Pokhara University

School of Engineering

Class Presentation in
General Design Requirements
of Different Building Parameters
For Seismic Resistant Design
According to FEMA 356

Presented By Organized By:

Amrit Regmi Er. Sailesh Achraya
Msc in Structure Engineering 2019 Batch Lecturer
Roll-No : 1 SOE, PU
 WHAT IS SEISMIC ANALYSIS ?
Seismic analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of
the response of a building structure to earthquakes. It is part of the
process of structural design, earthquake engineering or structural
assessment and retrofit in regions where earthquakes are prevalent.
A building has the potential to 'wave' back and forth
during an earthquake. This is called the
'fundamental mode', and is the lowest frequency of
building response. Most buildings, however, have
higher modes of response, which are uniquely
activated during earthquakes. The figure just shows
the second mode, but there are higher 'shimmy'
(abnormal vibration) modes. Nevertheless, the first
and second modes tend to cause the most damage
in most cases
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EARLIEST PROVISION OF SEISMIC CODE
The earliest provisions for seismic resistance were the requirement to
design for a lateral force equal to a proportion of the building weight
(applied at each floor level). This approach was adopted in the appendix
of the 1927 Uniform Building Code (UBC), which was used on the west
coast of the United States

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FEMA 356
▪ This code was prepared under a cooperative agreement between the
Federal Emergency Management Agency and the American Society of
Civil Engineers in November 2000.
▪ It was developed as a response to major earthquakes which have
caused devastation in highly populated regions of USA.
▪ It is revised based on knowledge gained from earthquakes and research
findings.
▪ It is used worldwide.

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 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS BY FEMA 356

i. Multidirectional Seismic Effects vii. Wall

ii. P-Δ Effects viii. Nonstructural Components
iii. Horizontal Torsion ix. Structures Sharing Common Elements
iv. Overturning x. Building Separation
v. Continuity xi. Vertical Seismic Effects
vi. Diaphragms

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I. MULTIDIRECTIONAL SEISMIC EFFECTS
▪ Buildings shall be designed for seismic motion in any horizontal
direction. Multidirectional seismic effects shall be considered to act
buildings meeting the following criteria:
1. The building has plan irregularities.
2. The building has one or more primary columns which form a part of
two or more intersecting frame or braced frame elements.
▪ All other buildings shall be permitted to be designed for seismic
motions acting non concurrently in the direction of each principal axis
of the building

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II. P-Δ EFFECTS
▪ Static P-Δ effects are caused by gravity loads acting through the deformed
configuration of a building and result in an increase in lateral displacements.
▪ A negative post-yield stiffness may significantly increase inter story drift and
the target displacement. Dynamic P-Δ effects are introduced to consider this
additional drift. The degree by which dynamic P-Δ effects increase
displacements depends on the following:
1. The ratio α of the negative post-yield stiffness to the effective elastic
stiffness;
2. The fundamental period of the building;
3. The strength ratio, R;
4. The hysteretic load-deformation relations for each story;
5. The frequency characteristics of the ground motion and
6. The duration of the strong ground motion.
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III. HORIZONTAL TORSION
Effects of horizontal torsion shall be considered in accordance with the
following requirements:
▪ Increased forces and displacements due to actual torsion shall be
calculated for all buildings.
▪ The displacement multiplier, η, at each floor shall be calculated as the
ratio of the maximum displacement at any point on the floor diaphragm
to the average displacement (δmax/δavg). Displacements shall be
calculated for the applied loads
▪ Increased forces and displacements due to accidental torsion shall be
considered unless the accidental torsional moment is less than 25
percent of the actual torsional moment, or the displacement multiplier
η due to the applied load and accidental torsion is less than 1.1 at every
floor.

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IV. OVERTURNING
▪ Response to earthquake ground motion results in a tendency for
structures and individual vertical elements of structures to overturn
about their bases. Although actual overturning failure is very rare,
overturning effects can result in significant stresses, as demonstrated in
some local and global failures. In new building design, earthquake
effects, including overturning, are evaluated for lateral forces that are
significantly reduced (by an R-factor) from those that may actually
develop in the structure.
▪ Elements and components of buildings shall be designed to resist the
effects of overturning at each intermediate level as well as the base of
the structure. Stability against overturning shall be evaluated as
specified in Section 3.2.10 and its effects on foundations shall be
evaluated as specified in Section 4.4 of FEMA 356.

