Key words

Simulation, laminar flow, CFD, Ansys-fluent, nozzle

Abstract

In this paper, the flow through a simple pipe is to be simulated by employing a Reynolds-Averaged-
Navier-Stokes Code. It is a very typical problem in the fluid mechanics field due to its wide presence
in a large number of experiments, analyses, and our daily life. For that reason, the circular pipe and
its influence on the circulating flow behavior have been widely studied in the literature. Entrance
length, velocity profile along the pipe, and pressure loss have to be defined for the laminar flow. The
aim of this paper is to compare the analytical results from the literature and numerical results from
the CFD toolbox and fluent. Ansys is used by thousands of people worldwide for both academic and
industrial purposes

Abstract

Nozzles are widely used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and pressure
of the stream in connection with many different engineering applications. This paper presents
the performance predicted by a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model, which are 3D models
that utilize parametric analysis, realizable k-epsilon turbulence models, and experimental
measurement for a jet

Introduction

Computational fluid dynamics, abbreviated as CFD, is a branch of fluid mechanics, the study of fluid
flow. The ways in which liquids and gases interact with surfaces, such as the flow of coolant through
a pipe or the flow of air over an airplane wing, is extremely complex. CFD software uses numerical
methods and algorithms to analyze and solve design problems that involve fluid flows

Nozzles are widely used in connection with many different engineering applications, mainly to
generate jets and sprays. The nozzle exit flow serves as the initial condition for the downstream
flow. Experiments have been conducted with variations of nozzle exit Reynolds number by Yang et
al. [1]. They measured the developing structures of free jets by hot-wire anemometer to understand
the characteristics of heat transfer in conjunction with measured jet flows. In that study, different
flow characteristics have been observed depending on different nozzle shapes as in the experimental
study implemented. In most instances, flow non-uniformity and turbulence originate within the
nozzle, but the nozzle contraction is generally designed to attenuate and minimize these effects [2].
The jet-type flows occur in a variety of applications, especially in the industrial sector. For over a
century, the theory of turbulent jets and their practical applications have attracted the specialist’s
attention in many research fields [3, 4]. The capability for Navier–Stokes analysis of exhaust nozzle
flow fields has progressed to the point that, for simple nozzle geometries, computational fluid
dynamic (CFD) accuracy for performance quantities is comparable to experimental accuracy. The
CFD simulation has the advantage that a discrete point approximation to the entire flow field is
available [5–8]. This makes it possible to consider using the CFD solution to investigate a number of
important nozzle performance effects that would be extremely difficult to investigate experimentally
Losses through pipes

Losses in a piping system are typically categorized as major and minor losses. Minor losses in piping
systems are generally characterized as any losses which are due to pipe inlets and outlets, fittings
and bends, valves, expansions, and contractions. 1. Major Energy Losses (This loss is due to friction)
2. Minor Energy losses.

Governing Equations

The flow of most fluids can be mathematically described by the use of the continuity equation and
momentum equation. According to the continuity equation, the amount of fluid entering in certain
volume leaves that volume or remains there and according to momentum equation tells about the
balance of the momentum. The momentum equations are sometimes also referred to as Navier-
Stokes (NS) equations. They are the most commonly used mathematical equations to describe the
flow. In this section, we shall first derive NS equations and then the K-Epsilon model. For
incompressible fluids the Continuity Equation is

Conclusion

Design and construction of a quality mesh grid is important to the success of the CFD analysis. It's
important that mesh near the wall is sized properly to ensure accurate simulation of the flow field.
By comparing the entry distance we conclude that for the laminar flow the entrance length is longer
than in the case of turbulent flow, a result which is similar to the analytical and simulation results. In
the numerical simulation, when the input speed is uniform, the pressure losses is slightly higher than
in the analytical results, this is related to the fact that in the analytical solution we assume that the
flow is fully developed. Once we have applied the exact velocity profile at the entrance of the pipe
the results are the same as the analytical. For the laminar flow, the velocity profile in the fully
developed flow section has full compliance with the simulation results. In the turbulent flow, the
speed profile is consistent with certain parts and deviations in the wall area and pipe axis, which is
also reflected in the literature, due to the lack of complete knowledge of the turbulent flow effect.

Referances
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
339213591_Investigate_Laminar_and_Turbulent_Pipe_Flow_Using_Open_Source_CFD_Software

https://user.engineering.uiowa.edu/~fluids/Posting/Home/CFD/Introductory/Pre-Lab%201-Pipe/
Introductory_Pre-Lab1_Manual.pdf

SOLUTION

A 1=π r 2 = π (0.06)2 = 0.0113 m2

2
A 2=π r = π (0.0 3)2 = 0.00282 m2

A1 V1 = A2V2

0.00282 V2
V1 = =
0.0113 4.008

Where V1 and V2 are theoretical velocities in sections 1 and 2

Applying Bernoulli’s equation in sections 1 and 2 we get

p 1 v 21 p 2 v 22
+ +z = + +z
ρg 2 g 1 ρg 2 g 2
Z1 = Z 2

p 1 v 21 p 2 v 22
+ = +
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

[ ]
( )
2
V2 2
v2
5.886 ×10 4
4.008 =0 +
+ 2g
1000× 9.81 2g
V2 = 11.18 m/s

V1 = 2.78 m/s