Q.1 Attempt any four.

20
a) Explain different types of boundary conditions giving examples.
Answer

Boundary conditions are generally three types. They are Dirichlet boundary condition,
Neumann boundary condition and mixed boundary condition.

Dirchlet boundary condition

In case of Dirichlet boundary condition, prescribe value of the variable h(x,y,z,t) is specified at
the boundary of the problem domain. This is also known as type I boundary condition. The head
may be constant or may vary in space or in time.

Neumann boundary condition

∂h
In case of Neumann boundary condition, the gradient of the variable ( ) is specified at the
∂n
boundary of the problem domain. Here, n is the direction, x, y, and z. One of the most frequently
∂h
use Neumann boundary condition is the no flow boundary condition, i.e. = 0 at the
∂n
boundary.

As discussed, in case of Neumann boundary condition, we have

∂h
=¿ C1, where, C1 is a constant.
∂n
The Neumann boundary condition is also knows as Type II boundary condition.

Mixed boundary condition

We can also specify a mixed boundary condition in the form given below

This is also known as Type III boundary condition and is the linear combination of Type I and
Type II boundary condition.

b) Write element matrix equation in the following fields explaining each term:
i. 1D steady state, heat transfer by conduction
ii. Torsion Analysis

Answer

1D steady state, heat transfer by conduction

 The element matrix equation for 1D steady state, heat transfer by conduction is given by

k = coefficient thermalconductivity
A = area of cross section
he = length of the element
θ1, θ2 = Temperatures at respective nodes of the element.
Q1, Q2 = Heat flux at respective nodes

Torsion Analysis
For Torsion problem, element matrix equation is given by

G = Modulus of rigidity
he = length of the element
J = Torsion Constant
θ1, θ2 = angle of rotation
T1, T2 = Torsion applied

c) Explain Subparametric, Isoparametric and Superparametric elements.

Answer
Iso-parametric element 
Generally it is very difficult to represent the curved boundaries by straight edge elements.
A large number of elements may be used to obtain reasonable resemblance between original
body and the assemblage.
In order to overcome this drawback, iso-parametric elements are used.
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is same as number of nodes used
defining the displacements, then it is known as iso-parametric element.
 Subparametric element 
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than number of nodes used for
defining the displacements, then it is known as subparametric element.

Super parametric element 

If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is more than number of nodes used for
defining the displacements, then it is known as super parametric element.

Coordinate Interpolation Displacement Interpolation

Linear Quadratic
Quadratic Quadratic
Quadratic Linear

d) Explain plane stress and plane strain conditions with examples.

Answer

Plane stress condition can be visualized as thin plate with stresses acting along its plane. There
is no stress acting perpendicular to the plane.
Plain strain can be idealized as long wire with stresses acting perpendicular to its length. Therefore
the strain or displacement along the length is zero.

Stress-strain relation for Plane stress

Stress-strain relation for Plane strain

In this case a normal stress co-exists in addition to the other three stress components.
Thus we now have

and in addition

which yields

e) Explain the significance of shape functions.

Answer

The shape function is the function which interpolates the solution between the discrete values
obtained at the mesh nodes. Therefore, appropriate functions have to be used and, low order
polynomials are typically chosen as shape functions. It is basically some approximation of how
the solution varies within the element. For example, in a single, small 1D linear element (think
of a bar/rod) it is reasonable to assume that as you move from one end to the other, the
solution (e.g., displacement or temperature) would vary linearly. Off course we choose higher
order polynomials (instead of linear) as well. The most important thing to know about "shape
functions" is that they describe how the dependent variable(s) you want to calculate (e.g.
displacement) vary as a function of the spatial coordinates of the element (e.g. x and y) in terms
of some unknown scalar parameters.
Q.2
a) Solve the following differential equation using Method of least square and point collocation
method.
(Assume collocation points x=0.25∧0.5) 10
b) A bar ABC shown in figure is subjected to a load of 60 kN at B with a clearance of1.5 mm
below the section at C. Area of AB is 150 mm2 and length is 3 m. Compute stresses in AB and
BC. E=200GPa . 10
Q.3
a) Develop the Finite Element Equation for the most general element using Rayleigh Ritz
method for a vertical bar with axial loading. The governing differential equation is
d
dx (
EA
du
dx )
+ f =0 ;0 ≤ x ≤ L

where f is the weight of the bar per unit length. 10

Solution

Let us divide the domain in two equal parts or two elements of equal length and number the nodes.
The governing differential equation in local coordinates is written as