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V. CONTINUITY
▪ All elements and components shall be tied together to form a complete load
path for the transfer of inertial forces generated by the dynamic response of
portions of the structure to the rest of the structure. Inertial forces specified in
this section shall be considered force controlled.
▪ Smaller portions of a structure, such as an outstanding wing, shall be
connected to the structure as a whole. Component connections shall be
capable of resisting horizontal force in any direction calculated using the
Equation. These connections are not required if the individual portions of the
structure are self-supporting and are separated by a seismic joint permitting
independent movement during dynamic response.

Fp = 0.133SXS W Fp= Horizontal force in any direction for the design of connections
between two portions of a structure

SXS= Spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods for

the selected Earthquake Hazard Level and damping, adjusted for
site class
W= Weight of the smaller portion of the structure Slide No: 10/20
V. CONTINUITY (CONTINUED)
▪ Components shall be connected to the structure to resist a horizontal
force in any direction calculated using following equation:

Fp = 0.08SXS W

Fp= Horizontal force in any direction for the design of component

connections to the structure

SXS= Spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods for

the selected Earthquake Hazard Level and damping, adjusted for
site class

W= Weight of the component

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VI. DIAPHRAGMS
▪ Diaphragms shall be defined as horizontal elements that transfer
earthquake-induced inertial forces to vertical elements of the lateral-
force-resisting systems through the collective action of diaphragm
components including chords, collectors, and ties.
▪ Diaphragms shall be provided at each level of the structure as necessary
to connect building masses to the primary vertical elements of the
lateral-force-resisting system.
▪ Evaluation of diaphragm demands should be based on the likely
distribution of horizontal inertia forces. For flexible diaphragms, such a
distribution may be given by Equation (C3-1) and illustrated in Figure
C3-1 below.

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VI. DIAPHRAGMS (CONTINUED)

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VII. WALL
▪ Walls shall be evaluated for out-of-plane inertial forces as required by
this section.
▪ Walls shall be positively anchored to all diaphragms that provide lateral
support for the wall or are vertically supported by the wall. Walls shall
be anchored to diaphragms at horizontal distances not exceeding eight
feet, unless it can be demonstrated that the wall has adequate capacity
to span horizontally between the supports for greater distances.
▪ Anchorage of walls to diaphragms shall be designed for forces
calculated using Equation (2-6), which shall be developed in the
diaphragm.

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VII. WALL (CONTINUED)
Fp = χSXS W (2-6)
Where,
Fp = Design force for anchorage of wall to diaphragm

χ = Factor from Table 2-4 for the selected Structural Performance Level. Increased values of χ shall
be used when anchoring to flexible diaphragms

SXS = Spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods for the selected hazard level and
damping adjusted for site class

W= Weight of the wall tributary to the anchor

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VIII. NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
▪ When Hazards Reduced Performance is used, the engineer should
consider the location of nonstructural components (Architectural,
Mechanical, and Electrical Components) relative to areas of public
occupancy.
▪ The owner and building official should be consulted to establish the
areas of the building for which nonstructural hazards will be considered.
▪ Other nonstructural components, such as those designated by the
owner also should be included in those that are evaluated.

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IX. STRUCTURES SHARING COMMON ELEMENTS
Buildings sharing common vertical or lateral load resisting elements shall be
rehabilitated considering interconnection of the two structures, or they shall be
separated.
▪ Interconnection: Buildings sharing common elements, other than foundation
elements, shall be thoroughly tied together so as to behave as an integral unit.
Analyses of the combined response of the buildings shall account for the
interconnection of the structures and shall evaluate the structures as one integral
unit.
▪ Separation: Buildings sharing common elements shall be completely separated by
introducing seismic joints between the structures. Independent lateral-force-
resisting systems shall be provided for each structure. Independent vertical
support shall be provided on each side of the seismic joint, unless slide bearings
are used and adequate bearing length is provided to accommodate the expected
independent lateral movement of each structure. It shall be assumed for such
purposes that the structures move out of phase with each other in opposite
directions simultaneously.
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X. BUILDING SEPARATION
▪ Buildings shall be separated from adjacent structures to prevent pounding
by a minimum distance is at any level i given by Equation (2-8).

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XI. VERTICAL SEISMIC EFFECTS

▪ The effects of the vertical response of a structure to earthquake ground

motion shall be considered for the following cases:

1. Cantilever elements and components of structures.

2. Pre-stressed elements and components of structures.
3. Structural components in which demands due to gravity loads exceed
80% of the nominal capacity of the component.

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CONCLUSION

▪ Different Seismic codes have been developed in different countries

according to the recent earthquakes of the country with the required
performance level of the building.
▪ Design of Buildings with FEMA 356 is more reliable and performance
based than IS1893-2002 as it considers more design parameters.

THANK YOU

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