Development Length

Development length, Ld, can be defined as the minimum required length of the reinforcement
bar needed in order to develop the full bond with concrete. The bond is measured by bond
stress, τbd. Bond stress is defined as the shear force per unit of nominal surface area of a
reinforcing bar acting parallel to the bar on interface between the concrete and surrounding
concrete. Anchorage bond analysis gives the minimum required development length and the
Flexural Bond analysis gives the provided development length. The provided development
length should always be greater than the minimum required development length

Anchorage Bond
w 1-Ф mm

𝜋𝜋 2 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝜋𝜋 2
𝑇𝑇 = 𝛷𝛷 . = 𝛷𝛷 . 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 A B C
4 1.15 4

d
𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋. 𝜏𝜏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 . 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑
b
Equating 𝑇𝑇 and 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 , we get
(a) Cantilever beam (b) Cross-section
𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 = 𝑇𝑇
τbd
𝜋𝜋 T
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋. 𝜏𝜏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 . 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 = 𝛷𝛷 2 . 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 A τbd B
4
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝛷𝛷 (c) AB part of the tensile
∴ 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 =
4𝜏𝜏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 reinforcement bar
 Design bond stress of different grades of concrete for MS plain bars (Fe250)
Concrete
M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 or above
Grade
τbd (MPa) 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
Notes:
•Values of τbd of above table should be increased by 60% for deformed tensile reinforcement
bars. It means bond stress for M20 grade concrete and Fe415 (or Fe500) is: τbd=1.6×1.2=1.92
MPa
For compressive bars, the value should further be increased by 25%. It means (1) For MS plain
bars (Fe250) with M20 grade concrete, τbd=1.25×1.2=1.50 MPa. And, if it is for deformed bars
(Fe415or Fe500), then τbd=1.25×1.6×1.2=2.40 MPa.
Flexural Bond
w 1-Ф mm

A B D dx E C

d
b
(a) Cantilever beam
(b) Cross-section
τbd
TD TE
D τbd E

(c) DE part of the tensile

reinforcement bar
Let us take any arbitrary point out of the centroid of the tensile reinforcement bar to which
the vertical distances from both D and E are equal. This distance is considered as lever arm, Z.
Then taking moment to this point, we get
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷 . 𝑍𝑍 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸 = 𝑇𝑇𝐸𝐸 . 𝑍𝑍
Balancing axial forces we get,
𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷 − 𝑇𝑇𝐸𝐸 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋. 𝜏𝜏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷 . 𝑍𝑍 − 𝑇𝑇𝐸𝐸 . 𝑍𝑍
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜, = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋. 𝜏𝜏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑍𝑍
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 − 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜, = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋. 𝜏𝜏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑍𝑍
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜, = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋. 𝜏𝜏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, = 𝑉𝑉 where
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉
∴ 𝜏𝜏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = … … … … . . (1)
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
The above relation is for single bar, then 𝜏𝜏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 for N numbers of bar will be
𝑉𝑉
𝜏𝜏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 =
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋. 𝑁𝑁
Similarly for anchorage bond,
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝜏𝜏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 . 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 . 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜏𝜏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = … … … … … (2)
𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 . 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
 Then equating equation (1) and (2) we get{
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉
=
𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 . 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋. 𝑁𝑁
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 .𝑍𝑍
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜, 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 =
𝑉𝑉
Where, 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 . 𝑍𝑍 = 𝑀𝑀1 is considered as the moment of resistance with respect to tensile
reinforcement bar at the point considered.
𝑀𝑀1
∴ 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 =
𝑉𝑉
𝑀𝑀1
If design bond stress, τbd, does not exceed, then 𝑉𝑉 should be equal or greater than Ld. it means
𝑀𝑀1
𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 ≥ + 𝑙𝑙0 … … … … … … … . . (3)
𝑉𝑉
Here, l0 is defined as the sum of anchorage beyond the center of support and equivalent
anchorage value of any hook or mechanical anchorage at a support.
l0 is limited to either the effective depth, d, of the member or 12Φ, whichever is greater.
Code Requirements
Anchorage value of a bend should be taken as 4𝛷𝛷 for each 450 bend subjected to maximum
of 16𝛷𝛷.
The anchorage value of standard U-type hook is equal to 16𝛷𝛷.
𝑀𝑀
Code requires 𝑉𝑉1 be increased by 30% when the ends of the reinforcements are confined by a
compressive reaction, such as at a simply support. Then,
𝑀𝑀1
𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 ≥ 1.3 + 𝑙𝑙0 … … … … … … … … … . . (4)
𝑉𝑉
 Shear
(a)Diagonal Tension Failure

450

(b) Flexural Shear Failure ℄ span

Crack

(c) Diagonal Compression Failure

 Shear
•Design of vertical stirrups
Let’s assume that diagonal crack develop at 450 for full depth of the beam, then theoretical
resistance is in reasonable agreement with the experiment results