Boundary conditions

Residue

Weighted integral form of this equation

Weak Formulation : Solving the integral by parts

The approximate solution for u is given by,

Since we have tajen linear elements, N =2. We can write:

where C1 and C2 are constants to be determined, andФ 1and Ф 2are interpolation functions.

We have the eqn:

For Rayleigh-Ritz weak formulation method, we have weight function

w i=coefficient of C i=ϕ i

The integral when solved for j=1∧ j=2 will give an equation in C1 and C2
The first term of the equation i.e. coefficient of C j will be given when j = 1 and second term i.e.
coefficient of C 2, when j=2.

Similarly get the equation by putting i = 2 and j = 1 and j = 2.

On replacing the column primary variable matrix in curly brackets in the R.H.S. by {}
u1
u2
we get,
 Assembly
The element matrix equation is given by,

b) Derive the shape function for a rectangular element in local coordinate system and show its
variation over the element. 10

Solution

Consider a rectangular element ABCD with four nodes at vertices as shown in fig.

For convenience, consider local coordinate system x-y as shown in fig.

Since ABCD is a rectangle, we can write
On solving

Substituting in equation

The shape functions may be expressed as

The variation of shape functions over the element is given as

Q.4
a) Compute The stress developed in the members of the truss shown in figure. E = 200
GPa. Area of the member AB is 20 cm 2and its length is 5 m. Members BC and AC have
the same area and is equal to 25 cm2.

Solution
b) What do you mean by consistent and lumped mass matrices. Derive the same for linear
bar element.

Solution
Q. 5
a) Evaluate the natural frequencies for the bar with varying cross sections shown in
figure. L = 200 mm, E = 200 GPa and \rho = 8000 kg/m3.
Consider two elements of equal lengths. 10
Q. 6
a) A triangular plate of size 75 mm x 50 mm x 12.5 mm is as shown in figure. the modulus
of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio for plate material are 200 x 10 3 Nmm2 and 0.25
respectively. Upon loading of the plate, the nodal deflections at node 3 were found to be
0.01552 mm and -0.0004 mm in x and y direction respectively. Model the plate with CST
element and determine:
i. The Jacobian for (x,y)-(ξ, η) transformation
ii. The strain-displacement relation matrix
iii. The stress in plate
b) Explain Convergence criteria. What do you understand by h & p method of Finite Element
Analysis.
Answer
To ensure convergence following criteria have to be fulfilled. These criteria relate to the
polynomial which we assume to be the approximate solution to the problem in hand

i. Polynomial should be a complete polynomial i.e. it must contain all the degrees from 0 to
the highest order of the derivative used in the weak form.
This requirement is necessary to capture all possible states of the actual solution.

ii. The polynomial should be continuous over the element and also differentiable up to the
order of the derivatives in the weak form.
This requirement ensures non-zero coefficients in the solution.

iii. The approximate solution should be interpolation function of the primary variables at the
nodes of the finite element.
This requirement is essential to ensure compatibility of the solution.

h & p method of Finite Element Analysis

Currently, two types method are used to demonstrate the numerical convergence of the
solution namely, h – method and p – method.

The h- and p- versions of the finite element method are different ways of adding degrees of
freedom (dof) to the model.

h-method 
The h-method improves results by using a finer mesh of the same type of element.
This method refers to decreasing the characteristic length (h) of elements, dividing each
existing element into two or more elements without changing the type of elements used.

p-method
The p-method improves results by using the same mesh but increasing the displacement
field accuracy in each element. This method refers to increasing the degree of the highest
complete polynomial (p) within an element without changing the number of elements used.

The h-method uses many simple elements, whereas the p-method uses few complex
elements.