Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 2

2.0 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR THE BUILDING ..................................................... 3
3.0 GENERAL DATA FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ................................................. 3
4.0 LOAD CALCULATIONS .............................................................................................. 6
5.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS .............................................................................................. 9
6.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PROCEDURE ................................................................... 9
7.0 MODELING IN ETABS 2016 ..................................................................................... 10
8.0 DEFLECTION AND STOREY DRIFT ....................................................................... 14
9.0 MODAL PARTICIPATING MASS RATIOS ............................................................. 16
10.0 CONTROL OF CRACKING ........................................................................................ 16
11.0 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS................................................................. 17
12.0 DESIGN INPUT IN MUNICIPALITY FORMAT .................................................... 28

1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report has been prepared as a part of the structural engineering analysis and
design of the view tower to be built as partial requirement of application for permit to
construct building. This Report describes in brief about the Structural Aspects and Design
Report of the proposed building. The analysis and design have been carried out using finite
element software ETABS 2016. This software provide the Structural Engineer with all the
tools necessary to create, modify, analyze, design, and optimize the structural elements in a
building model. The structure design is intended to be based primarily on the current National
Building Code of Practice of India taking account of relevant British Codes for the provisions
not covered in this and is generally in conformance with NBC of Nepal.

1.2 STRUCTURAL MODELING

A three-dimensional mathematical model of the physical structure should be used that
represents the spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness of the structure to an extent that is
adequate for the calculation of the significant features of its dynamic response. Thus, the
essential requirements of the model is that, it should include the sufficient detail in geometry,
support, material, members, loading, strength, rigidity, stability etc. such that it reflects the real
and true prototype of a physical structure. In modeling, for the vertical loading system, the
deflection on the column in axial direction is so minimal that we can neglect it. It is because of
high rigidity of column in axial direction whereas in horizontal loading system, the in-plane
stiffness of floor is assumed to be very high compared to the stiffness of other frame members
in that plane. It is because of the presence of floor slab. Since, floor slab has very high in-plane
rigidity, the member like column, wall and braces connected to that plane are assumed to move
as a single unit in the lateral direction. This system is known as rigid floor diaphragm in which
beam is monolithically connected with slab providing negligible bending in the vertical plane.
For the modeling of this building, ETABS 2016 software was used. ETABS 2016 is a
sophisticated, yet easy to use, special purpose analysis and design program developed
specifically for building systems. ETABS 2016 features an intuitive and powerful graphical
interface coupled with unmatched modeling, analytical, design, detailing procedure, powerful
numerical methods and many international design codes all integrated using a common
database. Although quick and easy for simple structures, ETABS 2016 can also handle the
largest and most complex building models, including the wide range of nonlinear behaviors,
making it the tool of choice for structural engineers in the building industry.

2
2.0 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR THE BUILDING

The structural system chosen is RC buildings with Special Moment Resisting Frame
SMRF. Columns and beams have been laid out in plan in coordination with architectural and
services planning that acts jointly support and transmit to the ground those forces arising from
earthquake motions, gravity and live load. Its role becomes increasingly important with the
increase in building height. Thus, the vital criteria for structural systems are an adequate
reserve of strength against failure, adequate lateral stiffness, and an efficient performance
during the service life of the building. The determination of the structural forms of a building
involves the selection and arrangement of the major structural elements to resist most
efficiently the various combinations of gravity and horizontal loadings. The choice of
structural form is strongly influenced by the internal planning, the material and method of
construction, the external architectural treatment, the location and routing of service systems,
the nature and magnitude of the horizontal loading, and the height and proportion of the
building.

3.0 GENERAL DATA FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Grade of Concrete and Cover to the Reinforcement is provided according to the

provisions of the Indian Code. The appropriate grade of concrete and nominal cover to
reinforcement is governed by the following main considerations:

i) Durability of Concrete incl. Fire resistance rating

ii) Corrosion Protection of the Reinforcement
iii) Bar Size
iv) Nominal maximum aggregate size

3.1 Grade of Concrete

The Indian Code IS: 456-2000, permits a minimum grade of concrete for reinforced
concrete members as M20 and the following concrete grades shall be used for “normal”
conditions:

Foundation: M20
Column: M20
Beam: M20
Slab: M20

3
3.2 Reinforcement Steel
All reinforcing steel to be used in the structural elements shall have a yield stress of 500
MPa, (Thermo-Mechanically Treated bars), conforming to IS: 1786-1985.

