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Truss Member
1
Learning Objectives
• To derive the stiffness matrix for a bar element.
• To illustrate how to solve a bar assemblage by the direct
stiffness method.
• To introduce guidelines for selecting displacement
functions.
• To describe the concept of transformation of vectors in
two different coordinate systems in the plane.
• To derive the stiffness matrix for a bar arbitrarily oriented
in the plane.
• To demonstrate how to compute stress for a bar in the
plane.
• To show how to solve a plane truss problem.
• To develop the transformation matrix in three-
dimensional space and show how to use it to derive the
stiffness matrix for a bar arbitrarily oriented in space.
• To demonstrate the solution of space trusses.
2
Development of Truss Equations
Having set forth the foundation on which the direct stiffness
method is based, we will now derive the stiffness matrix for
a linear-elastic bar (or truss) element using the general
steps outlined in Chapter 2.
5
Development of Truss Equations
6
Development of Truss Equations
7
Development of Truss Equations
8
Development of Truss Equations
9
Development of Truss Equations
10
Development of Truss Equations
11
Development of Truss Equations
12
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Consider the derivation of the stiffness matrix for the linear-
elastic, constant cross-sectional area (prismatic) bar
element show below.
13
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Consider the derivation of the stiffness matrix for the linear-
elastic, constant cross-sectional area (prismatic) bar
element show below.
14
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Consider the derivation of the stiffness matrix for the linear-
elastic, constant cross-sectional area (prismatic) bar
element show below.
15
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
du
The strain-displacement relationship is: E
dx
From equilibrium of forces, assuming no distributed loads
acting on the bar, we get:
A x T constant
Combining the above equations gives:
du
AE T constant
dx
Taking the derivative of the above equation with respect to the
local coordinate x gives:
d du
AE 0
dx dx
16
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
The following assumptions are considered in deriving the bar
element stiffness matrix:
17
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Step 1 - Select Element Type
18
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Step 2 - Select a Displacement Function
u u1 x x u1
u 2 x u1 u 1
L L L u2
19
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Step 2 - Select a Displacement Function
u
Or in another form: u N1 N2 1
u2
20
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Step 3 - Define the Strain/Displacement
and Stress/Strain Relationships
du u2 u1
The stress-displacement relationship is: x
dx L
therefore, u u u u1
f1x AE 1 2 f2 x AE 2
L L
f1x AE 1 1 u1
f2 x L 1 1 u2
The global stiffness matrix and the global force vector are
assembled using the nodal force equilibrium equations, and
force/deformation and compatibility equations.
n n
K K k ( e ) F F f ( e )
e 1 e 1
23
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Step 6 - Solve for the Nodal Displacements
Solve the displacements by imposing the boundary conditions
and solving the following set of equations:
F Ku
du u2 u1
x x E x
dx L
24
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 1 - Bar Problem
Consider the following three-bar system shown below. Assume
for elements 1 and 2: A = 1 in2 and E = 30 (106) psi and for
element 3: A = 2 in2 and E = 15 (106) psi.
1 30 10
6
1 1 lb 6 1 1 lb
k (1) k (2) 1 1 in 10 1 1 in
30
For element 3:
3 4 node numbers for element 3
1 1 0 0
1 2 1 0
K 106
0 1 2 1
0 0 1 1
Relating global nodal forces related to global nodal
displacements gives:
F1x 1 1 0 0 u1
F 2 1 0 u2
2x 6 1
10
F3 x 0 1 2 1 u3
F4 x
0 0 1 1 u4
27
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 1 - Bar Problem
The boundary conditions are: u1 u4 0
F1x 1 1 0 0 0
F 2 1 0 u2
2x 6 1
10
F3 x 0 1 2 1 u3
F4 x
0 0 1 1 0
3,000 6 2 1 2
u
10
0 1 2 u3
28
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 1 - Bar Problem
29
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Selecting Approximation Functions for Displacements
Consider the following guidelines, as they relate to the one-
dimensional bar element, when selecting a displacement
function.
30
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Selecting Approximation Functions for Displacements
Consider the following guidelines, as they relate to the one-
dimensional bar element, when selecting a displacement
function.
31
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Selecting Approximation Functions for Displacements
Consider the following guidelines, as they relate to the one-
dimensional bar element, when selecting a displacement
function.
For the bar element, we must ensure that nodes common
to two or more elements remain common to these
elements upon deformation and thus prevent overlaps or
voids between elements.
