Applied Linear Algebra: Assignment-3

Instructor: Dwaipayan Mukherjee∗

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai- 400076, India

(Submission deadline: October 2, 2022)

[Note: L(V, W) denotes the vector space of all linear transformations from the vector space V to the vector space
W.]
1. [5 pts.] For a linear operator T : R3 → R3 , given by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (3x1 , x1 − x2 , 2x1 + x2 + x3 ), ascertain if
T is invertible. If so, then obtain a definition for T −1 such as the one for T . Prove that (T 2 − I)(T − 3I) = 0.
2. [4 pts.] For a linear operator T : V → V, show that the following holds: T (T (v)) = 0 =⇒ T (v) = 0, v ∈ V is
equivalent to Im(T ) ∩ Ker(T ) = {0} ⊆ V.
3. [4 pts.] For a linear map T : V → F, (V finite dimensional) show that if u ∈
/ Ker(T ), then any v ∈ V can be
expressed uniquely as v = w1 + w2 with w1 ∈ span(u) and w2 ∈ Ker(T ).
4. [4 pts.] Obtain a linear map, φ from F5 to F2 such that its kernel is given by Ker(φ) = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 ) ∈
F5 : x1 = αx2 ; x3 = x4 = x5 } (α ∈ F).
5. [4 pts.] Over a finite dimensional vector space, V, suppose we have two linear operators ψ and τ . Prove that
the composition of the two operators, ψ ◦ τ , is invertible if and only if both ψ and τ are invertible.
6. [5 pts.] Suppose C k (R) is the vector space of all k-times continuously differentiable functions on R, k ∈
d
{0, 1, 2, . . .}. Consider L1 : C 1 (R) → C 0 (R) and L2 : C 2 (R) → C 0 (R) be given by L1 (f (x)) = dx (f (x)) +
d2
αf (x), α ∈ R, and L2 (g(x)) = dx2 (g(x)) + ω 2 g(x), ω ∈ R. What are the dimensions of the kernels of L1 and
L2 ? Write down one possible choice of basis for each operator.
7. [6 pts.] Let V and W be finite dimensional vector spaces. Show that the map which takes φ ∈ L(V, W) to
φ′ ∈ L(W′ , V′ ) is an isomorphism of L(V, W) onto L(W′ , V′ ).
8. [6 pts.] Let U and W be subspaces of a finite dimensional vector space V. Show that (U ∩ W)0 = U0 + W0 .
9. [6 pts.] Let V be a finite dimensional vector space and Γ be a subspace of V′ . Prove that Γ = {v ∈ V : φ(v) =
0 ∀ φ ∈ Γ}0 .
10. [6 pts.] Suppose V is a finite dimensional vector space and {φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φm } is a linearly independent set in
V′ . Show that dim(∩m
i=1 Ker(φi )) = dim(V) − m.

11. [9 pts.] The double dual of a vector space, V, denoted by V′′ , is the dual space of V′ by definition. Define
Λ : V → V′′ as (Λv)(φ) = φ(v), where v ∈ V and φ ∈ V′ .
(a) Prove that Λ : V → V′′ is a linear map.
(b) Prove that for τ ∈ L(V), we have τ ′′ ◦ Λ = Λ ◦ τ , where τ ′′ = (τ ′ )′ .
(c) Prove that if V is finite dimensional, then Λ is an isomorphism between V and V′′ .
12. [4 pts.] If f : V → W, the graph of f is defined as a subset of V × W, defined by G(f ) := {(x, f (x)) ∈ V × W :
x ∈ V}. Prove that f is a linear map, if and only if G(f ) is a subspace of V × W.
13. [5 pts.] For vector spaces Vi , i = 1, 2, . . . , m, suppose L(V1 × V2 × . . . × Vm , W) is the space of all linear
functions from V1 × V2 × . . . × Vm to W, while L(Vi , W) is the space of all linear functions from Vi to W.
Show that L(V1 × V2 × . . . × Vm , W) is isomorphic to L(V1 , W) × L(V2 , W) × . . . × L(Vm , W).
14. [4 pts.] For vector spaces U, V, W, such that U and V are subspaces of W show that for w1 , w2 ∈ W, if we
have w1 + U = w2 + V, then U = V.
15. [5 pts.] For two affine subsets of a vector space V, say A1 and A2 , prove that A1 ∩ A2 is either an affine subset
of V or the empty set.
16. [4 pts.] Suppose U ⊆ V and {v1 + U, v2 + U, . . . , vm + U} is a basis for V/U, while {u1 , u2 , . . . , un } is a basis
for U. Show that {v1 , v2 , . . . , vm , u1 , u2 , . . . , un } is a basis for V.
vector spaces U ⊆ V, show that there exists a subspace W of V such that
17. [5 pts.] For finite dimensional L
dim(W) =dim(V/U) and V = U W. Further, show that V is isomorphic to U × V/U.
18. [4 pts.] For a non-trivial linear functional f : V → F, show that dim(V/ker(f )) = 1.
∗ Asst. Professor, Electrical Engineering, Office: EE 214D, e-mail: dm@ee.iitb.ac.in.

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 19. [5 pts.] Show that for vector spaces V1 , V2 , . . . , Vm , we may claim
Pmthat V1 + V2 + . . . + Vm is a direct sum if
and only if the unique representation of 0 as a sum of the form i=1 vi , where vi ∈ Vi is given by vi = 0 ∀i.
20. [5 pts.] Define a linear map τ : V1 × V2 × . . . × Vm → V1 + V2 . . . + Vm as τ (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn ) = v1 + v2 + . . . + vn .
Show that τ is injective if and only if V1 + V2 . . . + Vm is a direct sum.

“...but the real reason is, I enjoy the subject. I think that although we’ve cut nature up in different ways, and we
have different courses in different departments that’s really artificial, we should take our intellectual pleasures where
we find them.”
—Richard Feynman lecturing on the ‘jewel’ of elementary algebra: eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ.