ 22 45 ~ 55
24. Radio studio/Television studio 23 ~ 26 45 ~ 55
25. Telephone terminal rooms 22 ~ 26 40 ~ 50
26. Airport terminal/ bus terminal 23 ~ 26 50 ~ 60
Note:
a The room design dry bulb temperature should be reduced when hot radiant panels are adjacent to the occupant and
increased when cold panels are adjacent, to compensate for the increase or decrease in radiant heat exchange from the body. A hot
or cold panel may be un‐shaded glass or glass block windows (hot in summer, cold in winter) and thin partitions with hot or cold
spaces adjacent. Hot tanks, furnaces, or machines are hot panels.

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Building Services
2.7.2.2 Outside Design Conditions
a) The outside design conditions for summer months for different cities are provided in Table 8.2.2.
Selection of outside design conditions from this table shall be based on requirements of the application and the
per cent of time the outside air temperature is allowed to exceed the outside design conditions.
b) In case of stringent design conditions a meteorologist with experience in applied climatology may be
consulted to evaluate conditions such as; the formation of heat sinks in urban areas; the duration of extreme
temperatures; project sites located remotely from reporting stations.
2.7.2.3 Ventilation Air
a) Every space served by the air‐conditioning system shall be provided with outside fresh air not less than
the minimum amount mentioned in Table 8.2.3. If adequate temperature regulation along with efficient filtration
of air and absorption of odour and gas are provided, the amount of fresh air requirement may be reduced.
However, in no case the outdoor air quantity shall be lower than 2.5 l/s per person.
b) In hospital operation theaters, a large quantity of outdoor air supply is recommended to overcome
explosion hazard of anesthetics and to maintain sterile conditions. However, if adequate filtration with efficient
absorption of anesthetics and laminar flow of supply air is provided, the outside air requirement may be
substantially reduced. Recirculation of air shall comply with the requirements of Sec 2.11.3.6(b).
2.7.3 Noise and Vibration
2.7.3.1 General
Air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system design and installations shall consider all the aspects of noise
and vibration control related to the system and shall conform to the requirements of Chapter 3: Acoustics and
Noise Control. Selection and installation of equipment for air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall be
such that noise and vibration transmitted to the space served by the system shall not exceed the recommended
value for the space served.
2.7.3.2 Equipment Room
Equipment room for installation of air handling units, refrigeration machinery, pumps, boilers, blowers and other
equipment, which produce noise and vibration, shall not preferably be located adjacent to any acoustically
sensitive area. Location of the equipment room shall be such that direct transmission of noise and vibration from
the equipment room to acoustically sensitive areas do not occur. Where necessary, appropriately designed sound
barriers shall be used to restrict transmission of noise from equipment room to any acoustically sensitive area.
Similarly adequate measures shall be taken to restrict transmission of vibration from equipment room to other
rooms.
2.7.3.3 Selection of Equipment
Where possible, the equipment shall be selected which produce low sound power level consistent with the
required performance and ensuring operation at maximum efficiency. If necessary noise levels shall be reduced
by appropriate shrouding of the equipment. Equipment shall be so oriented that the noise will be radiated away
from the likely areas of complaint.
2.7.3.4 Noise Control
a) Air Ducts: Air ducts shall be so designed and installed to avoid any transmission of noise and vibration which
may be picked up by the duct system from equipment room or adjoining rooms. Duct system shall not allow
cross talk or noise transfer from one occupied space to another.
Duct system shall be appropriately designed, constructed and installed to obtain adequate attenuation of
noise required to maintain recommended noise level in the air‐conditioned space.
Duct construction and installation shall be such that drumming effect of duct walls and noise transmission
through the duct walls can be minimized to approved level.
b) Plenum Chamber: If required, properly designed plenum chamber, lined with approved sound absorbed
material, and/or sound attenuators shall be used for attenuation of noise.
c) Flow Control Devices: Air dampers and other flow control devices shall be so selected that noise generation
does not exceed approved levels.

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d) Air Terminals: Air terminals shall be selected for the approved noise generation characteristics.
e) Piping: Velocity of fluids in piping shall be so selected that noise generation does not exceed approved levels.
f) Chiller and Refrigeration Equipment: Chiller(s) and refrigeration equipment(s) shall be so selected and
installed that the combined effect of noise level does not exceed 65dBA or approved levels at the property
boundary line. Where ever possible refrigerant compressors may be encaged in acoustically treated
enclosures to reduce noise transmission. Similarly, low speed condenser fans may be used to have reduced
noise generation. Fan cylinders may be acoustically treated to reduce noise transmission.
g) Cooling Tower: Cooling Towers(s) shall be so selected and installed that the combined effect of noise
generation does not exceed 65dBA or approved levels at the proper boundary level. Where ever possible, fan
cylinders shall be acoustically treated to reduce noise transmission. Floating mats may also be used to reduce
water droplet noise.
2.7.3.5 Vibration Control
a) Appropriately designed vibration isolators shall be installed under the machinery to restrict vibration
transmission to structures. Similarly vibration isolators shall also be used between a machinery and all
pipe work and duct work including the supports when applicable.
b) Where ever necessary “Inertia Block” with spring vibration isolators shall be used to restrict vibration
transmission to structures.
c) Spring vibration isolators shall be earthquake restraint type.
2.8 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
2.8.1 Duct Work
2.8.1.1 General
a) Supply air, return air and outside air for air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation systems shall be
conducted through duct systems. Ducts and plenums shall be of independent construction or shall be formed by
parts of the building structure.
b) Supply and return air plenums shall be limited to uninhabited crawl spaces, areas above a ceiling or
below the floor, or attic spaces. Plenums shall be limited to one fire area. Fuel‐fired equipment shall not be
installed within a plenum. Venting systems and exhaust ducts shall not be extended into or through ducts or
plenums.
c) Prohibited Use: Exits and exit access corridors shall not be used as supply or return air ducts or plenums.
Exception: The restriction on the use of the space between the corridor ceiling and the floor or roof structure
above as return air plenum shall not apply when the corridor is not required to be of fire resistance rated
construction or is separated from the plenum by fire resistance rated construction or is located within a dwelling
unit.
d) Flood Proofing: For building located in a flood hazard zone, plenum spaces shall be either placed above
the base flood elevation or protected so as to prevent water from entering or accumulating within the plenum
space during floods up to the base flood elevation.
2.8.1.2 Material
a) All ducts, duct connectors, associated fittings and plenums used to convey supply air, return air, and
outdoor air for air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall be constructed of steel, aluminum alloy or
some other approved metal. Ducts, plenums and fittings may be constructed of concrete, clay or ceramics when
installed in the ground or in a concrete slab, provided the joints are tightly sealed.
b) When gypsum products are exposed in ducts or plenums, the air temperature shall neither be lower than
10 C nor be higher than 52oC and the moisture content shall be controlled so as not to adversely affect the
o
material. Gypsum products shall not be exposed in ducts serving evaporative coolers.

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Table 8.2.2 Outside Design Conditions for Different Stationsa
b
Station Cooling DB/MWB Evaporation, WB/MDBc Range
0.4% 1% 2% 0.4% 1% 2% of
DB MWB DB MWB DB MWB WB MDB WB MDB WB MDB DBd
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)
Barisal 35.5 28.5 34.5 28.5 34 28 30 33 29.5 33 29 32 5
Bogra 36.5 28.5 35.5 28.5 34.5 28 31.5 33.5 30 33 29 33 5.5
Chandpur 35.5 28.5 34.5 28.5 34 28 29.5 33 29.5 33 29 32.5 5
Chittagong 34 28.5 33.5 28.5 33 28 29.5 32.5 29 32.5 28.5 32 4.5
Comilla 35 27.5 34.5 27.5 34 27.5 29 33 28.5 32.5 28 32 5.5
Cox’s Bazar 34 27.5 33.5 27.5 33 27.5 29 31 29 30 29 30 5
Dhaka 35.55 27.5 35 27 34.5 27 29 33 28.5 29 28.5 29 5
Dinajpur 36 28.5 35 28 34.5 28 30 32.5 29 33 29 33 5.5
Faridpur 36.5 28.5 35.5 28 34.5 28 29.5 33 29 33 29 33 5
Ishurdi 37.5 27 36.5 27 35.5 28 30 34.5 29 33.5 29 33.5 6
Jessore 38 28.5 37 28.5 36 28 30 35 30 35 29.5 34 6.5
Khulna 36.5 29 36 28 35.5 28 30 34 30 34 29.5 33.5 5
Mongla 37 31 36 30.5 35 30 33 34 32.5 34 32 33.5 5
Mymensingh 35 28 34 28 33.5 27.5 29.5 33 29 32.5 28.5 32 4.5

8‐88 Vol. 3

Station Cooling DB/MWBb Evaporation, WB/MDBc Range

0.4% 1% 2% 0.4% 1% 2% of
DB MWB DB MWB DB MWB WB MDB WB MDB WB MDB DBd
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)
Patuakhali 35.5 28.5 35 28.5 34.5 28.5 30 33 30 33 29.5 32.5 5
Rajshahi 35.5 29 34.5 28.5 34 29 31.5 33 31 32.5 30 31.5 5
Rangamati 35.5 26 34.5 27 34 27.5 28.5 33.5 28 32.5 28 32.5 6
Rangpur 35.5 28.5 34.5 28 34 28 29.5 30.5 29.5 30 29.5 30 5
Sylhet 35.5 27 34.5 27 34 26.5 28.5 32.5 28 32.5 28 32.5 5.5
Tangail 36 27.5 35.5 27.5 34.5 27.5 29 33.5 28.5 33 28.5 33 5.5
Note: a This table has been prepared by statistical analysis of weather data of ten years, recorded three hourly by trained observers of
Bangladesh Meteorological Department.
b The dry bulb (DB) temperatures presented in column‐2, 4 & 6 represent values which have equaled or exceeded by 0.4%, 1%, and 2% of
the total hours during the summer months of May through September. The coincident mean wet bulb temperatures (MWB) listed in
columns 3, 5 & 7 are the mean of all wet bulb temperatures occurring at the specific design dry bulb temperatures. These values shall be
used for cooling load calculation.
c Wet bulb (WB) temperatures presented in column‐8, 10 & 12 represent values which have been equaled or exceeded by 0.4%, 1% and
2% of the total hours during the summer months of May through September. The coincident mean dry bulb temperatures (MDB) listed in
columns 9, 11 & 13 are the mean of all dry bulb temperatures occurring at the specific design wet bulb temperatures. These values shall
be used for selection of Cooling Tower, evaporative cooling equipment, fresh air cooling and other similar equipment.
d Mean daily range temperatures presented in column‐14 are the difference between the average daily maximum and average daily
minimum temperatures during the warmest months at each station.

TABLE 8.2.3 Minimum Ventilation Rates for Air Conditioned Spaces
OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION OUTDOOR OUTDOOR DEFAULT EXHAUST AIRFLOW

AIRFLOW RATE IN AIRFLOW RATE OCCUPANT RATEa
BREATHING ZONE IN DENSITYa
BREATHING
ZONEa
l/s per person l/s per m2 Number per 100 m2 l/s per m2

Correctional facilities
Cells without plumbing fixtures 2.5 0.6 25
‐
Cells with plumbing fixturesg 2.5 0.6 25 5.0
Dining halls
(see food and beverage service) ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Guard stations 2.5 0.3 15 ‐
Day room 2.5 0.3 30 ‐
Booking/waiting 3.75 0.3 50 ‐
Dry cleaners, laundries
Coin‐operated dry cleaner 3.75 ‐ 20 ‐
Coin‐operated laundries 3.75 0.3 20 ‐
Commercial dry cleaner 15 ‐ 30 ‐
Commercial laundry 12.5 ‐ 10 ‐
Storage, pick up 3.75 0.6 30 ‐
Education
Auditoriums 2.5 0.3 150 ‐
Corridors (see public spaces) ‐ ‐ ‐‐
Media center 5 0.6 25 ‐
Sports locker roomsg ‐ ‐ ‐ 2.5
Music/theater/dance 5 0.3 35 ‐
Smoking lounges 30 70 ‐
Day care (through age 4) 5 0.9 25 ‐
Classrooms (ages 5‐8) 5 0.6 25 ‐
Classrooms (age 9 plus) 5 0.6 35 ‐
Lecture classroom 3.75 0.3 65 ‐
Lecture hall (fixed seats) 3.75 0.3 150 ‐
g
Art classroom 10 0.9 20 3.5
Science laboratoriesg 5 0.9 25 5.0
g
Wood/metal shops 5 0.9 20 2.5
Computer lab 5 0.6 25 ‐
Multiuse assembly 3.75 0.3 100 ‐
Locker/dressing roomsg ‐ ‐ ‐ 1.25
Food and beverage service
Bars, cocktail lounges 3.75 0.9 100 ‐
Cafeteria, fast food 3.75 0.9 100 ‐
Dining rooms 3.75 0.9 70 ‐
b
Kitchens (cooking) ‐ ‐ ‐ 3.5
Hospitals, nursing and convalescent
homes
Autopsy rooms ‐ ‐ ‐ 2.5
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BREATHING
ZONEa

