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Introduction :
C C
T T
∑𝐹 = 0 ∑𝑀 =0
𝟔𝟎𝟎 (𝒅 − 𝒄)
𝒇𝒔 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝒄
RC-1 Page 1
Note:
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 < 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∶
𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝝆 > 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝝆 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙
.04 0.5 0.6
Thus,
3
0.85𝑓′ 𝛽 ⎯⎯𝑑 𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓
7
3 0.85β 𝑓′
𝜌 = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7 𝑓
• Strength Reduction factor, ϕ
𝑓 ≤ 𝑓 ; ϕ = 0.65
𝑓 −𝑓
𝑓 < 𝑓 < 1000 ; ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1000 − 𝑓
𝑓 ≥ 1000 ; ϕ = 0.90
Tension controlled members. Reinforcing steel yields before the concrete strain at extreme
compression fiber reaches 0.003 (𝑓 > 𝑓 , 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
Compression controlled section. The strain at extreme fiber for concrete reached 0.003 before
steel yield. In the case, the section is over reinforced. (𝑓 < 𝑓 , 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
Thus,
3
0.85𝑓′ 𝛽 ⎯⎯𝑑 𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓
8
3 0.85β 𝑓′
ρ = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8 𝑓
Problem 3.1.1
A rectangular beam has b=300 mm, d=500 mm, 𝐴 = 3-25mm diameter reinforced steel bar, 𝑓′ = 34.20 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Determine the ultimate capacity of the beam.
RC-1 Page 2
Given:
𝑓′ = 34.20 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
500 mm = π(25𝑚𝑚)
𝐴 = 3 · ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4
1875π
𝐴 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯𝑚𝑚
4
b=300 mm
Req'd : 𝑀 =?
Solution:
Step 1: Assume steel yields, 𝑓 = 𝑓
𝒂
𝑪=𝑻 𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 ; 𝒄 = ⎯⎯⎯ 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓′ = 34.20 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 55 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜷𝟏
0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑓 0.05
69.90773 𝑚𝑚 𝛽 = 0.85 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯(𝑓 − 28)
7
1875π 𝑐 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
0.80571
0.85(34.20)(𝑎)(300) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯(414) 0.05
4 𝛽 = 0.85 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯(34.2 − 28)
7
𝑐 = 86.76537 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 69.90773 𝑚𝑚
𝛽 = 0.80571
𝑴𝒖 = 𝝓𝑴𝒏 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐)
𝑀 = 283.52 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚
Problem 3.1.2
A rectangular beam has b=250 mm, d=350 mm, 𝐴 = 3-32mm diameter reinforced steel bar, 𝑓′ = 20.50 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Determine
the ultimate capacity of the beam.
Given:
𝑓′ = 20.50 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
350 mm = π(32𝑚𝑚)
𝐴 = 3 · ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4
𝐴 = 768π 𝑚𝑚
b=250 mm
Req'd : 𝑀 =?
Solution:
Step 1: Assume steel yields, 𝑓 = 𝑓
𝒂
𝑪=𝑻 𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 ; 𝒄 = ⎯⎯⎯ 17 < 𝑓′ = 20.50 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 28
𝜷𝟏
0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑓
𝛽 = 0.85
229.29714 𝑚𝑚
0.85(20.50)(𝑎)(250) = 768π(414) 𝑐 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
0.85
𝑎 = 229.29714 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 269.76134 𝑚𝑚
RC-1 Page 3
Step 2: Compute the correct value of " c " 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓
𝑪=𝑻
0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑓
𝑑−𝑐 350 − 222.90766
𝑓 = 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐 222.90766
0.85𝑓′ 𝜷𝟏 𝒄𝑏 = 𝐴 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑐 𝑓 = 342.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎
350 − 𝑐
0.85(20.50)(0.85)(𝑐)(250) = 768π 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑐
𝑐 = 222.90766 𝑚𝑚
𝑴𝒖 = 𝝓𝑴𝒏 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐) 𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄
𝑎 = 0.85(222.90766 𝑚𝑚)
𝑀 = 0.65 (210.69 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚) 𝑀 = 768π(342.09) 350 − 189.47151 2
𝑎 = 189.47151 𝑚𝑚
𝑀 = 136.95 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 𝑀 = 210.69 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚
Problem 3.1.3
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d = 490 mm , concrete compressive strength, 𝑓′ = 27.60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and steel yield strength, 𝑓 =276
𝑀𝑃𝑎. Calculate the required tension steel area, if the beam has to carry factored moment of 140 kN-m.