3.3 Cover to Reinforcements

Clear cover to the main reinforcement in the various structural elements shall be as
follows:

a) Footings (Bottom): 50 mm
Footings (Top and Sides): 50 mm
b) Columns: 40 mm
c) Beams: 25 mm or bar diameter whichever is greater
e) Slabs: 20 mm or bar diameter whichever is greater

3.4 Reference Codes

Many international standard codes of practices were adopted for the creation of
mathematical model, its analysis and design. As per the requirements, National Building
Code was used for the load combination in order to check for the worse case during analysis.
Some of the codes used are enlisted below:
A. Loading

Code Description
IS 875: 1987 Part I Dead Loads
IS 875: 1987 Part II Imposed Loads
IS 875: 1987 Part V Special Loads and Combinations

B. Design of Earthquake Resistance

Code Description
IS 1893:2002 Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures
Code of practice for earthquake resistant design and construction of
IS 4326:2013
buildings

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C. Design of Concrete Elements

Code Description
IS 456:2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (Reaffirmed in 2016)
Specification for high strength deformed steel bars and wires for concrete
IS 1786:2008
reinforcement
SP-16 Design aids for reinforced concrete
SP-34 Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing

E. Design of Foundations

Code Description
Indian Standard code of practice for design and construction of foundations in soil -
IS 1904
General requirements
IS 2950 Indian Standard code of practice for design and construction of raft foundation (Part - I)
IS 2911 Indian Standard code of practice for design and construction of pile foundations
IS 2974 Code of practice for design and construction of machine foundation

F. Detailing of Structures

Code Description
Ductile Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete structures subjected to
IS 13920:2016
lateral forces (Reaffirmed in 2017)

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4.0 LOAD CALCULATIONS
4.1 Load Patterns
Self-Weight
Name Type Auto Load
Multiplier
Dead Dead 1
BW Dead 0
FF Dead 0
EQx Seismic 0 IS1893 2002
EQy Seismic 0 IS1893 2002
Live <=3 Live 0
Live > 3 Live 0

4.2 Gravity Loads

Gravity loading is primarily due to the self-weight of the structure, superimposed
dead load and occupancy of the building. Following loads have been considered for the
analysis and design of the building based on the relevant Indian Standards.

4.3 Live Loads

The Live Load for building has been adopted as given IS 875 - Part II Section I Loads
for residential buildings.
For stairs = 5 kN/m2
For viewing area = 5 kN/m2
For terrace (inaccessible) = 0.75 kN/m2

4.4 Dead Load

The Dead Load for building has been taken as following:
Floor finish = 1.2 kN/ m2

Wall Load:

Wall Loads are calculated manually and assigned in the frame as line load/ frame
load. 12.75 kN/m and 10.75 kN/m loads are used in the ETABS model as per the
manual calculation performed separately.

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4.5 Seismic Load
Seismic Coefficient Method

The Indian Standard IS 1893:2002 contains provisions for both the static analysis and
the dynamic analysis of buildings. Static analysis using equivalent lateral force procedure is
restricted to regular buildings having height less than 40 m and irregular buildings having
height less than12 m in seismic Zone V. At the core of seismic analysis is the use of response
spectra plot as given in figure 2 of IS1893:2002, in which the spectral acceleration is plotted
for wide range of fundamental natural period of the structures. For the static analysis, the
static forces in the structure are derived from the design seismic base shear (Vb) given by:

Design Seismic Base shear VB = Ah * W

Where,

Ah = Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient

W = Seismic Weight of the building

Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient Ah = Z/2 * I/R *Sa/g

Where,

Z = 0.36 (Zone Factor applicable for structures built in Nepal (Zone V)).

I = Importance factor for the buildings = 1.2.

R = Response Reduction factor = 5.

Sa/g = Average Response Acceleration Coeff. is taken for Soil Type- II

and 5% Damping

Seismic forces are calculated for Full Dead Load plus 25 percentage of Imposed Load.
Fundamental Natural Period (T)
As per IS 1893:2002, Clause 7.6.2 the approximate fundamental natural period of
vibration in seconds of the building which is moment resisting frame is given by empirical
expression
T = 0.075H0.75
We have,
h = 15.5031 m

Hence,
Tx = 0.6015 secs and

Ty = 0.6015 secs.