Medical procedure rooms 7.5 ‐ 20 ‐

Operating rooms 15 ‐ 20 ‐
Patient rooms 12.5 ‐ 10 ‐
Physical therapy 7.5 ‐ 20 ‐
Recovery and ICU 7.5 ‐ 20 ‐
Hotels, motels, resorts and dormitories
Multipurpose assembly 2.5 0.3 120 ‐
g f
Bathrooms/toilet‐private ‐ ‐ ‐ 12.5/25
Bedroom/living room 2.5 0.3 10 ‐
Conference/meeting 2.5 0.3 50 ‐
Dormitory sleeping areas 2.5 0.3 20 ‐
Gambling casinos 3.75 0.9 120 ‐
Lobbies/pre‐function 3.75 0.3 30 ‐
Offices
Conference rooms 2.5 0.3 50 ‐
Office spaces 2.5 0.3 5 ‐
Reception areas 2.5 0.3 30 ‐
Telephone/data entry 2.5 0.3 60 ‐
Main entry lobbies 2.5 0.3 10 ‐
Private dwellings, single and multiple
b
Garages, common for multiple units ‐ ‐ ‐ 3.75
Garages, separate for each dwellingb ‐ ‐ ‐ 50 l/s per car
Kitchensb ‐ ‐ ‐ 12.5/50f
c
Living areas 0.35 ACH but not less ‐ Based upon number ‐
than 7.5 l/s per of
person bedrooms. First
bedroom,
each
additional bedroom,
1
g f
Toilet rooms and bathrooms ‐ ‐ ‐ 10/25
Public spaces
Corridors ‐ 0.3 ‐ ‐
Elevator car ‐ ‐ ‐ 5.0
Shower room (per shower head)g ‐ ‐ ‐ 25/10f
Smoking lounges 30 ‐ 70 ‐
g e
Toilet rooms ‐ public ‐ ‐ ‐ 25/30
Places of religious worship 2.5 0.3 120 ‐
Courtrooms 2.5 0.3 70 ‐
Legislative chambers 2.5 0.3 50 ‐
Libraries 2.5 0.6 10 ‐
Museums (children's) 3.75 0.6 40 ‐

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Building Services

BREATHING
ZONEa

Museums/galleries 3.75 0.3 40 ‐

Retail stores, sales floors and showroom
floors
Sales (except as below) 3.75 0.6 15 ‐
Dressing rooms ‐ ‐ ‐ 1.25
Mall common areas 3.75 0.3 40 ‐
Shipping and receiving ‐ 0.6 ‐‐
b
Smoking lounges 30 ‐ 70 ‐
Storage rooms ‐ 0.6 ‐‐
Warehouses (see storage) ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

Specialty shops
b
Automotive motor‐fuel dispensing stations ‐ ‐ ‐ 7.5
Barber 3.75 0.3 25 2.5
Beauty and nail salonsb 10 0.6 25 3.0
b
Embalming room ‐ ‐ ‐ 10.0
b
Pet shops (animal areas) 3.75 0.9 10 4.5
Supermarkets 3.75 0.3 8 ‐
Sports and amusement
Disco/dance floors 10 0.3 100 ‐
Bowling alleys (seating areas) 5 0.6 40 ‐
Game arcades 3.75 0.9 20 ‐
Ice arenas without combustion engines ‐ 0.30 ‐ 2.5
Gym, stadium, arena (play area) ‐ 0.30 ‐ ‐
Spectator areas 3.75 0.3 150 ‐
Swimming pools (pool and deck area) ‐ 2.4 ‐‐
Health club/aerobics room 10 0.3 40 ‐
Health club/weight room 10 0.3 10 ‐
Storage
b,d
Repair garages, enclosed parking garages ‐ ‐ ‐ 3.75
Warehouses ‐ 0.3 ‐ ‐
Theaters
Auditoriums (see education) ‐ ‐ ‐‐
Lobbies 2.5 0.3 150 ‐
Stages, studios 5 0.3 70 ‐
Ticket booths 2.5 0.3 60 ‐
Transportation
Platforms 3.75 0.3 100 ‐
Transportation waiting 3.75 0.3 100 ‐
Workrooms
Bank vaults/safe deposit 2.5 0.3 5 ‐
Darkrooms ‐ ‐ ‐ 5.0

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BREATHING
ZONEa

Copy, printing rooms 2.5 0.3 4 2.5

c
Meat processing 7.5 ‐ 10 ‐
Pharmacy (prep. area) 2.5 0.9 10 ‐
Photo studios 2.5 0.6 10 ‐
Computer (without printing) 2.5 0.3 4 ‐
a. Based upon net occupiable floor area.
b. Mechanical exhaust required and the recirculation of air from such spaces is prohibited. All air supplied to such spaces
shall be exhausted, including any air in excess of that required by this table.
c. Spaces unheated or maintained below 50°F are not covered by these requirements unless the occupancy is continuous.
d. Ventilation systems in enclosed parking garages shall comply with Section 2.11.3.8.
e. Rates are per water closet or urinal. The higher rate shall be provided where periods of heavy use are expected to occur, such
as toilets in theaters, schools and sports facilities. The lower rate shall be permitted where periods of heavy use are not
expected.
f. Rates are per room unless otherwise indicated. The higher rate shall be provided where the exhaust system is designed to
operate intermittently. The lower rate shall be permitted where the exhaust system is designed to operate continuously
during normal hours of use.
g. Mechanical exhaust is required and recirculation is prohibited except that recirculation shall be permitted where the
resulting supply air‐stream consists of not more than 10 percent air re‐circulated from these spaces (see Section 2.11.3.6,
items a and c).
h. For nail salons, the required exhaust shall include ventilation tables or other systems that capture the contaminants and odors
at their source and are capable of exhausting a minimum of 25 l/s per station.
2.8.1.3 Combustibles within Ducts or Plenums
Plenums shall be constructed with non‐combustible materials. Materials exposed within ducts or plenums shall
have a flame spread index of not more than 25 and smoke developed rating of not more than 50 when tested in
accordance with ASTM E84.
Exceptions:
a) Return air and outside air ducts, plenums and concealed spaces which serve a dwelling unit may be of
combustible construction.
b) Air filters serving dwelling unit.
c) Air filters used as water evaporation medium in an evaporative cooler.
d) Charcoal filters when protected with an approved fire suppression system.
e) Exposed electric cables installed in concealed space used as plenums exhibit a flame propagation of not more
than 1.5 m and produce smoke having a peak optical density not greater than 0.5 and average optical density
not greater than 0.15 when tested in accordance with UL910.
f) Nonmetallic fire sprinkler piping in the plenum exhibit a flame propagation of not more than 1.5 m and shall
produce smoke having a peak optical density not greater than 0.5 and average optical density not greater
than 0.15 when tested in accordance with UL1820.
2.8.1.4 Duct Construction
a) Ducts shall be of square, rectangular, round or oval cross‐section. Construction of required size of duct
shall be as per good practice described in ASHRAE Handbooks and SMACNA (Sheet Metal and Air‐conditioning
Contractors' National Association, USA) duct construction standards.
b) Joints of duct systems shall be made substantially airtight by means of tapes, mastics, gasketing or other
means and shall have no opening other than those required for proper operation and maintenance of the system.
Access openings shall be provided in the duct system for periodic cleaning of the system. Removable grilles

Part 8
Building Services
requiring only the loosening of catches or screws for removal may be considered as access openings. Walk in
access doors shall be so constructed that the door may be readily opened from the inside without the use of keys.
c) Vibration isolators installed between equipment and metal ducts (or casings) or between two sections of
the ducts where duct crosses building expansion joint, shall be made of an approved flame retardant fabric or
shall consist of sleeve joints with packing of approved material having flame spread rating of not more than 25
and a smoke developed rating of not more than 50 when tested in accordance with ASTM E84. Vibration isolation
connectors constructed of fabric shall not exceed 250 mm in length.
2.8.1.5 Duct Coverings
a) Supply and return air ducts and plenums of a cooling or heating system shall be insulated with approved
quality insulating material of adequate thickness required as per location of the duct system and temperatures of
air inside and around the duct system. Insulation shall be of such quality and thickness to prevent the formation
of condensation on the exterior or interior walls of any duct.
b) Materials used within the ducts and plenums for insulation, sound absorption or other purposes shall
have a mold, humidity and erosion resistant face that meets the requirements of accepted standards. These
materials when exposed to air velocities within the ducts in excess of 10 m/s shall be fastened with both adhesive
and mechanical fasteners, and exposed edges shall have adequate treatment to withstand the operating velocity.
c) Duct coverings, duct linings, vapour barrier facings, tapes, adhesives used in duct system shall have a
flame spread rating not over 25 and a smoke development rating no higher than 50 when tested as a composite
installation:
Exceptions:
i) Duct coverings shall not be required to meet these requirements where they are located entirely
outside of a building, do not penetrate a wall or roof, and do not create an exposure hazard.
ii) Duct covering having a flame spread index not exceeding 50 and a smoke density not greater
than 100 may be used in dwelling or apartment houses where the duct system serves not more than
one dwelling unit.
d) Duct coverings, linings, including associated tapes and adhesives shall be interrupted at least 1 m from
heat source in a duct system such as electric resistance heaters, fuel burning heaters or furnaces and at the area
of a fire damper or fire door, where the duct penetrates a fire separation. Interior insulation and acoustical linings
shall be placed so as not to interfere with positive closing of fire dampers or other closures.
e) Service openings shall not be concealed.
2.8.1.6 Duct Installation
a) An air distribution system shall be designed and installed as per good practice described in ASHRAE
Handbooks and SMACNA Handbook so as to meet the requirement of proper distribution of air as per provisions
of this code. The installation of an air distribution system shall not affect the fire protection requirements
specified in this Code.
b) Ducts and all parts of the duct system shall be substantially supported and securely fastened to the
structural members of the building with approved devices of noncombustible material designed to carry the
required loads. Duct supports shall not lessen the fire protections of structural members. Ducts shall be braced
and guyed to prevent lateral or horizontal swing.
c) Hangers shall have sufficient strength and durability to properly and safely support the duct work.
Hangers shall have sufficient resistance to the corrosive effect of the atmosphere to which they will be exposed.
Hangers shall not be used in direct contact with a dissimilar metal that would cause galvanic action in the hanger,
duct, fastenings, or structure.
d) Ducts shall not be hung from or supported by suspended ceilings.
e) Metal ducts shall not usually be installed within 100 mm of the ground. Metal ducts not having an
approved protective coating, when installed in or under concrete slab shall be encased in at least 50 mm of
concrete. Metallic ducts having an approved protective coating and nonmetallic ducts shall be installed in
accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions.
f) When ducts penetrate any masonry wall, it shall either be lined with felt to isolate it from the masonry,
or an air gap shall be left around it.

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g) All underground ducts located in a flood hazard zone shall be capable of resisting hydrostatic and
hydrodynamic loads and stresses, including the effects of buoyancy, during the occurrence of flooding to the base
flood elevation.
h) Ducts installed in locations where they are subject to mechanical damage by vehicles or from other
causes shall be protected by approved barriers.
2.8.1.7 Fire Damper
a) Fire dampers shall be provided at locations where air distribution systems penetrate assemblies that are
required to be fire resistance rated by this Code.
Exceptions:
Fire dampers are not required in the following cases:
i) Where an exhaust duct penetrates a fire resistance rated shaft wall and the sub‐duct extends not
less than 560 mm vertically upward.
ii) At penetrations of tenant separation and corridor walls in buildings equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with the Building Code.
iii) Where the ducts are constructed of steel and are part of an engineered smoke removal system.
iv) At penetration of corridor walls where the ducts are constructed of steel and do not have
openings which communicate the corridor with adjacent spaces or rooms.
v) At penetrations of a roof assembly where ducts are open to the atmosphere.
vi) In hazardous exhaust systems.
vii) Where ceiling dampers are installed in accordance with the building code.
viii) In garage exhaust or supply shafts which are separated from all other building shafts by not less
than 2‐hour fire resistance rated fire separation assembly.
ix) In ducted air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation systems penetrating walls with a 1 hour fire
resistance rating or less. Where fire dampers will interfere with the operation of the smoke
control system, approved alternative protective devices shall be utilized.
b) Fire dampers shall comply with UL555 and bear the label of an approved agency. Fire dampers shall be
installed in accordance with the manufacturing installation instructions.
c) Fire dampers shall be accessible. Suitable openings with tightly fitted covers shall be provided to make
fire dampers accessible for inspection and this shall be large enough to permit maintenance and resetting of the
damper.
d) Ductwork shall be connected to fire damper sleeves or assemblies in such a way that collapse of the
ductwork will not dislodge the damper.
2.8.1.8 Automatic Shutoff
a) Each single air distribution system providing air‐conditioning, heating or ventilation air in excess of 1000
l/s in Group A, Division 5; Group B; Group C; Group D; Group E, Division 1, 2 and 3; Group F, Division 1, 2, 3 and 5;
Group G, Division 2; Group H, Division 2; Group J occupancies shall be equipped with an automatic shutoff
provision activated by smoke detectors. When the system serves more than one occupancy, automatic shutoff
shall be provided.
Exceptions :
i) Automatic shutoff need not be installed when all rooms have direct exit to the exterior of the
building.
ii) Automatic shutoff need not be installed in systems specifically designed for smoke control.
b) Smoke Detection: Smoke detectors required by Sec 2.5.1.8(a) shall be installed in the main return‐air
duct ahead of any outside air inlet or they may be installed in each room or space served by the return air duct.
Detectors shall also be installed in the supply duct, downstream of the filters. Activation of any detector shall
cause the air moving equipment to automatically shut down.