33
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Selecting Approximation Functions for Displacements
The interpolation function must allow for a rigid-body
displacement, that means the function must be capable of
yielding a constant value.
Consider the follow situation: u a1 a1 u1 u2
Since u = a1 then: u a1 N1 N2 a1
35
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Transformation of Vectors in Two Dimensions
Given the nodal displacement of an element, represented by
the vector d in the figure below, we want to relate the
components of this vector in one coordinate system to
components in another.
36
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Transformation of Vectors in Two Dimensions
Let’s consider that d does not coincide with either the local or
global axes. In this case, we want to relate global
displacement components to local ones. In so doing, we will
develop a transformation matrix that will subsequently be
used to develop the global stiffness matrix for a bar element.
37
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Transformation of Vectors in Two Dimensions
We define the angle to be positive when measured
counterclockwise from x to x’. We can express vector
displacement d in both global and local coordinates by:
38
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Transformation of Vectors in Two Dimensions
Consider the following diagram:
40
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Transformation of Vectors in Two Dimensions
Consider the following diagram:
u Cu Sv
43
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 2 - Bar Element Problem
The global nodal displacement at node 2 is u2 = 0.1 in and
v2 = 0.2 in for the bar element shown below. Determine the
local displacement.
u Cu Sv
45
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Global Stiffness Matrix
We known that for a bar element in local coordinates we have:
u1 d = T *d
u1 C S 0 0 v1
u2 0 0 C S u2 C S 0 0
T*
v 2 0 0 C S
47
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Global Stiffness Matrix
A similar expression for the force transformation can be
developed.
f1x
f1x C S 0 0 f1y
f T*f
f2x 0 0 C S f2 x
f2 y
where T is:
C S 0 0
S C 0 0
T
0 0 C S
0 0 S C
49
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Global Stiffness Matrix
We can write a similar expression for the relationship between
local and global forces.
f1x C S 00 f1x
f
1y S C 00 f1y
f = Tf
f2 x 0 0 C S f2 x
f2y 0 0 S C f2 y
51
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Global Stiffness Matrix
The global force-displacement equations become: f = T TkTd
Where the global stiffness matrix k is: k T TkT
53
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 3 - Bar Element Problem
For the bar element shown below, evaluate the global stiffness
matrix. Assume the cross-sectional area is 2 in2, the length
is 60 in, and the E is 30 x 106 psi.
C 2 CS C 2 CS
2 2
AE CS S CS S
k
L C 2 CS C 2 CS
2
CS S CS S2
3 1
Therefore: C cos30o S sin30o
2 2
54
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 3 - Bar Element Problem
The global elemental stiffness matrix is:
3 3
3 3
4 4 4 4
3 3
k
(2 in 2 ) 30 106 psi
4
1
4 4
1
4
60 in 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
3 3
1 1
4 4 4 4
The plane truss also must have loads acting only in the
common plane.
58
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 5 - Plane Truss Problem
The plane truss shown below is composed of three bars
subjected to a downward force of 10 kips at node 1. Assume
the cross-sectional area A = 2 in2 and E is 30 x 106 psi for all
elements.
Determine the x and y displacement at node 1 and stresses in
each element.
59
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 5 - Plane Truss Problem
60
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 5 - Plane Truss Problem
C 2 CS C 2 CS
2 2
AE CS S CS S
k
L C 2 CS C 2 CS
The global elemental stiffness matrix are:
CS S
2
CS
S2
u1 v1 u2 v2
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 lb
(2 in )(30 10 psi ) 0
2 6
in
element 1: C 0 S 1 k (1)
120 in 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
u1 v1 u3 v3
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 lb
(2 in 2 )(30 106 psi ) 1 in
element 2: C 2
S 2 k (2)
2 2
240 2 in 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
u1 v1 u4 v4
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 lb
element 3: C 1 S 0 (2 in 2 )(30 106 psi ) 0 in
k (3)
120 in 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
61
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 5 - Plane Truss Problem
The total global stiffness matrix is:
1.354 0.354 0 0 0.354 0.354 1 0 element 1
0.354 1.354 0 1 0.354 0.354 0 0 element 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
K 5 10 0.354
5 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 lb
in
element 3
0.354 0 0 0.354 0.354 0 0
0.354
1
0.354
0
0
0
0
0
0.354
0
0.354
0
0
1
0
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
63
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 5 - Plane Truss Problem
Applying the boundary conditions for the truss, the above
equations reduce to:
0 5 1.354 0.354 1
u
5 10
10,000 0.354 1.354 v1
64
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 5 - Plane Truss Problem
30 106
element 1 (1)
120
v1 3,965 psi
30 106
element 2 (2)
120
(0.707)u1 (0.707)v1 1,471 psi
65
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 5 - Plane Truss Problem
30 106
element 3 (3)
120
u1 1,035 psi
66
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 5 - Plane Truss Problem
Let’s check equilibrium at node 1:
F x f1(2)
x cos(45) f1x
(3)
F y f1(2)
x sin(45) f1x 10,000 lb
(1)
67
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 5 - Plane Truss Problem
Let’s check equilibrium at node 1:
69
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 6 - Plane Truss Problem
Develop the element stiffness matrices and system equations
for the plane truss below.
