3/06/2021

Mechanics of Materials
MCT-215
Week # 10

Revision
𝒚
o 𝝐𝒙 = −
𝝆
𝒄
o 𝝐𝒎 =
𝝆
𝒚 𝒚
o 𝝐𝒙 = − 𝝐𝒎  𝝈𝒙 = − (𝝈𝒎 )
𝒄 𝒄
𝑴𝒄
o 𝝈𝒎 =
𝑰

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Today’s Topics

■ Pure Bending (Chapter 4 – Sections 4.2 contd. & 4.3)

– Beam section properties
– Deformations in a transverse cross section
■ Analysis and Design of Beams for Bending
– Shear and Bending moment diagrams

Beam Section Properties

■ The maximum normal stress due to bending,
𝑀𝑐 𝑀
𝜎 = =
𝐼 𝑆
I = section moment of inertia
𝑆 = 𝐼 / 𝑐 = section modulus
It is clear that beams should be designed with as large a value of S as
practicable.
■ Consider a wooden beam with a rectangular cross section
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𝐼 12 𝑏ℎ 1 𝟏
𝑆= = = 𝑏ℎ = 𝑨𝒉
𝑐 ℎ⁄2 6 𝟔
Between two beams with the same cross sectional area, the beam with
the greater depth h, will have the larger section modulus and thus, will
be more effective in resisting bending.

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Beam Section Properties

Curvature
■ In case of structural steel, American
standard beams (S-beams) and wide-  The deformation of the member caused by
the bending moment M is measured by the
flange beams (W-beams) are preferred curvature of the neutral surface.
to other shapes
 The curvature is defined as the reciprocal
– A large portion of their cross section is located far of the radius of curvature 𝜌, and can be
from the neutral axis. obtained as
– Thus, for a given cross sectional area and a given 𝑐 1 𝜖
depth, their design provides large values of I and, 𝜖 = → =
𝜌 𝜌 𝑐
consequently of S.
1 𝜎 1 𝑀𝑐
= =
𝜌 𝐸𝑐 𝐸𝑐 𝐼

𝟏 𝑴
=
𝝆 𝑬𝑰

DEFORMATIONS IN A
TRANSVERSE CROSS
SECTION

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■ As we discussed that the transverse cross section of a member in pure bending

remains plane, there is a possibility of deformations within the plane of the
section.
■ We have also discussed that in a state of uniaxial stress (i.e., 𝜎 ≠ 0, 𝜎 =
0, 𝜎 = 0) elements are deformed in the transverse y and z directions, as well as
in the axial x direction.
■ The normal strains 𝜖 and 𝜖 depend upon Poisson’s ratio 𝜐 for the material
used and are expressed as
𝜖 = −𝜐𝜖 , 𝜖 = −𝜐𝜖
■ Recalling 𝜖 = − ,

■ This shows that the elements located

– above the neutral surface (y > 0) expand in both the y and z directions
– below the neutral surface (y < 0) contract in both the y and z directions

■ In a member of rectangular cross-section,

o The expansion and contraction of the various elements in vertical direction will
compensate – no change in the vertical dimension of the cross section will be observed.
o For deformations in the horizontal transverse z direction, the expansion of the elements
located above the neutral surface and the corresponding contraction of the elements located
below that surface will result in the various horizontal lines in the section being bent into
arcs of circle.
■ The neutral axis of the transverse section is bent into a circle of radius
𝜌´= ⁄ .
■ The center C´ of this circle is located below the neutral surface (assuming
𝑀 > 0) i.e., on the side opposite to the center of curvature C.
■ The reciprocal of the radius of curvature 𝜌´represents the curvature of
the transverse cross section and is called the anticlastic curvature

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How the couples M and M´ are applied to the

member.
■ If all transverse sections of the member, from one end to the other, are to
remain plane and free of shearing stresses, the couples must be applied so that
the ends remain plane and free of shearing stresses.
■ This can be accomplished by applying the couples to the member through the
use of rigid and smooth plates.

■ Two W4 x 13 rolled sections are welded together

as shown. Knowing that for the steel alloy used
𝜎 = 58 𝑘𝑠𝑖 and using a factor of safety of 3.0,
determine the largest couple that can be applied
when the assembly is bent about the z axis.

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■ Knowing that for the extruded beam shown the

allowable stress is 120 MPa in tension and 150 MPa in
compression, determine the largest couple M that can be
applied.

Sections Covered

■ Sections: 4.1 – 4.3

■ Problems: 4.1 – 4.9, 4.11, 4.16, 4.17, 4.19, 4.20, 4.24, 4.25, 4.27 – 4.31.

Practice the above problems and go through the covered sections.

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

OF BEAMS FOR
BENDING
• Shear and Bending moment diagrams ---- will cover today
• Relations among load, shear and bending moment
• Design of prismatic beams for bending

Introduction
■ Beams – structural members supporting loads applied at various points along the
member.
– Usually long, straight prismatic members
– Steel / Aluminum beams – structural & mechanical engg.
– Timber beams – home construction
– Loads are perpendicular to the axis of the beam – Transverse loading
■ Causes only bending and shear in the beam
■ When the loads are not at a right angle to the beam, they also produce axial forces in the beam.

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Introduction
■ Transverse loading – may consist of
– Concentrated load: P1, P2, ... in N or kN etc
– Distributed load: w in N/m or kN/m etc
– Or a combination of both.
■ Uniformly distributed load – the load w per unit length has a constant value over
part of the beam.

Classification of Beam Supports:

■ Span – distance L shown in the various parts of the figure

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■ Recall from chapter 4, Concentrated or distributed

transverse load produces internal forces equivalent to a
shear force V and a bending couple M.
■ For example; consider a simply supported beam AB,
carrying two concentrated loads and a uniformly distributed
load.
1. To determine the internal forces in a section through point C,
draw the FBD of the entire beam to obtain the reactions at the
supports.
2. Passing a section through C, then draw the FBD of AC, from
which the shear force V and the bending couple M are found.
■ The bending couple M creates normal stresses in the cross-
section
■ While the shear force V creates shearing stresses.

Introduction
■ In most cases the dominant criterion in the design of a beam for strength is the
maximum value of the normal stress in the beam.
𝑴𝒄 𝑴 𝑴𝒚
𝝈𝒎 = , 𝝈𝒎 = , 𝝈𝒙 = −
𝑰 𝑺 𝑰
■ The maximum value of the normal stress in the beam occurs in the section where
M is largest.
■ Thus the most important part of the design of a beam for a given loading
condition is the determination of the location and magnitude of the largest
bending moment.
■ For that purpose bending moment diagram is drawn – M at various points of the
beam plotted against the distance 𝑥.

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SHEAR AND BENDING

MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Shear and Bending-Moment diagrams

■ Aim – M as a function of x, M(x), is essential for the
determination of the deflection of a beam.
■ Shear force, V, and bending moment, M, at a point are
determined by passing a section through the beam and
applying an equilibrium analysis on the beam portions on
either side of the section.
■ Sign conventions: V and M at a given point of a beam are
said to be positive when the internal forces and couple
acting on each portion of the beam are directed as shown
in figure.

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■ Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for a simply

supported beam AB of span L subjected to a single concentrated
load P at its midpoint C.

■ Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for a

cantilever beam AB of span L supporting a uniformly
distributed load w.

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Sections Covered

■ Section: 5.1
■ Problems:
– 5.1, 5.2, 5.4, 5.5, 5.7 – 5.10, 5.13 – 5.21,

Practice the above problems and go through the covered sections.

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