Part 8
Building Services
2.8.2 Air Terminals
2.8.2.1 Registers, Grilles and Diffusers
Supply air registers, grilles and diffusers; and return air grills shall be installed in accordance with the
manufacturer's installation instructions. Selection and installation of registers, grilles and diffusers shall comply
with the requirements of air distribution system.
2.8.2.2 Ventilating Ceilings
Perforated ceilings may be used for air supply except in exit corridors which are required to be of fire resistive
construction. Ceiling material shall be of Class‐I flame spread classification on both sides in accordance with
requirements of this Code. All wiring shall be in enclosures regardless of the voltage carried. Suspended
ventilating ceiling supports shall be of non combustible materials.
2.8.2.3 Visual Duct Openings
Duct openings in bathrooms, toilets and changing rooms shall prevent visual observation from adjoining rooms.
2.8.2.4 Capped Opening
All duct openings shall be capped during construction.
2.8.2.5 Return Air Intake and Outside Air Intake
Return air and outside air intake openings shall be located in accordance with the requirements of Sec 2.6.2.7 (b).
2.8.2.6 Exhaust Openings
Outside exhaust openings shall be located so as not to create nuisance. Exhaust air shall not be directed onto
walkways.
2.8.2.7 Opening Protection
Outside air intake and exhaust openings shall be protected with corrosion‐resistant screens, louvers or grilles.
Openings shall be protected against all local weather conditions. Exhaust openings shall have provision to prevent
back draft under wind conditions.
2.8.3 Exhaust Air Systems
2.8.3.1 General
a) Exhaust air systems serving kitchens or toilets and/or bathrooms shall be independent exhaust systems
and shall not be combined with exhaust air ducts serving other areas, except at immediately before the point of
final delivery to the outside, such as at the base of a roof ventilator or when all interconnected systems are
equipped with suitable back pressure devices to prevent passage of odours from one system to another when the
fan is not in operation.
b) Exhaust ducts shall have provision for removal of condensates where this may be a problem, such as for
swimming pools and shower exhausts and for these applications duct joints shall be water tight.
c) Construction and installation of exhaust air ducts for toilet, bathrooms and swimming pools shall be in
accordance with the provisions of Sec 2.5.1.
d) Design, construction and installation of exhaust air systems for exhaust of harmful and hazardous gases
and industrial/process exhaust gases shall be in accordance with the provisions of Sec 2.8.4.
e) Design, construction and installation of kitchen exhaust system shall be in accordance with the provisions
of Sec 2.8.5.
2.9 AirConditioning Equipment
2.9.1 General
2.9.1.1 Scope
Air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation equipment shall conform to the requirements of this Code.

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Equipment shall not be installed or altered in violation of this Code. Defective materials or parts shall be replaced
in such a manner as not to invalidate any approval.
2.9.1.2 Approval
When required each appliance shall be approved by the building official for safe use or comply with applicable
nationally recognized standard. For this purpose installers shall furnish satisfactory evidence that the appliance is
constructed in conformity with the requirements of this Code. The permanently attached label of an approved
agency may be accepted as such evidence.
2.9.1.3 Labeling
All mechanical equipment and appliances shall bear permanent and legible factory applied name plate on which
shall appear construction and operation data including safety requirements.
2.9.1.4 Testing
Where required an approved agency shall test a representative sample of the mechanical equipment or appliance
being labeled to the standard or standards pertinent to the equipment or appliance. The approved agency shall
maintain a record of all tests performed. The records shall provide sufficient detail to verify compliance with the
test standard.
2.9.1.5 Equipment Installation
a) General: Mechanical equipment and appliances shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's
installation instructions for the labeled equipment. Connections to mechanical equipment or appliances, such as
fuel supply, electrical, hydronic piping, vent and ducts shall conform to the requirements of this Code.
b) Clearance: Appliances shall be installed with the minimum clearances to combustibles for which the
appliance has been tested as specified by the manufacturer.
c) Anchorage of Appliances: Appliances designed to be fixed in position shall be securely fastened in
position. Supports for appliances shall be designed and constructed to sustain vertical and horizontal loads within
the stress limitations specified in the Building Code.
d) Noise and Vibration: Equipment noise and vibration transmitted to the occupied space shall not exceed
the recommended value for the space. Selection and installation of equipment shall be in accordance with Sec
2.4.3.
e) Identification of Equipment: When more than one air‐conditioning, heating, refrigerating or ventilation
systems are installed on the roof of a building or within the building, each equipment shall be identified as to the
area or space served by the equipment.
2.9.1.6 Access
All mechanical equipment and appliances shall be accessible for inspection, service, repair and replacement
without removing permanent construction. Unless otherwise specified not less than 750 mm of working space
and platform shall be provided to service the equipment or appliance.
Appliance controls, gauges, filters, blowers, motors and burners shall be accessible. The operating instructions
shall be clearly displayed near the appliance where they can be read easily.
2.9.1.7 Location
a) Remote Location: Where an appliance is located in a remote location, a walkway having a minimum
width of 600 mm shall be provided, leading from the access opening to the appliance.
b) Hazardous Location: Appliances installed in garages, warehouses, or other areas where they may be
subject to mechanical damage shall be installed behind suitable protective barriers or at a suitable height above
the floor or located out of the normal path of vehicles to guard against such damages.
Air‐conditioning or heating equipment located in a garage and which generates a glow, spark or flame capable of
igniting flammable vapours shall be installed in such a way that the pilots and burners or heating elements and
switches are at least 450 mm above the floor level.
Where such appliances installed within a garage are enclosed in a separate approved compartment having access
only from outside of the garage such appliances may be installed at floor level, provided the required combustion
air is taken from and discharged to the exterior of the garage.

Part 8
Building Services
Heating equipment located in rooms where cellulose nitrate plastic or other explosive materials are stored or
processed shall comply with the requirements of Part 4: Fire Protection.
c) Outdoor Installation: Mechanical equipment and appliance located outdoors shall be approved for
outdoor installation. Mechanical equipment and appliances installed outdoors shall conform to the requirements
of Sec 2.6.1.5.
Where appliances are located within 3 m of a roof edge or open side of a drop greater than 600 mm, guards shall
be provided. Height of the guard shall be a minimum of 900 mm and a maximum of 1050 mm above the surface.
Equipment that are located outdoors and may be adversely affected by sun and/or water shall be adequately
protected. Access shall be possible under all weather conditions. All outdoor installed equipment shall be so
located that the sound level shall not be more than 65 dB when measured anywhere on the property boundary
line.
2.9.1.8 Electrical Installations
a) Equipment regulated by this code requiring electrical connections of more than 50 volts shall have a
positive means of disconnect adjacent to and in sight from the equipment served. A 230 volt AC grounding type
receptacle shall be located within 8 m of the equipment for service and maintenance purposes. The receptacle
need not be located on the same level as the equipment. Low voltage wiring of 50 volts or less within a structure
shall be installed in a manner to prevent physical damage.
b) Permanent lighting shall be provided to illuminate the area in which an appliance is located. For remote
locations, the light switch shall be located near the access opening leading to the appliance.
Exceptions:
Lighting fixtures need not be installed when the fixed lighting for the building will provide sufficient light for safe
servicing of the equipment.
2.9.1.9 Condensate Wastes
Condensates from air cooling coils, fuel burning condensing appliances and the overflow from evaporative coolers
and similar water supplied equipment shall be collected and discharged to an approved plumbing fixture and
disposal area. The waste pipe shall have a slope of not less than 1 in 100 and shall be of approved corrosion
resistant material and approved size. Condensate or waste water shall not drain over a public way.
2.9.1.10 Personnel Protection
A suitable and substantial metal guard shall be provided around exposed flywheels, fans, pulleys, belts and
moving machinery which are portions of air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system.
2.9.2 Cooling by Refrigeration
2.9.2.1 General
a) Scope: Every air cooling system and equipment using refrigerant coils, chilled water coils and brine coils
shall conform to the requirements of this section and to the applicable requirements of Sec 2.6.1 and 2.7.
b) Use of Group 2 Refrigerants: Direct refrigerant systems containing Group 2 refrigerants shall not serve an
air‐cooling or air‐conditioning system used for human comfort.
2.9.2.2 Installation
a) Clearance From Ground: When cooling equipment other than ducts and piping is suspended from the
under floor construction, a clearance of at least 150 mm shall be provided between the base of the equipment
and the ground.
b) Exterior Wall Installation: All equipment mounted on exterior wall at a height of 6 m or more above the
ground shall be provided on a platform not less than 750 mm in depth, with 1 m high handrails on operation and
control side of the equipment. The platform shall be accessible through catwalk not less than 450 mm wide and
handrail of 1 m high from inside the building or from roof access.
Exceptions:
Equipment located on exterior wall but removable from inside may not require platform and catwalk.

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2.9.2.3 Access
a) Cooling Units: Except for piping, ducts and similar equipment that does not require servicing or adjusting,
an unobstructed access and passageway not less than 600 mm in width and 2 m in height shall be provided to
every cooling units installed inside buildings.
Exception:
The access opening to a cooling unit located in an attic space may be reduced to 750 mm in length and width,
provided the unit can be replaced from this opening or another opening into this space or area.
b) Attic or Furred Space Installation: Access to and working platforms for cooling units or cooling system
compressors located in an attic or furred space shall be provided with a solid continuous flooring not less than
600 mm in width from the access opening to the required working space and platform in front of the equipment
when access opening is located more than 1 m away from working space.
c) Filters, Fuel Valves and Air Handlers: An unobstructed access space not less than 600 mm in width and
750 mm in height shall be provided to filters, fuel control valves and air handling units. Refrigerant, chilled water
and brine piping control valves shall be accessible.
Exception:
An access opening from the unobstructed access space which opens directly to such equipment may be reduced
to 375 mm in the least dimension if the equipment can be serviced, repaired and replaced from this opening
without removing permanent construction.
d) Refrigeration Machinery Room Installations: Access to equipment located in a refrigeration machinery
room shall comply with Sec 2.7.
e) Roof or Exterior Wall Installation
i) Equipment installed on the roof or on an exterior wall shall be accessible under all weather
conditions. A portable ladder or other portable temporary means may be used for access to
equipment located on the roof, or on exterior wall of a single‐storey portion of the building.
ii) Platform: When the roof has a slope greater than 4 in 12 a level working platform at least 750
mm in depth shall be provided along the control or servicing sides of the unit. Sides of a working
platform facing the roof edge below shall be protected by a substantial railing of minimum 1 m
in height with vertical rails not more than 525 mm apart, except that parapets at least 600 mm in
height may be utilized in lieu of rails or guards.
iii) Catwalk: On roofs having slopes greater than 4 in 12, a catwalk at least 400 mm in width with
substantial cleats spaced not more than 400 mm apart shall be provided from the roof access to
the working platform at the appliance.
2.9.2.4 Working Space
Equipment requiring access thereto, as specified in Sec 2.6.2.3, shall be provided with an unobstructed space on
the control or servicing side of the equipment of not less than 750 mm in depth and 2 m in height. Working space
for equipment located in a machinery room shall comply with Sec 2.7.
Exception:
The height of the working space may be reduced to 750 mm for an air handling unit, air filter or refrigerant,
chilled water piping and brine piping control valves.
2.9.2.5 Lighting in Concealed Spaces
When access is required to equipment located in an under floor space, attic or furred space, a permanent electric
light outlet and lighting fixture shall be installed in accordance with Sec 2.6.1.8(b).
2.9.2.6 Condensate Control
When a cooling coil or cooling unit is located in the attic or furred space where damage may result from
condensate overflow, an additional water tight pan of corrosion resistant metal shall be installed beneath the
cooling coil or unit to catch the overflow condensate due to clogged primary condensate drain, or one pan with a
standing overflow and a separate secondary drain may be provided in lieu of the secondary drain pan. The
additional pan or the standing overflow shall be provided with a drain pipe, minimum 19 mm nominal pipe size,
discharging at a point which can be readily observed. This requirement is in addition to the requirements for
condensate waste piping set forth in Sec 2.6.1.9.

Part 8
Building Services
2.9.2.7 Return Air and Outside Air
a) Source: A cooling unit shall be provided with outside air, return air, or both. Cooling systems regulated by
this Code and designed to replace required ventilation shall be arranged to deliver into the conditioned space not
less than the amount of outside air specified in Building Code.
b) Prohibited Sources: The outside air or return air for a cooling system or cooling unit shall not be taken
from the following locations:
i) Closer than 3 m from an appliance vent outlet, a vent opening or a plumbing drainage system or
the discharge outlet of an exhaust fan, unless the outlet is 1 m above the outside air inlet.
ii) Where it will pick up objectionable odours, fumes or flammable vapours; or where it is less than
3 m above the surface of any abutting public way or driveway; or where it is in a horizontal
position in a sidewalk, street, alley or driveway.
iii) A hazardous or insanitary location or a refrigeration machinery room;
iv) An area the volume of which is less than 25 per cent of the entire volume served by such system,
unless there is a permanent opening to an area the volume of which is equal to 25 per cent of
the entire volume served.
v) A room or space having any fuel burning appliances therein, except when 75% of the conditioned
air is discharged back into the same room or space and air inlets are not located within 3 m of
firebox or draft diverter of fuel burning appliance and the room has a volume exceeding 1 m3 for
each 100 watts fuel input rate of all fuel burning appliance therein.
vi) A closet, bathroom, toilet or kitchen.
c) Return Air Limitation: Return air from one dwelling unit shall not be discharged into another dwelling unit
through the cooling system.
2.9.2.8 Air Velocity
Cooling systems shall be designed and constructed so that velocity through filters does not exceed the filter
manufacturer's recommendation.
2.9.2.9 Screen
Required outside air inlets shall be covered with screen having 6 mm openings.
Exception:
An outside air inlet serving a nonresidential portion of a building may be covered with screen having opening
larger than 6 mm but not larger than 25 mm.
2.9.2.10 Duct System
If ducts are required for circulation of air, the duct system shall be constructed and installed in accordance with
Sec 2.5.1. Selection and installation of registers, diffusers and grilles shall conform to the requirements of Sec
2.5.2.
2.9.3 Evaporative Cooling
2.9.3.1 General
a) Scope: Where possible evaporative cooling system may be installed. Evaporative cooling systems shall
comply with this section.
b) Outside Air: Evaporative cooling system shall be provided with outside air as specified in Sec 2.6.2.7
c) Air Ducts: Air duct systems for evaporative cooling shall comply with Sec 2.5.1.
2.9.3.2 Location
Evaporative cooler shall normally be installed outdoor. It may be installed indoor if duct is provided between
cooler and outside air intake.
Evaporative cooling systems shall be installed in a manner to minimize the probability of damage from an external
source.