1 0 1 0 u1
0 0 0 0 v1
k (1) k
1 0 1 0 u2
0 0 0 0 v2
1 1 1 1 u2
k 1 1 1 1 v2
k (2)
2 1 1 1 1 u3
1 1 1 1 v3
0 0 0 0 u1
0 1 0 1 v1
k (3) k
0 0 0 0 u3
0 1 0 1 v3
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3
2 0 2 0 0 0 u1 element 1
0 2 0 0 0 2 v1 element 2
element 3
k 2 0 3 1 1 1 u2
K
2 0 0 1 1 1 1 v2
0 0 1 1 1 1 u3
0 2 1 1 1 3 v3
75
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 6 - Plane Truss Problem
The unconstrained (no boundary conditions satisfied)
equations are: 2 0 2 0 0 0 u1 F1x
0
2 0 0 0 2 v1 F1y
k 2 0 3 1 1 1 u2 P1
2 0 0 1 1 1 1 v 2 P2
0 0 1 1 1 1 u3 F3 x
0 2 1 1 1 3 v 3 F3 y
k 3 1 u2 P1
2 1 1 v 2 P2
77
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 6 - Plane Truss Problem
Using the force-displacement relationship the force in each
member may be computed.
Member (element) 1: f1x Cu1 Sv1 Cu2 Sv 2
f
1y 0
k
C 1 S0 f
2 x Cu1 Sv 1 Cu 2 Sv 2
f2 y
0
P P2
f1x k Cu2 k 1 P1 P2 fy 1 0
k
P P2
f2 x k Cu2 k 1 P1 P2 fy 2 0
k
78
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 6 - Plane Truss Problem
Using the force-displacement relationship the force in each
member may be computed.
Member (element) 2: f2 x Cu2 Sv 2 Cu3 Sv 3
f
2y 0
1 1 k
C S f3 x Cu2 Sv 2 Cu3 Sv 3
2 2 f3 y
0
f2 x k Cu2 Sv 2
P P2 1 P1 3P2 1
k 1 2P2
k 2 k 2
f3 x k Cu2 Sv 2
P P2 1 P1 3P2 1
k 1 2P2
k 2 k 2 79
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 6 - Plane Truss Problem
Using the force-displacement relationship the force in each
member may be computed.
Member (element) 3: f1x Cu1 Sv1 Cu3 Sv 3
f
1y 0
k
C 0 S 1 f
3 x Cu1 Sv 1 Cu3 Sv 3
f3 y
0
f1x 0 f1y 0
f3 x 0 f3 y 0
cos (2) 0 0 0 0 0
0 1
(210 10 )(6 10 ) 0
6 4
1
k (2)
4 0 0 0 0
sin (2)
1
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 1.25 0 1.25
k (2) 25,200
0 0 0 0
0 1.25 0 1.25
83
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 7 - Plane Truss Problem
The total global equations are:
F1x 0.36 0.48 0.36 0.48 0 0 u1
F 0.48 element 1
1y 1.89 0.48 0.64 0 1.25 v1
F2 x 0.36 0 u2 element 2
0.48 0.36 0.48 0
25,200
F
2y 0.48 0.64 0.48 0.64 0 0 v 2
F3 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 u3
3 y
F 0 1.25 0 0 0 1.25 v 3
84
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 7 - Plane Truss Problem
The total global equations are:
F1x 0.36 0.48 0.36 0.48 0 0
u1
P
F1y 0.48 1.89 0.48 0.64 0 1.25 v1
85
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 7 - Plane Truss Problem
Solving the equation gives: v1 (2.1 105 )P 0.25
u1 0.05
f1x 1 1 0 1 0 0 v1 0.0337
31,500
f3 x 1 1 0 0 0 1 u3
v3
Compression
87
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Transformation Matrix and Stiffness Matrix for
a Bar in Three-Dimensional Space
Let’s derive the transformation matrix for the stiffness matrix for
a bar element in three-dimensional space as shown below:
88
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Transformation Matrix and Stiffness Matrix for
a Bar in Three-Dimensional Space
The coordinates at node 1 are x1, y1, and z1, and the coor-
dinates of node 2 are x2, y2, and z2. Also, let x, y, and z be
the angles measured from the global x, y, and z axes,
respectively, to the local axis.