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4.6 Wind Loads
Wind and seismic loads shall not be taken to act simultaneously.
As seismic load is expected to govern wind load has not been considered in design.

4.7 Soft Storey

A soft storey can be detected by comparing the stiffness of adjacent storeys.
Soft storeys are present in buildings with open fronts on the ground floor or tall storeys.

Fig 1: Open Ground Storey and Bare Frame

There is no soft storey in the proposed building since no storey level has change
in mass and stiffness in considerate amount.

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5.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS
The load combination has been taken as per IS 1893:2002. The load combinations
used in ETABS analysis are listed below.

For Concrete Design

1.2(DL+EQX+LL)
1.2(DL-EQX+LL)
1.2(DL+EQY+LL)
1.2(DL-EQY+LL)
0.9DL+1.5EQX
0.9DL-1.5EQX
0.9DL+1.5EQY
0.9DL-1.5EQY
1.5DL+1.5EQX
1.5DL-1.5EQX
1.5DL+1.5EQY
1.5DL-1.5EQY
1.0 (DL+LL)
1.5 (DL+LL)

6.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PROCEDURE

Space frame analysis using ETABS 2016 software has been undertaken to obtain
refined results for all load combinations in accordance with Nepal Building Code.

The RCC design shall be based on IS: 456-2000 Code of practice for plain and
reinforced concrete, following Limit state philosophy. Structural design for typical members
has been done for the combination of loads that produces maximum stress in the structural
elements, and in turn requires maximum reinforcing steel provisions.

The design of Columns and Beams is done directly using ETABS 2016 design
software. The design of Slab and footings are done by in house developed Worksheets in
Excel. The size of columns and beams are provided as per requirement.

9
7.0 MODELING IN ETABS 2016

Fig 4: 3D Model of Building in ETABS 2016

10
Fig 5: Floor finish in Story 1

Fig 6: Live Load in Roof

11
Fig 7: Wall load in 3D Model

12
Fig 8:Live>3 Load in Story 3

13
8.0 DEFLECTION AND STOREY DRIFT

Fig 9: Response plot showing maximum story displacement due to EQX

Fig 10: Response plot showing maximum story displacement due to EQY

14
 Fig 11: Response plot showing maximum story drift due to EQX

Fig 12: Response plot showing maximum story drift due to EQY

In order to control deflection of structural elements, the criteria given in the Clause
23.2 of IS456:2000 is proposed to be used. To control overall deformation due to earthquake
load, the criteria given in clause 7.11 of IS1893:2002 is applied. The maximum deflection in
any story due to the minimum specified design lateral force, with partial load factor of 1.0
shall not exceed 0.004 times the story height. Furthermore, the drift shall not exceed 0.004 in
any case.

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9.0 MODAL PARTICIPATING MASS RATIOS
TABLE: MODAL PARTICIPATING MASS RATIOS
Period Sum Sum
Case Mode UX UY
sec UX UY
Modal 1 0.642 0.0518 0.4308 0.0518 0.4308
Modal 2 0.617 0.6208 0.1681 0.6726 0.599
Modal 3 0.553 0.1275 0.2144 0.8001 0.8134
Modal 4 0.203 0.0682 0.0318 0.8683 0.8452
Modal 5 0.196 0.0607 0.0518 0.929 0.897
Modal 6 0.172 0.0004 0.0293 0.9294 0.9263
Modal 7 0.124 9.11E-06 0.0364 0.9294 0.9627
Modal 8 0.12 0.0196 0.0026 0.9489 0.9653
Modal 9 0.109 0.0173 0.0029 0.9662 0.9682
Modal 10 0.085 0.0043 0.0093 0.9704 0.9775
Modal 11 0.081 0.0061 0.0004 0.9765 0.9779
Modal 12 0.076 0.0076 0.0067 0.9841 0.9846

We have,
90% mode participation in exactly 6 modes
Corresponding Time period (T) = 0.172 secs
Corresponding frequency (f) = 1/T = 5.814 Hz
As per IS 1893:2002 Clause 7.8.4.2, f<33 Hz, which is OK.

10.0 CONTROL OF CRACKING

In order to avoid excessive cracking in the flexural members, maximum diameter and
spacing of the reinforcement is restricted as per the detailing rules indicated in IS: 456-2000.