8‐100 Vol. 3

2.9.3.3 Access
Evaporative coolers shall be accessible for inspection, service and replacement without removing permanent
construction.
An evaporative cooler supported by the building structure shall be installed on a substantial level base and shall
be secured directly or indirectly to the building structure by suitable means to prevent displacement of the cooler.
An evaporative cooler supported directly by the ground shall rest on a level concrete slab. The upper surface of
the concrete slab shall not be less than 75 mm above the adjoining ground level.
An evaporative cooler supported on an above ground platform shall be elevated at least 150 mm above the
adjoining ground level.
Openings in the exterior walls shall be flushed in an approved manner in accordance with this code.
2.9.4 Heating Equipment
2.9.4.1 General
a) Scope: Provisions of this section shall apply to all electric, hot water or steam air heating systems.
b) Outside Air: Heating system shall be provided with outside air as specified in Sec 2.6.2.7.
c) Air Ducts: Air ducts for heating systems shall comply with the applicable provisions of Sec 2.5.1.
2.9.4.2 Location
a) Steam shall not be used in heating coil of air handling unit when it is located inside the building but not
installed in a machinery room.
b) All fuel burning equipment such as boilers shall not be installed inside a building and shall be installed
inside a machinery room.
c) Appliances generating a glow, spark or flame capable of igniting flammable vapours shall not be located
in places where such vapours exist.
2.9.4.3 Access
All appliances shall be accessible for inspection, services, repair and replacement without removing permanent
construction. An unobstructed working space of not less than 750 mm in width and 1250 mm in height shall be
provided on control and servicing side(s) of the appliance.
All heating appliances shall be installed as per applicable provisions of Sec 2.6.1.5.
2.9.4.5 Controls
a) In case of air‐conditioning plants where heating or reheating is required, a safety device shall be
incorporated in the installation to cut off automatically the source of heating, such as steam, hot water or
electricity by means of a suitable thermostat or some other device, as soon as the temperature of the room
reaches a predetermined high level not exceeding 44oC, unless a higher temperature is required for an industrial
process carried out in the air‐conditioned enclosure. In no case the outlet temperature of the heater shall exceed
90oC.
b) In the case of air‐conditioning plants where heating or reheating by means of an electrical heater
designed to operate in an air current is done, the system shall be equipped with a safety device to cut off the
electricity to the heating device whenever there is failure of the air flow in which the heater is required to
operate.
The surface temperature of all electrical heaters used in air‐conditioning systems shall be limited preferably to
400oC, and in no case more than 538oC when measured in still air.
2.9.4.6 Boilers and Furnaces
a) Steam and hot water boilers and furnaces used for air‐conditioning systems shall be designed,
constructed and installed in conformance with the requirements of acceptable standards in this regard and the
appropriate Boiler Code.

Part 8
Building Services
b) Boilers and furnaces shall be installed in a machinery room having:
i) A sufficiently large floor area to permit accessibility for inspection and servicing of the appliance
and to provide adequate clearance to satisfy requirements of fire safety. The volume of the room
for housing central heating furnaces shall be at least 12 times the total volume of the furnace.
The volume of the room for housing central heating boilers shall be at least 16 times the total
volume of the boiler. If the ceiling height of the room or space is greater than 2.5 m, the volume
shall be calculated on the basis of 2.5 m height.
ii) A permanent opening or opening connecting with the outdoors or with some space that freely
connects with outdoors,
iii) A knockout panel to act as explosion relief panel to prevent damage to structure in case of any
explosion in boiler rooms,
iv) Boiler rooms and furnace rooms shall be protected with an automatic fire suppression system
installed in accordance with the Code.
c) Before commissioning of the boiler a certificate of compliance from the Chief Inspector of Boiler shall be
obtained.
2.9.5 Air Handling Unit
2.9.5.1 General
Air handling units shall comply with the applicable requirements as set forth in Sec 2.6.1 and 2.6.2.
2.9.5.2 Location
Air handling unit rooms shall, as far as possible, be centrally located with the equipment room contiguous to the
corridors or other spaces for running of air ducts.
Air handling unit rooms shall be located in areas where reasonable sound levels can be tolerated. Air handling
unit rooms shall not preferably be located adjacent to conference rooms, sound recording studios, broadcasting
studios, bed rooms and other acoustically sensitive areas. If it is absolutely necessary to locate air handling unit
room adjacent to the above acoustically sensitive areas, adequate acoustic treatment in the air handling units,
supply and return air ducts, air handling unit rooms shall be provided. In such case, the access door to the air
handling unit room shall be of single leaf type properly acoustically treated and shall have a door sill. The door
shall open outwards.
In case of multi‐storied buildings and for large capacity plant, independent air handling unit room(s) shall be
provided for each floor when design calls for the same. The area served by each air handling unit shall conform to
the fire protection measures adopted.
2.9.5.3 Access
Floor area of the air handling unit room shall be sufficient to allow proper layout of equipment with adequate
access space and working space for proper operation and maintenance.
Air handling units shall be installed on vibration isolators to restrict transmission of vibration to the building
structure. The base of the air handling unit shall be minimum 75 mm above the adjoining floor level. All air
handling unit rooms shall have properly installed floor drains.
2.9.6 Packaged Airconditioners
2.9.6.1 General
Packaged air‐conditioners shall comply with the applicable requirements set forth in Sec 2.6.1 and 2.6.2.
2.9.6.2 Prohibited Use
Packaged air‐conditioners shall not be used for,
a) Operation theatres where provisions for 100 per cent fresh air and high quality filtration of air are
required.
b) Special applications like sterile rooms for hospitals and clean rooms where high efficiency filtration is
required.

8‐102 Vol. 3

c) Sound recording studios and other areas where criteria for acoustics are stringent.
Exceptions:
Single package units when installed far away from the air‐conditioned space and are provided with properly
designed sound attenuators which can maintain the desired sound level inside the conditioned space.
d) Area requiring close and independent control of temperature and relative humidity.
Exception:
Computer room air‐conditioning.
e) Internal zones where no exposed wall is available for installation of room air‐conditioners or no external
platform is available for installation of outdoor installed unit.
f) The width of the area is such that throw of air from the air‐conditioner cannot cover the required area.
a) Wall punches for room air‐conditioners shall have proper sealing and resilient pad around the body of the
unit to avoid leakage of air and vibration transmission.
b) Outdoor units shall be installed keeping adequate space for condenser air flow. The discharge of
condenser air shall not create any disturbance to the adjacent rooms or buildings.
c) Refrigerant pipes and condensate drain pipes shall be properly installed and shall have proper insulation
to avoid condensation on pipes. Indoor installations shall comply with the requirements of Sec 2.6.2.6.
2.9.7 Accessory Equipment
2.9.7.1 Air Curtain
a) Where Required: In super markets, departmental stores, commercial buildings and other applications
where the continuous movement of people and/or equipment through the door requires that the door be
remained open continuously, adequately sized air curtains may be used to restrict entry of unconditioned air to
conditioned space.
b) Installation: Air curtains shall be installed in such a way as to cover the whole width of the door. The
width and velocity of air jet shall be sufficient to restrict the entry of unconditioned air to the conditioned space.
The unit shall have provisions to control the jet velocity with respect to pressure and velocity of air in the
unconditioned space.
2.9.7.2 Air Filters
a) Air supplied to any space for cooling, heating or ventilation shall be adequately filtered before its point of
discharge into the space. Minimum filtration efficiency shall be in accordance with good engineering practice for
the space served, as recommended in ASHRAE Handbook.
b) Access: Adequate access to facilitate servicing of filters shall be provided. Doors, ladders, electric lighting
etc. shall be provided where necessary. A device for indicating differential pressure across the filter bank shall
preferably be fitted to determine the need for filter change.
c) Electrostatic Filters: Electrostatic filters when used, shall be electrically interlocked so that power supply
is disconnected when access door is opened.
2.9.8 Piping System
2.9.8.1 Material
Piping material for air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall be metallic only.
Exception:
Condensate drain and waste water drain piping for cooling units may be nonmetallic.
2.9.8.2 Support and Anchors
Adequately designed piping supports shall be used at approved space intervals to prevent undue stress on the
pipe and building structure. Piping shall also be adequately anchored. Pipes shall not be supported or hanged
from another pipe.

Part 8
Building Services
2.9.8.3 Expansion and Contraction
Piping shall be installed with provisions to take care of expansion and contraction of the piping because of
temperature changes of the fluid it conveys.
2.9.8.4 Pipe Covering
a) All pipes likely to achieve a surface temperature during normal operation exceeding 70oC and are
exposed to human contact or surface temperature lower than the dew point temperature of the surrounding air,
shall be insulated with approved material suitable for the operating temperature of the system. The insulating
material and its thickness shall be as recommended in ASHRAE Handbook.
b) Insulation and covering on pipes in which the temperature of the fluid exceeds 120oC:
i) Shall be of noncombustible material.
ii) Shall not produce flame and smoke, glow or smoulder when tested in accordance with the latest
standard in this regard at the maximum temperature to which such insulation or covering is to be
exposed in service.
Combustible insulation and covering shall have a flame spread rating throughout the material, not exceeding 25
units in buildings of noncombustible construction, when pipes run in a horizontal or vertical service space. When
pipes run in a room or space other than service space, the pipe covering shall have a flame spread rating not
exceeding that required for the interior finish of the ceiling of the room or space.
Exception:
Pipe coverings may have a flame spread rating more than 25 and smoke developed index more than 100 when
pipes are enclosed within walls, floor slabs or non‐combustible raceways or conduits.
2.9.8.5
Steam or hot water bare pipes passing through a storage space shall be protected to prevent direct contact
between the surface of pipe and the material stored.
Bare pipes containing steam or fluid at temperature above 120oC and passing through a combustible floor,
ceiling or wall, shall have a sleeve of metal at least 50 mm larger in diameter than pipe, packed with
noncombustible material.
Minimum clearance between bare pipe and combustible materials shall not be less than 15 mm when
temperature of steam or water in the pipe does not exceed 120oC and shall not be less than 25 mm for
temperatures exceeding 120oC.
2.9.8.6
All piping shall be marked with approved makings for type of fluid carrying with direction of flow.
2.10 Refrigerating Equipment
2.10.1 General
2.10.1.1 Scope
In addition to other provisions of this code, refrigerating systems and equipment shall conform to the
requirements of this section.
2.10.1.2 Approval
Each refrigerating equipment and its components shall comply with relevant internationally recognized
standards. The listing and label of an approved agency which is attached to the equipment, may be accepted as
evidence that the equipment complies with applicable internationally recognized standards.
A refrigerating equipment shall be installed to conform with the provisions of Sec 2.6.1 and the manufacturer's
installation instructions.

8‐104 Vol. 3

2.10.1.4 Access
Access for refrigerating units shall be provided as for cooling units and cooling systems set forth in Sec 2.6.1.6
and 2.6.2.3.
2.10.1.5 Working Space and Working Platform
Working space and working platform shall be provided as for cooling units and cooling systems set forth in Sec
2.6.2.4.
2.10.1.6 Prohibited Location
Refrigerating systems and portion thereof shall not be located in an elevator shaft, dumb waiter shaft or a shaft
having moving objects therein, or in a location where it will be subject to mechanical damage.
2.10.1.7 Condensate Control
Piping and fittings which convey refrigerant, brine, chilled water or coolant, which generally reach a surface
temperature below the dew point of the surrounding air and which are located in spaces or areas where
condensation could cause a hazard to the building occupants, structure, electrical or other equipment shall be
insulated to prevent such damage.
2.10.2 Absorption Refrigerating Equipment
2.10.2.1 Location
Fuel burning absorption systems shall not be installed in the following locations:
a) In any room or space less than 300 mm wider than the units installed therein, with a minimum clear
working space of not less than 75 mm along the sides, back and top of the unit.
b) In a hazardous location.
c) In a surgical operating room or medical treatment room.
d) In any occupancy group unless separated from the rest of the building by not less than a one hour fire
resistive occupancy separation.
Exceptions:
A separation shall not be required for equipment serving only one dwelling unit.
e) In a room used or designed to be used as a bedroom, bathroom, closet or in any enclosed space with
access only through such room or space.
f) In a room from where noise and vibration may be transmitted to acoustically sensitive areas.
Absorption systems containing Group 2 refrigerants shall not be located in any building unless installed within a
refrigeration machinery room provided as per Sec 2.7.3.3.
Absorption systems containing more than 9 kg of a Group 2 refrigerant shall be located not less than 6 m from
any door, window or ventilating air inlet to a building.
Fuel burning absorption systems located outside of a building shall be completely enclosed in a weather proof
housing of approved materials, unless approved for outdoor installation. The housing shall not be larger than
necessary to properly cover and provide a minimum 150 mm clearance around the unit or units enclosed therein,
including all controls and draft diverters.
An absorption system supported from the ground shall rest on a concrete slab. The upper surface of the concrete
slab shall be at least 75 mm above the adjoining ground level.
2.10.2.3 Pressure Relief Devices
An absorption system shall be equipped with a factory installed pressure relief device, either a fusible plug, a
rupture member or a pressure relief valve.
2.10.2.4 Combustion Air
A fuel burning absorption system shall be provided with adequate combustion air including venting appliances.