89
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Transformation Matrix and Stiffness Matrix for
a Bar in Three-Dimensional Space
The three-dimensional vector representing the bar element is
gives as:
d ui vj wk u i v j w k
90
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Transformation Matrix and Stiffness Matrix for
a Bar in Three-Dimensional Space
Taking the dot product of the above equation with i gives:
u(i i) v ( j i) w (k i) u
where L ( x2 x1 )2 ( y 2 y1 )2 ( z2 z1 )2
Therefore: u Cx u Cy v Czw
u1
v d T *d
1
1
u C C C 0 0 0 w1
x y z
u2 0 0 0 Cx Cy Cz u2 C C C 0 0 0
v2 T* x y z
0 0 0 C x C y Cz
w 2
92
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Transformation Matrix and Stiffness Matrix for
a Bar in Three-Dimensional Space
The transformation from the local to the global stiffness matrix
is: C 0 x
C 0
y
C 0 AE 1 1 Cx Cy Cz 0 0 0
k T TkT k z 1 1 0 0 0 C C C
0 Cx L x y z
0 Cy
0 Cz
93
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Transformation Matrix and Stiffness Matrix for
a Bar in Three-Dimensional Space
Cx 2 C xC y C x Cz
AE
k CxCy Cy 2
C y Cz
L
CxCz C y Cz Cz 2
94
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Inclined, or Skewed Supports
If a support is inclined, or skewed, at some angle for the
global x axis, as shown below, the boundary conditions on
the displacements are not in the global x-y directions but in
the x’-y’ directions.
95
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Inclined, or Skewed, Supports
We must transform the local boundary condition of v’3 = 0
(in local coordinates) into the global x-y system.
96
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Inclined, or Skewed, Supports
Therefore, the relationship between of the components of the
displacement in the local and the global coordinate systems
at node 3 is:
u '3 cos sin u3
v '3 sin cos v 3
We can rewrite the above expression as:
cos sin
d '3 [t3 ]d3 t3 sin cos
We can apply this sort of transformation to the entire
displacement vector as:
Both the identity matrix [I] and the matrix [t3] are 2 x 2 matrices.
f [K ]d
98
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Inclined, or Skewed, Supports
Applying the skewed support transformation to both sides of
the equation gives:
f [K ]d [T1]f [T1][K ]d
By using the relationship between the local and the global
displacements, the force-displacement equations become:
d [T1]T d ' f ' [T1][K ][T1]T d '
Therefore the global equations become:
F1x u1
F v
1y 1
F2 x u2
[T1 ][K ][T1 ]
T
F2 y v2
F ' 3 x u '3
99
F '3 y v '3
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 9 – Space Truss Problem
Consider the plane truss shown below. Assume E = 210 GPa,
A = 6 x 10-4 m2 for element 1 and 2, and A = 2 (6 x 10-4)m2
for element 3.
Determine the stiffness matrix
for each element.