16
11.0 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Fig 13: Longitudinal Reinforcing as per IS 456:2000 in Grid A-A

17
Fig 14: Rebar percentage as per IS 456:2000 in Story 2

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 11.1 Design of Column

Sample Design of Column

General Information of Column to be designed:

Grid: 2/A
Story: 1
ETABS 2016 Concrete Frame Design

IS 456:2000 Column Section Design

Column Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
COLUMN
Story1 C2 2 UDCon20 3575 4025 0.694
450X450-M20

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) dc (mm) Cover (Torsion) (mm)
450 450 56 30

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 500

Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For Pu , Mu2 , Mu3

Design Pu Design Mu2 Design Mu3 Minimum M2 Minimum M3 Rebar Area Rebar %
kN kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m mm² %
116.9058 53.5883 2.3542 2.3542 2.3542 1620 0.8

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 Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Factors
K Factor Length Initial Moment Additional Moment Minimum Moment
Unitless mm kN-m kN-m kN-m
Major
0.76491 2568.8 23.9269 0 2.3542
Bend(M3)
Minor
0.76491 2568.8 21.4353 0 2.3542
Bend(M2)

Shear Design for Vu2 , Vu3

Shear Vu Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
Major, Vu2 42.5634 88.4956 70.9194 42.5634 498.8
Minor, Vu3 59.8915 88.4956 70.9194 22.9336 498.8

Joint Shear Check/Design

Joint Shear Shear Shear Shear Joint Shear
Force VTop Vu,Tot Vc Area Ratio
kN kN kN kN cm² Unitless
Major Shear, Vu2 0 23.8231 386.9188 905.6075 2025 0.427
Minor Shear, Vu3 0 20.1935 189.3785 905.6075 2025 0.209

(1.1) Beam/Column Capacity Ratio

Major Ratio Minor Ratio
1.309 0.705

Additional Moment Reduction Factor k (IS 39.7.1.1)

Ag Asc Puz Pb Pu k
cm² cm² kN kN kN Unitless
2025 16.2 2430 798.9665 116.9058 1

Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1) (Part 1 of 2)

Consider Length Section KL/Depth KL/Depth KL/Depth
Ma Factor Depth (mm) Ratio Limit Exceeded
Major Bending (M3 ) Yes 0.638 450 4.366 12 No
Minor Bending (M2 ) Yes 0.638 450 4.366 12 No

All the columns are designed in a similar way.

Please refer structural drawings for further details.

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 11.2 Design of Beam

Sample Design of Beam

General Information of Column to be designed:

Story: 1

Grid: 1-2/B

ETABS 2016 Concrete Frame Design

IS 456:2000 Beam Section Design

Beam Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
BEAM 450X300-
Story1 B2 18 UDCon15 4125 4350 1
M20

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) bf (mm) ds (mm) dct (mm) dcb (mm)
300 450 300 0 35 35

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 500

Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

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 Factored Forces and Moments
Factored Factored Factored Factored
Mu3 Tu Vu2 Pu
kN-m kN-m kN kN
-96.1859 0.0087 84.1891 -146.0768

Design Moments, Mu3 & Mt

Factored Factored Positive Negative
Moment Mt Moment Moment
kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
-96.1859 0.0128 0 -96.1986

Design Moment and Flexural Reinforcement for Moment, Mu3 & Tu

Design Design -Moment +Moment Minimum Required
-Moment +Moment Rebar Rebar Rebar Rebar
kN-m kN-m mm² mm² mm² mm²
Top (+2 Axis) -96.1986 737 168 737 290
Bottom (-2 Axis) 0 369 168 0 369

Shear Force and Reinforcement for Shear, Vu2 & Tu

Shear Ve Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
120.4048 63.4292 57.1871 73.1597 381.86

Torsion Force and Torsion Reinforcement for Torsion, Tu & VU2

Tu Vu Core b1 Core d1 Rebar Asvt /s
kN-m kN mm mm mm²/m
0.0396 82.2383 250 400 0
All the beams are designed in a similar way.

Please refer structural drawings for further details.

22
11.3 Design of Slab

Sample Design of Slab

1.General information:
Concrete Grade= M 20
Steel Grade= Fe 500

As per IS 456:2000,
Type of panel= Four Edge Discontinuous

2.Thickness of slab and durability consideration:

Short Span, lx = 2175 mm
Long Span,ly = 2175 mm
Approx L/d permissible= 28
Approx d= 77.68 mm
Adopting, overall depth(D)= 125 mm
Assuming, clear cover= 15 mm
and diameter of bar= 10 mm
Effective depth of slab(d)= 105 mm

Effective short span (Lx)= 2280 mm

Effective long span (Ly)= 2280 mm
Ly/Lx= 1.00
Hence, it is a two way slab.