Part 8
Building Services
2.10.2.5 Steam or Hot Water Absorption System
All absorption systems using steam or hot water as energy source shall be installed in a machinery room unless
the manufacturer has certified it suitable for outdoor installation. The machinery room shall comply with the
provisions of Sec 2.7.3.3.
2.10.3 Mechanical Refrigerating Equipment
2.10.3.1 General
a) Scope: Mechanical refrigerating equipment shall comply with the provisions of Sec 2.7.1.
Refrigerating systems and equipment, including the replacement of parts and alteration, shall comply with the
provisions of this section.
b) Supports: Supports for compressors, condensing units and chillers shall be designed to safely carry the
equipment. Supports from buildings or parts of buildings that are of noncombustible construction shall be
noncombustible.
A compressor or portion of condensing unit supported from the ground shall rest on a concrete or other approved
base. The upper surface of the concrete base shall be at least 75 mm above the adjoining ground level.
c) Ventilation of Rooms Containing Condensing Units: Rooms or spaces other than a refrigeration machinery
room complying with the requirements of this section, in which any refrigerant containing portion of a
condensing unit is located, shall be provided with one of the following means of ventilation:
i) Permanent gravity ventilation openings of not less than 0.2 m2 net free area opening directly to
the outside of the building or extending to the outside of the building by continuous ducts,
ii) A mechanical exhaust system arranged to provide at least 3 complete air change per hour and to
discharge to the outside of the building.
Exception:
Mechanical exhaust system shall not be required if the room or space has a volume exceeding 40 m3 per
kW of the unit or where such room or space has permanent gravity ventilation openings of 0.2 m2
minimum total area to the other rooms or spaces exceeding 40 m3 per kW.
d) Compressor Near Exits: Refrigerant compressors of more than 4 kW rating shall be located at least 3 m
from an exit unless separated by a one hour fire resistive occupancy separation.
2.10.3.2 Refrigerants
a) Classification: Refrigerants listed in Table 8.2.4 and Table 8.2.5 or other refrigerants equivalent in safety
to life, limb, health or property shall only be used in refrigerating equipment.
Note:
Bangladesh is a signatory to the Montreal Protocol which proclaims phasing out of the use of some
refrigerants viewed as responsible for depletion of the ozone layer and/or causing global warming. If at the
time of using this Code, any of the refrigerants mentioned in Table 8.2.4 and 8.2.5 is prohibited from use by
the Government, the relevant row or rows of these two tables shall be deemed to be deleted. Likewise, if
any safer substitutes to these refrigerants are available and permitted by the Government, these shall be
included in the list of refrigerants permitted by this Code. In general, preference shall be given to equipment
using refrigerants having relatively lower Ozone Depletion Potential and Global Warming Potential.
b) Group 1 Refrigerants
i) Direct Systems: The maximum amount of Group 1 refrigerants in direct systems shall not exceed
that set forth in Table 8.2.4.
ii) Indirect Systems: The amount of Group 1 refrigerants used in indirect systems shall be unlimited.

iii) General: Condensing units or combinations of refrigerant interconnected condensing units
totaling 75 kW or more rating which contain a Group 1 refrigerant shall be enclosed in a
refrigeration machinery room.

8‐106 Vol. 3

Table 8.2.4 Group‐I Refrigerant Classification, Amount and Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL)
Refrigerant Refrigerant Degrees Maximum OELe

Designatio Name Classificationf of Quantity in
n Hazarda Space
Intended for
Human
Occupancy
(g/m3)
R‐11d Trichlorofluoromethane A1 2‐0‐0b 6.2 1,000
d b
R‐12 Dichlorodifluoromethane A1 2‐0‐0 90 1,000
R‐13d Chlorotrifluoromethane A1 2‐0‐0b ‐ 1,000
d b
R‐13B1 Bromotrifluoromethane A1 2‐0‐0 ‐ 1,000
b
R‐14 Tetrafluoromethane A1 2‐0‐0 400 1,000
b
R‐22 Chlorodifluoromethane A1 2‐0‐0 210 1,000
‐
R‐32 Difluromethane A2 77 1,000

(Methylene chloride)
b
R‐113 Trichlorotrifluoroethane A1 2‐0‐0 20 1,000
R‐114 Dichlorotetrafluoroethan A1 2‐0‐0b 140 1,000
R‐115 e A1 2‐0‐0 b
760 1,000
R‐123 Chloropentafluoroethane B1 2‐0‐0 b
57 1,000
R‐134a Dichlorotrifluoroethane A1 2‐0‐0 b
210 1,000
R‐407C Tetrafluoroethane A1 2‐0‐0b 270 1,000
R‐500 R‐32/125/134a A1 2‐0‐0 b
120 1,000
R‐502 R‐12/152a A1 2‐0‐0 b
330 1,000
R‐717 R‐22/115 B2 3‐3‐0 c
0.22 25
R‐744 Ammonia A1 2‐0‐0b 72 5,000
Carbon dioxide
a) Degrees of hazard are for health, fire, and reactivity, in accordance with NFPA 704.
b) Reduction to 1‐0‐0 is allowed if analysis satisfactory to the code official shows that the maximum
concentration for a rupture or full loss of refrigerant charge would not exceed the IDLH, considering both
the refrigerant quantity and room volume.
c) For installations that are entirely outdoors, use 3‐1‐0.
d) Class 1 ozone depleting substance; prohibited for new installations.
e) Occupational Exposure Limit based on OSHA PEL.
f) The capital letter designates the toxicity of the refrigerant at 400PPM by volume. The number denotes
the flammability of the refrigerant.
Class A: Toxicity not identified
Class B: Evidence of toxicity identified.
Class 1: No flame propagation in air at 65⁰F and 14.7 psia.
Class 2: Lower flammability limit (LML) greater than 0.00625 lb/ft3 at 70⁰F and 14.7 psia and heat of
combustion less than 8174 Btu/lb.
Class 3: Highly flammable as defined by LFL less than or equal to 0.00625 lb/ft3 at 70⁰F and 14.7 psia or
heat of combustion greater than or equal to 8174 Btu/lb.
Table 8.2.5 Group 2 Refrigerants
Refrigerant Designation Name

Part 8
Building Services
R‐40 Methyl chloride
R‐611 Methyl format
R‐717 Ammonia
R‐764 Sulphur dioxide
Exception:
The requirement shall not apply when the condensing unit is located outside of a building or on the roof
of a building and not less than 6 m from a door, window or ventilating air opening in a building or when
the condensing unit located in the building is exclusively used for ice making or cold storage together
with the usual accessory rooms in connection therewith.
c) Group 2 Refrigerants: A mechanical refrigerating system or unit refrigerating system containing a Group 2
refrigerant shall not be located within a building unless all refrigerant containing portions of the system are
enclosed in a refrigeration machinery room. Such system when installed outside of a building shall be located at
least 6 m from an exit door, window or ventilating air inlet in a building.

Exception:
This shall not apply to a building used exclusively for ice making, cold storage or for the manufacturing or
processing of food or drink, provided the occupant load does not exceed one person per 10 m2 of floor
area served by such system. Portions of refrigerating systems containing Group 2 refrigerants shall not be
located in an exit.
Direct refrigeration systems containing Group 2 refrigerants shall not serve an air cooling or air‐conditioning
system used for human comfort.
2.10.3.3 Refrigeration Machinery Room
a) General: Required refrigeration machinery rooms shall be of at least one hour fire resistive construction.
All doors shall be tight fitting. Every door shall be clearly labeled "Machinery Room". The room shall have no
openings that will permit the passage of escaping refrigerant to the other parts of the building. There shall be no
direct opening between a refrigeration machinery room containing Group 2 refrigerant and a room or space in
which there is an open flame, spark producing device or heating surface hotter than 426oC. A refrigeration
machinery room containing Group 2 refrigerants shall have at least two means of escape located at least one‐fifth
the perimeter of the room apart. Refrigeration machinery rooms containing Group 1 refrigerant shall have at least
one exit door. Size of the exit door shall be at least 1 m by 2 m.
A refrigeration machinery room door shall open in the direction of escape.
An unobstructed working space of at least 750 mm in width and at least 2100 mm in height shall be provided
around two adjacent sides of all moving machinery in a refrigeration machinery room.
b) Refrigeration Machinery Room Ventilation: Refrigeration machinery room shall be provided with either
mechanical or gravity ventilation.
i) Mechanical exhaust system shall be a separate and individual system of ventilation serving no
other area and shall exhaust air to outdoors at the rate of 12 air changes per hour. Exhaust air
outlet shall not be located within 6m from any exterior door, window or ventilation air inlet in
any building. Provisions shall be made for makeup air to replace that being exhausted. Control
switch for exhaust system shall be located within the machine room and shall be readily
accessible.
ii) Area of gravity ventilation openings to outside of the building shall not be less than one
twentieth of the floor area of the machinery room but shall be more than 0.65 m2.
Approximately one‐half of the openings shall be located within 300 mm of the floor and one half
within 300 mm of the ceiling of the machinery room.
c) Equipment in a Refrigeration Machinery Room: Combustion air shall not be taken from a refrigeration
machinery room. Electrical equipment, switch or control panel other than those used exclusively for air‐
conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall not be located in a refrigeration machinery room. This provision
shall not apply to electrical lighting fixtures for machinery room and switches thereof.
A readily accessible single emergency refrigeration control switch shall be provided to shut off all electrically
operated machineries in a refrigeration machinery room, except the exhaust ventilation system complying with

8‐108 Vol. 3

See 2.7.3.3 (b). Such switch shall be located outside the machinery room, within a distance of 3 m from the
machinery room exit.
d) First Aid Facility: Each refrigeration machinery room shall be provided with first aid boxes. Refrigeration
machinery room containing Group 2 refrigerants shall be provided with two gas masks.
2.10.3.4 Refrigerant Piping and Equipment
a) Materials: Materials used in the construction and installation of refrigerating systems shall be suitable for
the refrigerant in the system, and no material or equipment shall be installed which will deteriorate due to the
chemical action of the refrigerant or the compressor oil, or combination of both.
b) Erection of Refrigerant Piping: Refrigerant piping and tubing shall be installed in such a way so as to
prevent excessive vibration and strains at joints and connections. Adequate type of supports shall be used at
points as required but not exceeding 4.5 m apart.
Refrigerant piping and tubing shall be installed in such a way so that it is not subject to damage from an external
source.
Copper tubing containing other than Group 1 refrigerant shall not be located in a public hallway, lobby or stairway
or a building unless enclosed in iron or steel piping and fittings or in rigid metal conduit.
Iron or steel refrigerant piping placed underground shall be coated with sufficient asphalt paint or equivalent
material to inhibit corrosion.
c) Refrigerant Containers: A refrigerant receiver or evaporator or condenser shall be constructed in
accordance with approved standards.
d) Valves and fittings: All valves and fittings shall be of approved type rated for the maximum operating
pressure of the system.
e) Pressure Limiting Device: A pressure limiting device shall be installed on a positive displacement
refrigerant compressor which is a portion of:
i) A refrigerating system containing Group 2 refrigerant.
ii) An air cooled refrigerating system containing Group 1 refrigerant of 7.5 kW or more rating.
iii) A water cooled refrigerating system containing Group 1 refrigerant of 2.25 kW or more rating.
A stop or shutoff valve shall not be placed between a pressure limiting device required by this section and the
compressor it serves.
f) Pressure Relief Valves: The following compressors of the positive displacement type shall be equipped
with a pressure relief valve:
i) A compressor of 15 kW or more rating which is a portion of a refrigeration system containing
Group 1 refrigerant and operating at a pressure exceeding 103 kPa in the high pressure side of
the system.
ii) A compressor which is a portion of a refrigerating system containing a Group 2 refrigerant.
A pressure relief valve shall be connected to the refrigerant discharge side of the compressor it serves, between
such compressor and a stop valve. A stop or shutoff valve shall not be located between a pressure relief valve
required by this section and the compressor it serves.
A pressure relief valve, required by this section, that terminate outside, shall discharge at a location at least 4.5 m
above the adjoining ground level and at least 6 m from a window, ventilating opening or exit from a building.
g) Pressure Relief Devices for Pressure Vessels: A pressure vessel over 150 mm diameter which may be shut
off by valves from other parts of the system shall be equipped with a pressure relief device(s) or rupture member
complying with the requirements of this code.
h) Manual Discharge of Group 2 Refrigerant: A refrigerating system located in a building and containing
carbon dioxide or Group 2 refrigerant shall be equipped with approved means for manual discharge of the
refrigerant to the atmosphere. The discharge pipe shall terminate outside of the building not less than 2 m above
the highest structure on the building and at least 6 m from any window, ventilating opening or exit from a
building.
2.10.3.5 Storage of Refrigerants
Refrigerants not contained in refrigeration system regulated by the Code shall be stored in original containers
kept in machinery room. The total amount shall not exceed 135 kg.

Part 8
Building Services
A portable refrigerant container shall not be connected to the refrigerating system for a period longer than is
necessary to charge or discharge the refrigerating system.
2.10.4 Cooling Tower
2.10.4.1 Location
Cooling Tower shall not be located where warm and humid air discharge from cooling tower is likely to cause
damage to building structure.
a) Cooling tower located at roof shall meet the requirements of structures as specified in this code.
Clearances for air suction and discharge shall be maintained in accordance with the recommendation of
the manufacturer of the cooling tower.
b) Wind speed shall be taken into consideration while designing the foundation/supports for cooling tower.
c) Necessary vibration isolators shall be installed to restrict transmission of machine vibration to the
structure.
2.10.4.3 Access
An easy access to cooling tower located at roof shall be provided.
2.10.4.4 Waste Water Disposal
Cooling towers or evaporative condensers which are equipped with a positive water discharge to prevent
excessive build‐up of alkalinity and are used for water cooled condensing units or absorption units shall discharge
the water into an approved disposal system.
2.10.4.5 Piping Connections
Water supply, waste water piping and other piping connections shall comply with the provisions of applicable
codes.
2.10.4.6 Noise
Cooling tower noise shall not be more than 65dBA or that approved by the jurisdiction at the property boundary
line. If necessary, the fan cylinder may be covered with acoustic materials to attenuate noise. Similarly floating
type mat may be used to reduce the water droplet noise.
2.10.4.7 Safety
a) Cooling tower fan shall be protected by a strong metal screen so that no external object and/or bird can
come in contact with the fan blades.
b) An electric isolating switch shall be installed, in a locked enclosure, at a suitable location near the cooling
tower to disconnect power to the cooling tower fan when maintenance works are to be carried out.
c) Each cooling tower shall be provided with a securely fixed ladder to facilitate maintenance works.
2.11 Ventilation Systems
2.11.1 General
2.11.1.1 Scope
The provisions of this section shall govern the ventilation of spaces within a building intended for human
occupancy.
2.11.1.2 Where Required
Every space intended for human occupancy shall be provided with ventilation by natural or mechanical means
during the periods when the room or space is occupied.