C 2 CS C 2 CS
2 2
AE CS S CS S
k
L C 2 CS C 2 CS
2
CS S CS S2
100
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 9 – Space Truss Problem
The global elemental stiffness matrix for element 1 is:
C 2 CS C 2 CS
2 2
AE CS S CS S
k
L C CS C
2 2
CS
2
CS S CS S2
0 0 0 0
0 1
(210 106 kN / m 2 )(6 104 m 2 ) 0 1
k (1)
1m 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
101
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 9 – Space Truss Problem
The global elemental stiffness matrix for element 2 is:
C 2 CS C 2 CS
2 2
AE CS S CS S
k
L C CS C
2 2
CS
2
CS S CS S2
u2 v2 u3 v3
1 0 1 0
0 0
(210 106 kN / m 2 )(6 104 m 2 ) 0 0
k (2)
1m 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
102
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 9 – Space Truss Problem
The global elemental stiffness matrix for element 3 is:
C 2 CS C 2 CS
2 2
AE CS S CS S
k
L C CS C
2 2
CS
2
CS S CS S2
2 2
cos (3) sin (3)
2 2
u1 v1 u3 v3
1 1 1 1
2
6 2 4
(210 10 kN / m )(6 2 10 m ) 1 1 1 1
k (3)
2 2m 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
103
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 9 – Space Truss Problem
Using the direct stiffness method, the global stiffness matrix is:
0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5
0.5 1.5 0 1 0.5 0.5
0 0 1 0 1 0
K 1,260 10 5 N
m
0 1 0 1 0 0
0.5 0.5 1 0 1.5 0.5
0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5
105
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 9 – Space Truss Problem
The next step in the matrix transformation to find the product of
[T1][K][T1]T.
T1 K T1
T
1 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5
0.5 0
1.5 0 1 0.5 0.5 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
T1 K T1 1,260 105 N m
T
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0.707 0.707 0.707 0 1.414 0.707
0 0 0 0 2 2
2 2
0 0 0.707 0 0.707 0
0 0 0 0 2
2
2
2
107
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 9 – Space Truss Problem
108
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 9 – Space Truss Problem F1x
F
u1
v
1y 1
F2 x u2
[T1 ][K ][T1 ]
T
The global nodal forces are calculated as: F2 y
F '3 x
v2
u '3
F '3 y v '3
F1x
F 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.707 0 0
1y 0.5 1.5 0 1 0.707 0 0
F2 x 2N
0 0 1 0 0.707 0.707 11.91
1,260 10 mm 0 1 0 1 0 0
0
F2 y
F ' 3 x 0.707 0.707 0.707 0 1.5 0.5
5.61
0 0 0.707 0 0.5 0.5 0
F '3 y
Therefore:
F1x 500 kN F1y 500 kN
F2 y 0 F '3 y 707 kN
109
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Potential Energy Approach to Derive Bar Element Equations
Let’s derive the equations for a bar element using the principle
of minimum potential energy.
The total potential energy, p, is defined as the sum of the
internal strain energy U and the potential energy of the
external forces :
p U
The differential internal work (strain energy) dU in a one-
dimensional bar element is:
dU x ( y )( z )( x )d x
110
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Potential Energy Approach to Derive Bar Element Equations
V V 2
0 0 V
1
x E x U x x dV
V
2
111
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Potential Energy Approach to Derive Bar Element Equations
113
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Potential Energy Approach to Derive Bar Element Equations
L
A
2 0
p x x dx f1x u1 f2 x u2
X bu dV Txus dS
V S
x [D][B]d
20 V S
20
d N X b dV d Ns Tx dS
T T T T
V S
However, [B] and [D] and the nodal displacements u are not a
function of x.
117
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Potential Energy Approach to Derive Bar Element Equations
2
where
f P [N ]T Xb dV [N ]T X b dS
V S
118
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Potential Energy Approach to Derive Bar Element Equations
U d
* T
[B ]T [D ]T [B ] d
1
L 1 1 u1
U u
*
1 u 2 [E ]
L u2
1 L
L
119
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Potential Energy Approach to Derive Bar Element Equations
U*
E 2
L2
u1 2u1u2 u22
The loading on a bar element is given as:
121
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 10 - Bar Problem
Consider the bar shown below:
124
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 11 - Bar Problem
The one-element solution:
125
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 11 - Bar Problem
The one-element solution:
F1x 6,000 lb
F2x 12,000 lb 126
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 11 - Bar Problem
The one-element solution:
1 1
k (1) 106
1 1
1 1 u1 u2 u1
E E
L L u2 L
0 0.006
30 106 3,000 psi (T )
60 128
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 11 - Bar Problem
The two-element solution:
129
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 11 - Bar Problem
The two-element solution:
130
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 11 - Bar Problem
The two-element solution:
(2)
f3 x 1 (9,000) 2 (4,500) 7,500 lb
2 3
131
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 11 - Bar Problem
The two-element solution:
(1) (2)
F2 x f2 x f2 x 9,000
F f3(2) R 7,500
3x x 3x
The element stiffness matrices are:
1 2
2 3
2AE 1 1
k(1) k(2)
L 1 1
132
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 11 - Bar Problem
The two-element solution:
0 1 1
The assembled global force-displacement equations are:
1 1 0 u1 1,500
2 106 1 2 1 u2 9,000
0 1 1 0 R3 x 7,500 133
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 11 - Bar Problem
The two-element solution:
After the eliminating the row and column associated with u3x,
we get:
1 1 u1 1,500
2 106
1 2 u2 9,000
1 1 0.006
E 750 psi (T )
30 30 0.00525
135
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 11 - Bar Problem
The two-element solution:
1 1 0.00525
E 5,250 psi (T )
30 30 0
136
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Comparison of Finite Element Solution to Exact Solution
In order to be able to judge the accuracy of our finite element
models, we will develop an exact solution for the bar element
problem.