3.Calculation of Design Load:

Self weight = 3.125 kN/m2
Finishing &Partition= 1.2 kN/m2
Live Load = 5 kN/m2
Total Load = 9.325 kN/m2
Factored load = 13.99 kN/m2
Considering unit width of Slab,
w= 13.99 kN/m

4.Moment and Reinforcement Calculation:

Moment
Coefficient(α)
Moments considered (kN.m)
Support (-ve) 0.000 0.000
Shorter Span
mid span(+ve ) 0.055 3.993
Support (-ve) 0.000 0.000
Longer Span
mid span(+ve ) 0.056 3.706

23
 Hence,
the moment to be considered (Mu)= 3.993 kN.m
Solving, Mu=0.87*fy*Ast*d*(1-Ast*fy/bd.fck)
2
Ast= 89.3 mm /m
Also, Minimum
mm2/m
Ast(0.25%)= 262.5
2
Hence, Limiting Ast= 262.5 mm /m
dia bars
c/c
Providing 10 @ 150
2
Ast provided= 550 mm /m
Provided Ast is sufficient

5. Check for Deflection:

shorter span of critical slab= 2280 mm
spacing of bars= 150 mm
overall depth of slab= 125 mm
eff depth of slab= 105 mm
% Tension reinforcement= 0.524%
fs= 139
From graph Fig 4 IS 456-2000,
Modification factor = 2
Basic L/d= 23.000
Permissible L/d ratio= 46
Provided L/d ratio= 21.71

Design Summary of Slab

Hence,
Provide 8 mmφ bars @ 150mm c/c in X-direction
Provide 8 mmφ bars @ 150mm c/c in Y-direction.
Please Refer Structural Drawings for further details.

24
11.4 Design of Footing

A. Input Data

a. Soil Subgrade Modulus

Soil Bearing Capacity = 125 kN/m2
Soil Spring Modulus = 5000 kN/m2

b. Footing Thickness
Footing thickness of 500 mm is provided.

B. Analysis

a. Soil Pressure

Fig 13: Soil Pressure Diagram

Maximum Soil Pressure obtained is 106 kN/m2 which is lower than the Bearing Capacity
of 125 kN/m2.

25
 b. Punching Shear Check

Fig 14: Punching Shear Capacity Ratios

Since all punching shear Capacity Ratios are less than 1, the footings are safe against
Punching Shear.

26
C. Design

Fig 15: Reinforcement along X-axis

Fig 16: Reinforcement along Y-axis

Please refer structural drawings for further details.

27
12.0 DESIGN INPUT IN MUNICIPALITY FORMAT
A. General Information:
(i) Structural Design By: - Er. Nirmal Marasini

B. Geometrical Configuration of Structure:

(i) No. of Blocks:- 1
(ii) No. of Storey:-4
(iii) No. of columns:- 4
(iv) Total Height of the Structure:- 16.1483 m
0.097681 1977.1756 193.1331

C. Structural Analysis and Design:

(i) Structural Analysis Software:- ETABS 2016
(ii) Structural System: - RC buildings with Special Moment Resisting Frame
SMRF.
(iii) Foundation System:- Raft
(iv) Loading Parameters:
a) Dead Load:- As per IS875:1987 Part I
b) Live Load:- As per IS875:1987 Part II
c) Seismic Load (As per IS 1893:2002):-
• Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient: 0.097681
• Seismic Weight:- 1977.1756 kN
• Base Shear:- 193.1331 kN

(v) Maximum Deflection of the Building:-

Maximum Deflection Allowable Deflection Check

18.35 64.5932 mm OK

(vi) Maximum Drift in the Building:-

Maximum Drift Drift should be less than Check

0.00154 0.004 OK

(vii) Load Combination Considered:- IS 1893:2002

(viii) Concrete Design code Referred:- IS 456:2000
(ix) Ductile Detailing code Referred:- IS13920:2016
(x) Concrete Grade Used:
Beam – M20
Slab – M20
Column – M20
Foundation – M20
(xi) Reinforcement Grade Used: - Fe500

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