8‐110 Vol. 3

2.11.2 Natural Ventilation
2.11.2.1 Sources
Natural ventilation of an occupied space shall be through windows, doors, louvers, skylights or other openings to
the outdoor. Such ventilating openings shall open to the sky or a public street, space, alley, park, highway, yard,
court, plaza or other approved space which comply with the requirements of the building code.
2.11.2.2 Area of Ventilating Openings
The minimum ventilating opening to the outdoors shall be four per cent of the floor area being ventilated.
a) Adjoining Spaces: Where rooms and spaces without openings to the outdoors are ventilated through an
adjoining room, the unobstructed opening to the adjoining rooms shall be at least eight per cent of the floor area
of the interior room or space, but not less than 2.33 m2. The ventilation openings to the outdoors shall be based
on the total floor area being ventilated.
b) Opening Below Grade: Openings below grade shall be acceptable for natural ventilation provided the
outside horizontal clear space measured perpendicular to the opening is one and one‐half times the depth below
the average adjoining grade.
2.11.2.3 Contaminants Exhausted
Naturally ventilated spaces having contaminants present shall comply with the requirements of Sec 2.8.4.
2.11.2.4 LPgas Distribution Facilities
LP‐gas distribution facilities shall be provided with air inlets and outlets arranged so that air movement across the
floor of the facility will be uniform. The total area of both inlet and outlet openings shall be at least 0.70 per cent
of the floor area. The bottom of such openings shall not be more than 150 mm above the floor.
2.11.3 Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation shall be provided in all occupiable rooms or spaces where the requirements for natural
ventilation are not met; in all rooms or spaces, which because of the nature of their use or occupancy, involve the
presence of dust, fumes, gases, vapours, or other noxious or injurious impurities, or substances which create a
fire hazard; where space temperature is more than 40º C; where relative humidity of inside air is more than 70
per cent; where job conditions require ventilation; or where required as per provisions of this Code.
2.11.3.2 Ventilation System
Mechanical ventilation shall be provided by a method of supply air and return or exhaust air. The amount of
supply air shall be approximately equal to the amount of return and exhaust air; however, the system shall not be
prohibited from producing a negative or positive pressure. The ventilation system ducts and equipment shall be
designed and installed in accordance with Sec 2.5.
2.11.3.3 Ventilation Air Quantity
The minimum amount of air circulation rate for ventilation shall be determined based on the occupant load/
space area and use of the building in accordance with Table 8.2.6. The air circulation rate specified in the Table
8.2.6 shall be equal to the combined total of outside air and re‐circulated air. The occupant load shall be
determined in accordance with the data provided in table 8.2.3.
2.11.3.4 Minimum Outdoor Air
The minimum amount of the outdoor air shall be in accordance with Table 8.2.3.
Mandatory requirement: in no case the ventilation air quantity shall be lower than 2.5 l/s per person.
2.11.3.5 Air temperature
The temperature differential between ventilation air and air in the conditioned space shall not exceed 5.5oC.
Exception:
Ventilation air that is part of the air‐conditioning system.

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Building Services
2.11.3.6 Recirculation
a) Amount of Recirculation: Not more than 67 per cent of the required ventilation air specified in Table
8.2.6 shall be permitted for recirculation, when the concentration of particulates is less than specified in Table
8.2.7. Air in excess of the required ventilation air shall be permitted to be completely recirculated. Air shall not be
recirculated to another dwelling unit or occupancy of dissimilar use.
Not more than 85 per cent of the required ventilation air shall be permitted for recirculation when the system is
equipped with effective adsorption or filtering equipment so that the condition of the air supplied to the room or
space is within the quality limitations of Table 8.2.7.
b) Prohibited Use of Recirculated Air: Air drawn from mortuary rooms, bathrooms or toilets or any
space where an objectionable quantity of flammable vapours, dust, odours, or noxious gases is present shall not
be recirculated. Air drawn from rooms that must be isolated to prevent the spread of infection shall not be
recirculated.
Exception:
Air drawn from hospital operating rooms may be recirculated, if the following requirements are met:
i) A minimum of twenty five total air changes per hour shall be provided, of which five air changes
per hour shall be outdoor air.
ii) All fans serving exhaust systems are located at the discharge end of the system.
iii) Outdoor air intakes shall be located at least 7.5 m from exhaust outlets of ventilation systems,
combustion equipment stacks, medical surgical vacuum systems, plumbing vent stacks or from
areas which may collect vehicular exhaust and other noxious fumes. The bottom of outdoor air
intakes serving central systems shall be located at least 2 m above ground level, or if installed
above roof, at least 1 m above roof level.
iv) Positive air pressure shall be maintained at all times in relation to adjacent areas.
v) All ventilation or air‐conditioning systems serving such rooms shall be equipped with a filter bed
of twenty five per cent efficiency upstream of air‐conditioning equipment and a filter bed of
ninetynine per cent efficiency downstream of the supply fan, any recirculating spray water
systems and water reservoir type humidifiers. All filter efficiencies shall be average atmospheric
dust spot efficiencies tested in accordance with the latest ASHRAE standard.
vi) Duct linings shall not be used in air‐conditioning and ventilation systems serving such rooms
unless terminal filters of at least ninety per cent efficiency are installed downstream of linings.
vii) Air supplied shall be delivered at or near the ceilings and all exhaust air shall be removed near
floor level, with at least two exhaust outlets not less than 75 mm above the floor.
c) Swimming Pool Area Recirculation: Return air from a swimming pool and deck area shall be permitted to
be recirculated in accordance with Sec 2.8.3.6(a) when such air is dehumidified to maintain the relative humidity
of the area at 60 per cent or less. The return air shall only be recirculated to the area from which it was removed.
2.11.3.7 Ventilation in Uninhabited Spaces
Uninhabited spaces, such as crawl spaces or attics, shall be provided with natural ventilation openings as required
by Building Code or such spaces shall be mechanically ventilated. The mechanical ventilation system shall be a
mechanical exhaust and supply air system. The exhaust rate shall be 0.1 l/s per square metre of horizontal area.
The ventilation system shall operate when the relative humidity exceeds 70 per cent in the space.
2.11.3.8 Ventilation in Enclosed Parking Garages:
Mechanical ventilation systems for enclosed parking garages shall be permitted to operate intermittently where
the system is arranged to operate automatically upon detection of vehicle operation or the presence of occupants
or sensing the CO concentration level by approved automatic detection devices.
Average concentration of CO shall not exceed 35 ppm with a maximum of 200 ppm. Automatic operation of the
system shall not reduce the ventilation air flow rate below .25 l/s.m2 of the floor area and the system shall be
capable of producing a ventilation air flow rate of 7.6 l/s.m2 of floor area. In no case the outdoor air quantity shall
be lower than 5 l/s per m2 of floor area.
Connecting offices, waiting rooms, ticket booths and similar uses that are accessory to a public garage shall be
maintained at a positive pressure.

8‐112 Vol. 3

2.11.4 Mechanical Exhaust
All rooms and areas having air with dust particles sufficiently light enough to float in the air, odours, fumes, spray,
gases, vapours, smoke, or other noxious or impurities in such quantities as to be irritating or injurious to health or
safety or which is harmful to building and materials or has substances which create a fire hazard, and rooms or
areas as indicated in Table 8.2.6 shall have air exhausted to the outdoors in accordance with this section.
2.11.4.2 Design of Exhaust System
a) General: The design of the system shall be such that the emissions or contaminants are confined to the
area in which they are generated by currents, hoods or enclosures and shall be exhausted by a duct system to a
safe location or treated to remove contaminants. Ducts conveying explosives or flammable vapours, fumes or
dusts shall extend directly to the exterior of the building without entering other spaces. Exhaust ducts shall not
extend into or through ducts or plenums.
Exception:
Ducts conveying vapour or fumes having flammable constituents less than 25 per cent of their lower
flammability limit (LFL) may pass through other spaces.

Table 8.2.6 Required Minimum Air Circulation Rate for Mechanical Ventilation of Non‐Air Conditioned Space
SI NO Application Air Change per Hour

1. Assembly rooms 4‐8
2. Bakeries 20‐30
3. Banks/building societies 4‐8
4. Bathrooms 6‐10
5. Bedrooms 2‐4
6. Billiard rooms 6‐8
7. Boiler rooms 15‐30
8. Cafes and coffee bars 10‐12
9. Canteens 8‐12
10. Cellars 3‐1o
11. Churches 1‐3
12. Cinemas and theatres 10‐15
13. Club rooms 12, Min
14. Compressor rooms 10‐12
15. Conference rooms 8‐12
16. Dairies 8‐12
17. Dance halls 12, Min
18. Dye works 20‐30
19. Electroplating shops 10‐12
20. Engine rooms 15‐30
21. Entrance halls 3‐5
22. Factories and work shops 8‐10
23. Foundries 15‐30
24. Garages 6‐8a
25. Glass houses 25‐60
26. Gymnasium 6, Min
27. Hair dressing saloon 10‐15
28. Hospitals‐sterilizing 15‐25

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Building Services
SI NO Application Air Change per Hour

29. Hospital‐wards 6‐8
30. Hospital domestic 15‐20
31. Laboratories 6‐15
32. Launderettes 10‐15
33. Laundries 10‐30
34. Lavatories 6‐15
35. Lecture theatres 5‐8
36. Libraries 3‐5
37. Living rooms 3‐6
38. Mushroom houses 6‐10
39. Offices 6‐10
40. Paint shops (not cellulose) 10‐20
41. Photo and X‐ray darkroom 10‐15
42. Public house bars 12, Min
43. Recording control rooms 15‐25
44. Recording studios 10‐12
45. Restaurants 8‐12
46. Schoolrooms 5‐7
47. Shops and supermarkets 8‐15
48. Shower baths 15‐20
49. Stores and warehouses 3‐6
50. Squash courts 4, Min
51. Swimming baths 10‐15
52. Toilets 6‐10
53. Utility rooms 15‐20
54. Welding shops 15‐30

NOTE
a : Only outdoor air and no recirculation shall be done.
: The ventilation rates may be increased by 50 percent where heavy smoking occurs or if the room is below
ground.
Table 8.2.7 Maximum Allowable Contaminant Concentrations
Contaminant Annual Average Short Term Level Averaging

(arithmetic mean) (not to be exceeded more Period
µg/m3 than once a year) µg/m3 (hours)
Particulates 60 150 24
Sulfur oxides 80 400 24
Carbon monoxide 20,000 30,000 8
Photochemical oxidant 100 500 1
Hydrocarbons (not
including methane) 1,800 4,000 3
Nitrogen oxides 200 500 24
Odour ‐‐ Essentially unobjectionable a ‐‐

8‐114 Vol. 3

Note: a Judged unobjectionable by 60 per cent of a panel of 10 untrained subjects.
Separate and distinct systems shall be provided for incompatible exhaust materials.
Contaminated air shall not be recirculated to occupied areas unless contaminants have been removed. Air
contaminated with explosive or flammable vapours, fumes or dusts; flammable or toxic gases; or radioactive
material shall not be recirculated.
b) Exhaust Air Inlet: The inlet to the exhaust system shall be located in the area of heaviest concentration of
contaminants.
c) Velocity and Circulation: The velocity and circulation of air in work areas shall be such that contaminants
are captured by an air stream at the area where the emissions are generated and conveyed into a product ‐
conveying duct system. Mixtures within work areas where contaminants are generated shall be diluted below 25
per cent of their lower explosive limit or lower flammability limit with air which does not contain other
contaminants.
2.11.4.3 Make Up Air
Make up air shall be provided to replenish air exhausted by the ventilating system. Make up air intakes shall be
located so as to avoid recirculation of contaminated air within enclosures.
2.11.4.4 Hoods and Enclosures
Hoods and enclosures shall be used when contaminants originate in a concentrated area. The design of the hood
or enclosure shall be such that air currents created by the exhaust systems will capture the contaminants and
transport them directly to the exhaust duct. The volume of air shall be sufficient to dilute explosive or flammable
vapours, fumes or dusts as set forth in Sec 2.11.4.2(c).
2.11.4.5 Exhaust Outlets
The termination point for exhaust ducts discharging to the atmosphere shall not be less than the following:
a) Ducts conveying explosive or flammable vapours, fumes or dusts: 9 m from property line; 3 m from opening
into the building; 2 m from exterior walls or roofs; 9 m from combustible walls or openings into the building
which are in the direction of the exhaust discharge; 3 m above adjoining grade.
b) Other product conveying duct outlets: 3 m from property line; 1 m from exterior wall or roof; 3 m from
openings into the buildings; 1 m above adjoining grade.
c) Domestic kitchen, bathroom, domestic clothes dryer exhaust duct outlets: 1 m from property line; 1 m from
opening into the building.
d) Outlets for exhausts that exceed 80oC shall be in accordance with the relevant code.
2.11.4.6 Motors and Fans
a) General: Motors and fans shall be sized to provide the required air movement. Motors in areas which
contain flammable vapours and dusts shall be of a type approved for such environments. A manually operated
remote control device shall be installed to shutoff fans or blowers in flammable vapour or dust system. Such
control device shall be installed at an approved location.
Electrical equipment used in operations that generate explosive or flammable vapours, fumes or dusts shall be
interlocked with the ventilation system so that the equipment cannot be operated unless the ventilation fans are
in operation. Motors for fans used to convey flammable vapours or dusts shall be located outside the duct and
shall be protected with approved shields and dust proofing. Motors and fans shall be accessible for servicing and
maintenance.
b) Fans: Parts of fans in contact with explosive or flammable vapours, fumes or dusts shall be of nonferrous
or non‐sparking materials or their casing shall be lined or constructed of such material. When the size and
hardness of materials passing through a fan could produce a spark, both the fan and the casing shall be of non‐
sparking materials. When fans are required to be spark resistant, their bearings shall not be within the air
stream, and all parts of the fan shall be grounded. Fans in systems handling materials that are likely to clog the
blades, and fans in buffing or woodworking exhaust systems, shall be of the radial blade or tube axial type.
Equipment used to exhaust explosive or flammable vapours, fumes or dusts shall bear an identification plate
stating the ventilation rate for which the system was designed.