The exact solution for the displacement may be obtained by:
1
L
AE 0
u P ( x )dx
1
P( x )
2
x (10 x ) 5x 2
137
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Comparison of Finite Element Solution to Exact Solution
Therefore:
1 1 5x3
L x
AE 0 AE o
2
u P ( x )dx u 5 x dx C1
3 AE
5 P ( x ) 5x 2
u (L )
3 AE
x 3 L3 (x)
A
A
138
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Comparison of Finite Element Solution to Exact Solution
A plot of the exact solution for displacement as compared to
several different finite element solutions is shown below.
One element
Two elements
139
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Comparison of Finite Element Solution to Exact Solution
A plot of the exact solution for axial stress as compared to
several different finite element solutions is shown below.
Two elements
One element
140
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Comparison of Finite Element Solution to Exact Solution
A plot of the exact solution for axial stress at the fixed end
(x = L) as compared to several different finite element
solutions is shown below.
141
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Galerkin’s Residual Method and Its Application
to a One-Dimensional Bar
There are a number of weighted residual methods.
However, the Galerkin’s method is more well-known and will be
the only weighted residual method discussed in this course.
In weighted residual methods, a trial or approximate function is
chosen to approximate the independent variable (in our
case, displacement) in a problem defined by a differential
equation.
The trial function will not, in general, satisfy the governing
differential equation.
Therefore, the substitution of the trial function in the differential
equation will create a residual over the entire domain of the
problem.
142
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Galerkin’s Residual Method and Its Application
to a One-Dimensional Bar
Therefore, the substitution of the trial function in the differential
equation will create a residual over the entire domain of the
problem.
RdV minimum
V
RW dV 0
V 143
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Galerkin’s Residual Method and Its Application
to a One-Dimensional Bar
Using Galerkin’s weighted residual method, we require the
weighting functions to be the interpolation functions Ni.
Therefore:
RN
V
i dV 0 i 1, 2, , n
144
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 12 - Bar Element Formulation
Let’s derive the bar element formulation using Galerkin’s
method. The governing differential equation is:
d du
AE 0
dx dx
dx AE dx N
0
i dx 0 i 1, 2, , n
rds rs sdr
145
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 12 - Bar Element Formulation
If we assume the following:
r Ni dNi
dr dx
dx
d du du
ds AE dx s AE
dx dx dx
rds rs sdr
L L L
d du du du dN
0 dx AE dx Ni dx Ni AE dx 0 0 AE dx dxi dx 0
146
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 12 - Bar Element Formulation
Recall that:
du dN1 dN2 du 1 1 u1
u1 u2
dx dx dx dx L L u2
1 1 u1
L L
dN du
AE i L dx Ni AE
0
dx L u2 dx 0
147
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 12 - Bar Element Formulation
Substituting N1 for the weighting function Ni gives:
dN1 1 1 u1
L L
du
AE L dx N1AE
0
dx L u2 dx 0
L
1 1 1 u1 AEL
AE dx 2 u1 u2
0
L L L u2 L
L
du du
N1AE AE AE x x 0
A x x 0
f1x
dx 0 dx x 0
AE
u1 u2 f1x
L 148
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 12 - Bar Element Formulation
Substituting N2 for the weighting function Ni gives:
1 1 u1
L L
dN2 du
AE L dx N2 AE
0
dx L u2 dx 0
L
1 1 1 u1 AEL
AE dx 2 u1 u2
0
L L L u2 L
L
du du
N2 AE AE AE x x L
A x x L
f2 x
dx 0 dx x L
AE
u1 u2 f2x
L 149
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element
Example 12 - Bar Element Formulation
Writing the last two equations in matrix form gives:
AE 1 1 u1 f1x
L 1 1 u2 f2 x
150