Crack stirrups

d
450
d

𝑑𝑑
The numbers of vertical stirrups, with its spacing s, in distance d can be given as .
𝑠𝑠
Again, let 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 be the area of one stirrup. It means if the stirrup of Ф8 mm bar is of 2- legged or 4-
𝜋𝜋×82 2 for 2-legged stirrups and 𝐴𝐴 = 4 × 𝜋𝜋×82
legged, then 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2 × = 100.53 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
4 4
201.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 for 4-legged stirrups.
Then, the shear force to be resisted by vertical shear stirrups 𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣 can be given as:
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑑𝑑/𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ×
1.15
𝑑𝑑
∴ 𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 … … … … (6.2.24)
𝑠𝑠
 Shear
So, the combined resisting shear power of the concrete section (with inclusion of tensile
longitudinal tensile bars) and vertical stirrups to tackle the factored shear force 𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣 , become:
𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + 𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣 = 𝝉𝝉c 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 … … … … 6.2.25
𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑑
or, 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 −𝝉𝝉c 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 … … … … … . 6.2.26
𝑠𝑠
Let, 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 − 𝝉𝝉c 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 , which is the net shear force required for shear design.
Thus the Shear design formula for vertical stirrups becomes:
𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 … … … … 6.2.25
𝑠𝑠
if τv≤0.5 τc→No shear reinforcement nedded
if 0.5 τc< τv≤τc→Use minum shear reinforcement as per code
τv>τc→Go to follwing steps for the shear stirrups design
•Determine τv with help of concrete grade and tensile steel percentage ( pt=100 Astbd ) and
compare with τv . Use following cases:
•Calculate Vus using Vus= Vu-τcbd
•Determine whether vertical stirrups are of 2, 4 or 6-legged types. Then calculate Asv with
choose of appropriate Ф of bar.
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑
•Then calculate spacing, s, of the stirrups using 𝑠𝑠 =
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
Consideration of bent up bars: 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
 Torsion
5.1 Equivalent Shear
Equivalent nominal shear,𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 , due to combined effect of bending and torsion can be calculated
by using empirical formula as;
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 = 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 + 1.6
𝑏𝑏
Where,
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = Factored shear force
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 = factored torsion moment
𝑏𝑏 = width of beam or lateral dimension and = 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 for flanged beam
Then the equivalent nominal shear stress can be calculated by
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒
𝜏𝜏𝑒𝑒 =
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
Here, 𝑑𝑑 is the effective depth of the section.
Design requirement
𝜏𝜏𝑒𝑒 ≤ 𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Here, 𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 is the maximum shear stress of concrete (Table 20 of IS 456)

Shear reinforcement
𝜏𝜏𝑒𝑒 ≤ 𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐 ∶ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝜏𝜏𝑒𝑒 > 𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐 ∶ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟)
Here, 𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐 is the design shear stress of concrete based on concrete grade and steel percentage
(Table 19 of IS 456)
 Torsion
Equivalent bending moment,𝑀𝑀𝑒𝑒𝑒 , can be computed by

𝑀𝑀𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 + 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡

𝐷𝐷
1+
𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 = 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 𝑏𝑏
1.7
Here,
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = factored bending moment
𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 = Absolute moment value due to tensional moment
𝐷𝐷= Overall depth
If 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 > 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 : 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑀𝑀𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎:
𝑀𝑀𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 − 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
The torsional moment has opposite sense that of the bending moment. In above case, tensional
moment dominates over applied factored moment.

Longitudinal reinforcement
Longitudinal reinforcement for flexural tensile and flexural compression can be
determined with the same procedure described in section analysis using above equivalent
moments
 Torsion

Transverse Reinforcements
The area of two-legged stirrups enclosing the corner bars can be calculated by
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = +
𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏1 𝑑𝑑1 2.5𝑑𝑑1
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
But, 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 ≥ 𝜏𝜏𝑒𝑒 − 𝜏𝜏𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏
𝑥𝑥
From above relation, we can design the transverse reinforcements as:
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = + .
𝑏𝑏1 𝑑𝑑1 2.5𝑑𝑑1 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

And, minimum transverse reinforcement should not be less than

𝜏𝜏𝑒𝑒 − 𝜏𝜏𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ≥
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
Here,
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = Area of transverse reinforcement
𝑏𝑏1 = Center to center distance between corner bars in the direction of width
𝑑𝑑1 = Center to center distance between corner bars in the direction of depth
 Torsion
Distribution of Transverse (Torsion) Reinforcements
1. The torsion reinforcement should be provided for the member designed for torsion as follows:
2. Longitudinal bars should be placed as near to the corners of section as possible
3. Each corner of the ties should have at least one longitudinal bar (it means at least 4
longitudinal bars in section)
4. In case of D>450 mm, additional face bars should be added along the two faces of the
section (left and right). Minimum area of side bars should be more than 0.1% of web area
(gross area, bD, in case of rectangular section). Spacing should be equal and not more than
300mm or web thickness, whichever is less.
5. Spacing of stirrups (transverse reinforcement) should not exceed
I. 𝑥𝑥 < 𝑥𝑥1
𝑥𝑥 +𝑦𝑦
II. 𝑥𝑥 < 1 4 1
III. 𝑥𝑥1 < 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Here, 𝑥𝑥1 = short dimension of stirrups & 𝑦𝑦1 = long dimension of stirrups