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Building Services
Fans located in systems conveying corrosives shall be of materials that are resistant to the corrosion or shall be
coated with corrosion resistant materials.
2.11.4.7 Exhaust Systems of Special Areas
a) Motor Vehicle Operation: In areas where motor vehicles operate for a period of time exceeding 10
seconds, the ventilation return air shall be exhausted. In fuel dispensing areas, the bottom of the air inlet or
exhaust opening shall be located a maximum of 450 mm above the floor.
b) Spray Painting and Dipping Rooms: Rooms booth for spray painting or dipping shall have a mechanical
exhaust systems which create a cross‐sectional air velocity of 0.5 m/s. The system shall provide a uniform
exhaust of air across the width and height of the room or booth. The exhaust system shall operate while spray
painting or dipping is being done.
c) Motion Picture Projectors: Projectors equipped with an exhaust discharge shall be directly connected to
a mechanical exhaust system. The exhaust system shall operate at an exhaust rate as indicated by the
manufacturer's instructions.
Projectors without an exhaust shall have contaminants exhausted through a mechanical exhaust system. The
exhaust rate for electric arc projectors shall be a minimum of 100 l/s per lamp. The exhaust rate for xenon
projectors shall be a minimum of 150 l/s per lamp. The lamp and projection room exhaust systems, if combined
or independent, shall not be interconnected with any other exhaust or return system within the building.
d) Dry Cleaning Equipment: Dry cleaning equipment shall be provided with an exhaust system capable of
maintaining a minimum air velocity of 0.5 m/s across the face of the loading door.
e) LP gas Distribution Facilities: LP gas distribution facilities that are not provided with natural ventilation
shall have a continuously operating exhaust system at the rate of 5 l/s per square metre of floor area. The
bottom of air inlet and outlet openings shall not be more than 150 mm above the floor.
2.11.4.8 Exhaust System Ducts
a) Construction: Ducts for exhaust systems shall be constructed of materials approved for the type of
particulates conveyed and as per latest standard in this regard. Ducts shall be of substantial airtight construction
and shall not have openings other than those required for operation and maintenance of the system.
b) Supports: Spacing of supports for ducts shall not exceed 3.7 m for 200 mm ducts and 6 m for larger ducts
unless justified by the design. The design of supports shall assume that 50 per cent of the duct is full of the
particulate being conveyed.
c) Explosion Venting: Ducts conveying explosive dusts shall have explosion vents, openings protected by
antiflash‐back swing valves or rupture diaphragms. Openings to relieve explosive forces shall be located outside
the building.
d) Fire Protection: Fire suppression system shall be installed within ducts having a cross‐sectional dimension
exceeding 250 mm when the duct conveys flammable vapours or fumes.
e) Clearances: Ducts conveying flammable or explosive vapours, fumes or dusts shall have a clearance from
combustibles of not less than 450 mm.
2.11.5 Kitchen Exhaust Equipment
2.11.5.1 Kitchen Exhaust Ducts
a) Materials: Kitchen exhaust ducts and plenums shall be constructed of at least 16 SWG steel or 18 SWG
stainless steel sheet.
Joints and seams shall be made with a continuous liquid tight weld or braze made on the external surface of the
duct system. A vibration isolator connector may be used, provided it consists of noncombustible packing in a
metal sleeve joint of approved design. Duct bracing and supports shall be of noncombustible material securely
attached to the structure and designed to carry gravity and lateral loads within the stress limitations of the
Building Code. Bolts, screws, rivets and other mechanical fasteners shall not penetrate duct walls. Exhaust fan
housings shall be constructed of steel.
Exception:
Kitchen exhaust ducts which are exclusively used for collecting and removing steam, vapour, heat or
odour may be constructed as per provisions of Sec 2.4.1.

8‐116 Vol. 3

b) Corrosion Protection: Ducts exposed to the outside atmosphere or subject to a corrosive environment
shall be protected against corrosion. Galvanization of metal parts, protection with noncorrosive paints and
waterproof insulation are considered acceptable methods of protection.
c) Prevention of Grease Accumulation: Duct systems shall be so constructed and installed that grease
cannot become pocketed in any portion thereof, and the system shall have a slope not less than 1 in 48 towards
the hood or an approved grease reservoir. Where the horizontal ducts exceed 23 m in length the slope shall not
be less than 1 in 12.
d) Air Velocity: The air velocity in the duct shall be a minimum of 7.62 m/s and a maximum of 12.7 m/s.
e) Cleanouts and Other Openings: Duct systems shall not have openings other than those required for
proper operation and maintenance of the system. Any portion of such system having sections inaccessible from
the duct entry or discharge shall be provided with adequate cleanout openings of approved construction spaced
not more than 6 m apart. The cleanout shall be located on the side of the duct having a minimum opening
dimension of 300 mm or the width of the duct when less than 300 mm.
f) Duct Enclosure: The duct which penetrates a ceiling, wall or floor shall be enclosed in a fire‐resistant
rated enclosure from the point of penetration in accordance with the Building Code. The duct enclosure shall be
sealed around the duct at the point of penetration and vented to the exterior through weather‐protected
openings. The clearance between the duct enclosure and the duct shall be at least 75 mm and not more than 300
mm. Each duct enclosure shall contain only one exhaust duct. Approved fire rated access openings shall be
provided at cleanout points.
g) Kitchen exhaust air flow rate shall be calculated based on the data provided in Table 8.2.8.
Table 8.2.8 Design Exhaust Air Flow in I/s per kW of the Kitchen Equipment
SI Kitchen Equipment Electricity based Gas based

Equipment Equipment
(a) (b) © (d)
1. Cooking pot 8 12
2. Pressure cooker cabinet 5
3. Convection oven 10
4. Roasting oven (salamander) 33 33
5. Griddle 32 35
6. Frying pan 32 35
7. Deep fat fryer 28
8. Cooker/stove 32 35
9. Grill 50 61
10. Heated table/bath 30
11. Coffeemaker 3
12. Dish washer 17
13. Refrigeration equipment 60
14. Ceramic cooker/stove 25
15. Microwave oven 3
16. Pizza oven 15
17. Induction cooker/stove 20
2.11.5.2 Kitchen Exhaust Hoods
a) A commercial exhaust hood shall be provided for each commercial cooking appliance.
Exceptions:
i) An appliance located within a dwelling unit and not used for commercial purposes.
ii) Completely enclosed ovens.
iii) Steam tables.

Part 8
Building Services
iv) Auxiliary cooking equipment that does not produce grease laden vapours, including toasters,
coffee makers and egg cookers.
b) Domestic cooking appliances used for commercial purposes shall be provided with a commercial exhaust
hood. Domestic cooking appliances used for noncommercial purposes shall be provided with ventilation in
accordance with Sec 2.8.
c) Hood Construction: The hood and other parts of the primary collection system shall be constructed of
galvanized steel, stainless steel, copper or other material approved by the Building Official for the use intended.
The minimum nominal thickness of the galvanized steel shall be 1.2 mm (No. 18 SWG). The minimum nominal
thickness of stainless steel shall be 0.93 mm (No. 20 SWG). Hoods constructed of copper shall be of copper sheets
weighing at least 7.33 kg/m2. All external joints shall be welded liquid tight. Hoods shall be secured in place in
noncombustible supports.
d) Interior Surface: The interior surfaces of the hood shall not have any areas that can accumulate grease.
Exception:
Grease collection systems under fitters and troughs on the perimeter of canopy hoods.
e) Canopy Hoods: Canopy hoods shall be designed to completely cover the cooking equipment. The edge of
the hood shall extend a minimum horizontal distance of 150 mm beyond the edge of the cooking surface on all
open sides and the vertical distance between the lip of the hood and the cooking surface shall not exceed 1.22 m.
f) Non‐canopy Type Hoods: Hoods of the non canopy‐type shall be located a maximum of 900 mm above
the cooking surface. The edge of the hood shall be set back a maximum of 300 mm from the edge of the cooking
surface.
g) Hood Exhaust : The hood exhaust shall create a draft from the cooking surface into the hood. Canopy
hoods attached to wall shall exhaust a minimum of 500 l/s per m2 of the hood area. Canopy hoods exposed on all
sides shall exhaust a minimum of 750 l/s per m2 of hood area. Hoods of the non canopy type shall exhaust a
minimum of 460 l/s per lineal metre of cooking surface.
h) Exhaust Outlet : An exhaust outlet within the hood shall be so located as to optimize the capture of
particulate matter. Each outlet shall serve not more than a 3.7 m section of the hood.
2.11.5.3 Make Up Air
Make up air shall be supplied during the operation of the kitchen exhaust system. The amount of make up air
shall be approximately equal to the amount of the exhaust air. The make up air shall be supplied in such a way as
to avoid short circuiting and reducing the effectiveness of the exhaust system. Windows and doors shall not be
used for the purpose of providing make up air.
2.11.5.4 Grease Removal
The air exhausted in every commercial exhaust hood shall pass through approved grease filters or grease removal
device designed for the specific purpose. Grease removal devices shall bear the label of an approved agency, and
shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions for the labeled equipment. All grease filters
shall be accessible. Grease filters shall be installed at a minimum angle of 45 degrees to the horizontal. The filters
shall be arranged so as to capture and drain grease to a point of collection.
2.11.5.5 Motors, Fans and Safety Devices
a) Motors and fans shall be of sufficient capacity to provide required air movement. Electrical equipment
shall be approved for the class of use as provided in the Electrical Code. Motors and fans shall be accessible for
servicing and maintenance. Motors of the exhaust fan shall not be installed within the ducts or under hoods.
b) Commercial exhaust system hoods and ducts shall have a minimum clearance to combustibles of
450 mm.
c) Fire Suppression System Required: All commercial cooking surfaces, kitchen exhaust systems, grease
removal devices and hoods shall be protected with an approved automatic fire suppression system in accordance
with the Building Code.

8‐118 Vol. 3

2.12 ENERGY CONSERVATION
2.12.1 General
Air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation systems of all buildings shall be designed and installed for efficient use of
energy as herein provided. Calculations of cooling and heating loads shall be based on data which lead to a system
with optimum energy use.
General standards of comfort or particular environmental requirements within the building shall not be sacrificed
in an endeavor to achieve low consumption of energy. For special applications, such as hospitals, laboratories,
thermally sensitive equipment, computer rooms and manufacturing processes, the design concepts and
parameters shall conform to the requirements of the application at minimum energy levels.
2.12.2 Design Parameters
2.12.2.1 Outdoor Design Conditions
Unless specifically required, the outdoor design temperature shall be selected from columns of 2 per cent value of
Table 8.2.2 for cooling.
2.12.2.2 Indoor Design Conditions
Indoor design temperature shall not be less than 24ºC for cooling unless otherwise required for specific
application.
2.12.2.3 Humidity
The actual design relative humidity shall be selected from the range shown in Table 8.2.1 for the minimum total
air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system energy use.
2.12.3 System Design
2.12.3.1 Load Variation
Consideration shall be given to changes in building load and the system designed, so that maximum operational
efficiency is maintained under part load conditions. The total system shall be separated into smaller zones having
similar load requirements, so that each zone can be separately controlled to maintain optimum operating
conditions by reducing wastage of energy.
2.12.3.2 Temperature of Cooling Media
The temperature of refrigerant, chilled water or brine circulated within the system shall be maintained at the
level necessary to achieve the required output to match the prevailing load conditions with the minimum
expenditure of energy.
2.12.3.3 Energy Recovery
Where possible energy recovery system shall be adopted.
2.12.4 Equipment and Control
2.12.4.1 General
Air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall be equipped with devices and controls to automatically
control the capacity of the system when the building requirement reduces. The control system shall have devices
to reduce energy use considering the effect of building energy storage.
2.12.4.2 Cooling with Outdoor Air
Each air handling system shall have facility to use up to and including 100 per cent of the air handling system
capacity for cooling with outdoor air automatically whenever the use of outdoor air will result in lower usage of
energy than would be required under normal operation of the air handling system.
Exception:
Cooling with outdoor air is not required under any one or more of the following conditions:
a) Where the air handling system capacity is less than 2500 l/s or 40 kW total cooling capacity.