Given:
𝑓′ = 27.60 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 = 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀 = 140 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚
Req'd : 𝐴 =?
Solution:
𝑓 −𝑓
𝑑−𝑐 490 − 210 𝑓 < 𝑓 < 1000 ; ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑴𝒖(𝒎𝒂𝒙) = 𝝓𝑴𝒏(𝒎𝒂𝒙) 𝑓 = 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1000 − 𝑓
𝑐 210
RC-1 Page 4
𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 𝑴𝒏(𝑻𝑪) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇 𝒄 𝒂𝒃 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐)
3
𝑎 = 0.85 ⎯⎯ (490𝑚𝑚) = 0.85(27.6) (156.1875)(300) (490 − 156.1875⁄2)
8
= 452.787 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚
𝑎 = 156.1875 𝑚𝑚
𝑴𝒖(𝑻𝑪) = 𝝓𝑴𝒏
= 0.90(452.787 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚)
= 407.5083 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚
𝑀 = 𝜙𝑀 𝑪=𝑻
0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑓
𝑀 = 𝜙0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 𝑎 ⁄2)
0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓
140𝑥10 = 0.90 (0.85)(27.6)(𝑎)(300) 490 − 𝑎 2
0.85(27.6)(47.3991)(300) = ρ(300)(490)(276)
𝑎 = 47.3991 𝑚𝑚
ρ = 0.00822
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑓′ √27.6
⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0.00476
4𝑓 4(276)
𝜌 = 𝜌 = 0.03096
1.4 1.4
⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯ = 0.00507
𝑓 276
𝑨𝒔 = 𝝆𝒃𝒅 = 0.00822(300)(490)
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟎𝟖. 𝟑𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Problem 3.1.4
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 480 mm. The beam is simply supported over a span of 5 m.
Steel yield strength 𝑓 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and concrete compressive strength 𝑓′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid of the
steel area. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 . Other than the beam weight, the beam carries a superimposed dead load of 18 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
and a live load of 14 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚. Use the strength design method.
a. Determine the maximum factored moment of the beam.
b. Determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
Given:
Length of Beam = 5m
h = 480 mm
𝑓′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
480 mm - 70 mm
= 410 mm δ = 23.5
𝑤 = 18 ⁄
-
70 mm = 𝑤 = 14 ⁄
b=300 mm
Req'd : 𝑎. 𝑀 = ?
𝑏. 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 20 𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = ?
Solution:
Factored Load:
a.) 𝑤 = 1.2𝑤 + 1.6𝑤
𝐴 = 0.48 𝑚 ∗ 0.30 𝑚 = 0.144 𝑚
𝑤 = 1.2 21.384 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 + 1.6 14 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
𝑤 = δ ∗ 𝐴 = 23.5 𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.144 𝑚 = 3.384 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
𝑚
𝑤 = 48.0608 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
𝑤 𝐿 48.0608 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 (5𝑚)
𝑀 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8 8
RC-1 Page 5
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵 · 𝒎
b.)
𝑴𝒖(𝒎𝒂𝒙) = 𝝓𝑴𝒏 𝑓 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓 = 800 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∴ 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀 ( ) = 0.81453(357.59 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚)
= 291.27 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 800 − 415
ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1000 − 415
ϕ = 0.81453
3
Step 2: Determine if the section is tension controlled ε = 0.005 𝑐 = ⎯⎯𝑑
8
ϕ = 0.9
𝑴𝒖(𝑻𝑪) = 𝝓𝑴𝒏
= 0.90(321.602 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚)
= 289.4427 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚
𝑀 = 𝜙𝑀 𝑪=𝑻
0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑓
𝑀 = 𝜙0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 𝑎 ⁄2)
150.19𝑥10 = 0.90 (0.85)(28)(𝑎)(300) 410 − 𝑎 2 0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓
ρ = 0.00862
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑓′ √28
⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0.00319
4𝑓 4(415)
𝜌 = 𝜌 = 0.02089
1.4 1.4
⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯ = 0.00337
𝑓 415
π
𝑨𝒔 = 𝝆𝒃𝒅 = 0.00862(300)(410) 𝑨𝒔 = 𝒏 · ⎯⎯𝒅𝟐
𝟒
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟔𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝜋
1,060.26 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑛 · ⎯⎯(20𝑚𝑚)
4
𝒏 = 𝟒 𝒑𝒄𝒔
RC-1 Page 6