Part 8
Building Services
b) Where the quality of outdoor air is so poor as to require extensive treatment of the air.
c) Where the need for humidification or dehumidification requires the use of more energy than is
conserved by outdoor air cooling on an annual basis.
d) Where the use of outdoor air cooling would affect the operation of other systems so as to
increase the overall energy consumption of the building.
2.12.4.3 Mechanical Ventilation
Each mechanical ventilation system shall be equipped with a readily accessible means for either shutoff or volume
reduction, and shutoff when ventilation is not required. Automatic or gravity dampers that close when the system
is not operating shall be provided for outdoor air intakes and exhausts.
2.12.4.4 Maintenance
Heat exchange tubes shall be periodically cleaned to maintain its heat transfer characteristics. Maintenance of all
equipment shall be periodically done to maintain its efficiency at satisfactory level.
2.12.4.5 Minimum Equipment Efficiencies
Cooling equipment shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency requirements presented in Tables 8.2.9 through
8.2.10. Heating and cooling equipment not listed here shall comply with ASHRAE 90.1‐2004 § 6.4.1.
Table 8.2.9 Minimum Performance of Unitary Air Conditioning Equipment
Equipment Class Minimum Minimum Test Standard

COP IPLV
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner 3.08 ‐‐ ARI 210/240
≥ 19 and <40 KW (≥5.4 and
<11 tons)
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner 3.08 ‐‐ ARI 340/360
≥ 40 to <70 KW (≥11 to
<20 tons)
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner 2.93 2.99 ARI 340/360
≥70 KW (≥20 tons)
Unitary water Cooled Air 4.10 ‐‐ ARI 210/240
Conditioner <19 KW
(<5.4 tons)
Unitary water Cooled Air 4.10 ‐‐ ARI 210/240
Conditioner ≥ 19 and <40 KW
(≥5.4 and <11 tons)
Unitary water Cooled Air 3.22 3.02 ARI 210/240
Conditioner ≥<40 KW
(≥11 tons)
Table 8.2.10 Minimum Performance of Chillers
Equipment Class Size category Minimum Minimum Test Standard

COP IPLV
Air cooled Chiller, <530 KW 2.90 3.16 ARI 550/590‐
electrically operated (<150 tons) 1998

Air cooled Chiller, ≥530 KW 3.05 3.32 ARI 550/590‐1998
electrically operated (≥150 tons)
Centrifugal Water Cooled, Chiller <530 KW 5.80 6.09 ARI 550/590‐
electrically operated (<150 tons) 1998

8‐120 Vol. 3

Equipment Class Size category Minimum Minimum Test Standard

COP IPLV
Centrifugal Water Cooled ≥530 and <1050 5.80 6.17 ARI 550/590‐
Chiller, electrically KW 1998
operated (≥150 and <300
tons)
Centrifugal Water Cooled ≥1050 KW (≥300 6.30 6.61 ARI 550/590‐
Chiller, electrically tons) 1998
operated
Reciprocating All Capacities 4.20 5.05 ARI 550/590‐
Compressor, Water 1998
Cooled Chiller, electrically
operated
Rotary Screw and Scroll <530 KW (<150 4.70 5.49 ARI 550/590‐
Compressor, Water tons) 1998
operated
Rotary Screw and Scroll ≥530 and 5.40 6.17 ARI 550/590‐
Compressor, Water <1050KW 1998
Cooled Chiller, electrically (≥150 and <300
operated tons)
Rotary Screw and Scroll ≥1050 KW 5.75 6.43 ARI 550/590‐
Compressor, Water (≥300 tons) 1998
operated
Air cooled Absorption, All Capacities 0.60 ‐‐ ARI 560
Single Effect
Water Cooled Absorption, All Capacities 0.70 ‐‐ ARI 560
Single Effect
Absorption, Double Effect, All Capacities 1.00 1.05 ARI 560
Indirect Fired
Absorption, Double Effect, All Capacities 1.00 1.00 ARI 560
Direct Fired
2.12.4.6 Controls
a) All mechanical cooling and heating shall be controlled by a timeclock that:
(i) Can start and stop the system under different schedules for three different day‐types per week.
(ii) Is capable of retaining programming and time setting during a loss of power for a period of at
least 10 hours, and
(iii) Includes an accessible manual override that allows temporary operation of the system for up to
2 hours.
Exceptions:
Cooling systems < 28 kw (8 tons)
Heating systems < 7 kw (2 tons)
b) All heating and cooling equipment shall be temperature controlled. Where a unit provides both heating and
cooling, controls shall be capable of providing a temperature dead band of 3° (5°F) within which the supply of
heating and cooling energy to the zone is shut off or reduced to a minimum. Where separate heating and cooling
equipment serve the same temperature zone, thermostats shall be interlocked to prevent simultaneous heating
and cooling.

Part 8
Building Services
c) All cooling towers and closed fluid coolers shall have either two speed motors, pony motors, or variable speed
drives controlling the fans.
2.12.5 System Balancing
2.12.5.1 General
Construction documents shall require that all HVAC systems be balanced in accordance with generally accepted
engineering standards.
Construction documents shall require that a written balance report be provided to the owner or the designed
representative of the building owner for HVAC system servicing zones with a total conditioned area exceeding 500
m2 (5000 ft2).
a) Air System Balancing
Air systems shall be balanced in a manner to first minimize throttling loses. Then, for fans with fan system
power greater than 0.75 KW (1.0 hp), fan speed shall be adjusted to meet design flow conditions.
b) Hydronic System Balancing
Hydronic systems shall be proportionately balanced in a manner to first minimize throttling loses; then the
pump impeller shall be trimmed or pump speed shall be adjusted to meet design flow conditions.
Exceptions:
(i) Impellers need not be trimmed nor pump speed adjusted for pumps with pump motors of 7.5 KW (10 hp)
or less.
(ii) Impellers need not be trimmed when throttling results in no greater than 5% of the nameplate horse
power draw, or 2.2 KW (3hp), whichever is greater.
2.12.6 Condensers
2.12.6.1 Condenser Locations
Care shall be exercised in locating the condensers in such a manner that heat sink is free of interference from
heat discharge by devices located in adjoining spaces and also does not interfere with such other systems
installed nearby.
2.12.6.2 Treatment Water for Condensers
All high‐rise buildings using centralized cooling water system shall use soft water for the condenser and chilled
water‐system.
2.12.7 Economizers
2.12.7.1 Air side Economizer
Each individual cooling fan system that has a design supply capacity over 1,200 l/s (2,500 cfm) and a total
mechanical cooling capacity over 22 KW (6.3 tons) shall include either:
(a) An air economizer capable of modulating outside‐air and return‐air dampers to supply 100 percent of the
design supply air quantity as outside‐air; or
(b) A water economizer capable of providing 100% of the expected system cooling load at outside air temperature
of 10°C(50°F) dry‐bulb/ 7.2°C (45°F) wet‐bulb and below:
Exception:
i) Projects in the Hot‐Dry and Warm‐Humid climate zones are exempt.
ii) Individual ceiling mounted fan systems <3,200 l/s (6,500 cfm) are exempt.
2.12.7.2
where required by 2.12.7.1 economizers shall be capable of providing partial cooling even when additional
mechanical cooling is required to meet the cooling load.

8‐122 Vol. 3

2.12.8 Variable FlowHydronic Systems
2.12.8.1
Chilled or hot‐water systems shall be designed for variable fluid flow and shall be capable of reducing pump flow
rates to no more than the larger of:
(a) 50% of the design flow rate, or
(b) the minimum flow required by the equipment manufacturer for proper operation of the chillers or boilers.
2.12.8.2
Water cooled air‐conditioning or heat pump units with a circulation pump motor greater than or equal to 3.7 KW
(5hp) shall have two‐way automatic isolation valves on each water cooled air‐conditioning or heat pump unit that
are interlocked with the compressor to shut off condenser water flow when the compressor is not operating.
2.12.8.3
Chilled water or condenser water systems that must comply with either 2.12.8.1 or 2 .12.8.2 and that have pump
motors greater than or equal to 3.7 KW (5hp) shall be controlled by variable speed drives.
2.13 Inspection, Testing and Commissioning
2.13.1 Inspection and Testing
2.13.1.1 General
All air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall be inspected and tested by the Authority before the
system is commissioned for normal operation. It should be ensured that these are carried out thoroughly and that
all data and results are properly documented. It is recommended that whole inspection, testing and
commissioning be done under the guidance and control of a single Authority.
2.13.1.2 Inspection
All machinery, equipment and other accessories of the air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall be
inspected by the Authority to determine whether the system components and the system as a whole has been
installed as per design and provisions of this Code; proper safety requirements have been maintained; and
adequate fire protection measures have been taken.
Inspection shall also be carried out on structural supports, hangers, fastening devices, vibration isolators etc.
2.13.1.3 Testing
a) General: All machinery, equipment and other accessories shall be tested as per approved procedures.
Tests shall be conducted to determine the strength capacity of any item and performance of any machine and
equipment. All test data shall be properly documented.
b) Pressure Testing of Piping: All field installed refrigerant and hydronic piping system along with their
valves and pipe fittings shall be tested at their approved test pressures to determine whether the piping system
can withstand the test pressures.
c) Air Distribution System Testing: All ducting system shall be tested to determine whether the duct system
has any leakage at test pressures. All air terminals and air dampers shall be tested for their flow characteristics.
d) Machinery and Equipment: Tests shall be conducted on machinery and equipment to determine whether
these operate and function properly. All machinery and equipment shall also be tested for their electrical power
consumption characteristics and overall performance. Before performance testing of the system all air
distribution system and hydronic system shall be properly balanced by approved procedure.
e) Safety Devices and Controls: Tests shall be carried out to determine whether the safety devices and
controls function properly.
f) All air filters shall be tested in accordance with the latest standard.

Part 8
Building Services
2.13.2 Commissioning
If the Authority becomes satisfied regarding satisfactory installation and performance of the air‐
conditioning, heating and ventilation system after testing, the system shall be commissioned following approved
procedure. Before complete commissioning, all air distribution systems and hydronic systems shall be properly
balanced and all the controls and their sensors shall be properly adjusted.
2.14 Operation and Maintenance
2.14.1 General
The owner of the building where the air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system is installed, shall follow a
properly designed operation procedure and maintenance schedule.
2.14.2 Operation
A well sequenced operation procedure shall be followed to ensure effective operation of the air‐conditioning,
heating and ventilation system, safety from hazard to personnel and property. Operation procedure shall take
account for saving in energy use.
All operational data of all the machinery and equipment shall be properly recorded for determination of
performance of the machinery, equipment and the system. These data shall be properly preserved for future
reference for maintenance purposes.
2.14.3 Maintenance
A well designed maintenance program for the air‐conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall be
implemented in order to achieve the following:
a) Optimum reliability and continuity of service.
b) Extended longevity and economic life.
c) Functional effectiveness, whereby the intended performance of mechanical equipment and system can
be fully attained.
d) Minimum operating cost, attendant requirements, servicing and repairs.
e) Safety from hazard to personnel and property.
Maintenance program and procedure shall comply with the instructions of machinery/equipment manufacturers
in this regard.

8‐124 Vol. 3

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Chapter 1

Colour Range of Colour

rendering Index Ra Appearance Examples of Use

1 Ra ≥ 85 Intermediate Shops, hospitals

2 70 ≤ Ra < 85 Intermediate Offices, schools, department store, fine industrial

1.2.2.1 The illumination of all work areas within a building shall be a minimum of 150 lux.

Colour Reflection Factor Colour Reflection Factor

Serial No. Description Symbol

Serial No. Description Symbol

Serial No. Description Symbol

Residence/ Dwelling : multi‐family (other than hotels) 20 75

Hospitals 32 80

Hotels, including apartment house (excluding any provisions for electric 24 75

Office and commercial multi‐storeyed buildings 28 75

Departmental stores 28 75

Banks 20 75

Restaurants (excluding any provisions for electric cooking) 16 75

Barber shops and beauty parlours 32 75

Schools and Colleges 12 70

Nominal Cross‐sectional Area Number and Diameter Maximum Permissible

1.5 48/0.2 5.3

1.3.17 Branch Distribution Boards, Sub­distribution Boards, Distribution Boards, FDBs

740 390 120 up to 48

Capacity of Transformer Total Substation Area (with HT, LT Panels & Transformer Room

2x250 26 100

2x630 26 100

3x1000 45 220

Type Description Example

Type Description Example

Type Description Example

Type Description Example

Big industrial plants, telephone exchanges, office blocks, hotels, 7

Industrial and agricultural buildings with specially susceptibleb 5

Industrial key plants, ancient monuments, historic buildings, 8

b This means specially valuable plant or materials vulnerable to

Office building in a locality As the figure is

Hotel building (height 31m) Protection

Building of historical Protection

Structure of high historical Protection

Structure, such as hydro‐ Protected by

Sl. No. Refrigerant GWP values

Sl. No. Refrigerant ODP values

Station Cooling DB/MWBb Evaporation, WB/MDBc Range

OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION OUTDOOR OUTDOOR DEFAULT EXHAUST AIRFLOW

l/s per person l/s per m2 Number per 100 m2 l/s per m2

OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION OUTDOOR OUTDOOR DEFAULT EXHAUST AIRFLOW

l/s per person l/s per m2 Number per 100 m2 l/s per m2

Medical procedure rooms 7.5 ‐ 20 ‐

OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION OUTDOOR OUTDOOR DEFAULT EXHAUST AIRFLOW

l/s per person l/s per m2 Number per 100 m2 l/s per m2

Museums/galleries 3.75 0.3 40 ‐

OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION OUTDOOR OUTDOOR DEFAULT EXHAUST AIRFLOW

l/s per person l/s per m2 Number per 100 m2 l/s per m2

Copy, printing rooms 2.5 0.3 4 2.5

Refrigerant Refrigerant Degrees Maximum OELe

SI NO Application Air Change per Hour

SI NO Application Air Change per Hour

Contaminant Annual Average Short Term Level Averaging

SI Kitchen Equipment Electricity based Gas based

Equipment Class Minimum Minimum Test Standard

Equipment Class Size category Minimum Minimum Test Standard

Equipment Class Size category Minimum Minimum Test Standard

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1.3.17 Branch Distribution Boards, Subdistribution Boards, Distribution Boards, FDBs