23/04/2021

Mechanics of Materials
MCT-215
Week 5

Revision
■ Concept of Stress ■ Poisson’s Ratio
■ Normal Strain (for uniform and non- lateral strain
– 𝜈=
uniform cross-sections) & its Units axial strain = − =−

■ Stress-Strain diagrams – Tensile test & ■ Generalized Hook’s law – Multi-axial

Compression test loading
𝝈 𝝂𝝈𝒚 𝝂𝝈
𝜺𝒙 = + 𝒙 − − 𝒛
■ Standard measure of ductility 𝑬 𝑬
𝝈𝒚
𝑬
𝝂𝝈𝒙 𝝂𝝈𝒛
– 𝜺𝒚 = − 𝑬 + 𝑬 − 𝑬
■ True stress and true strain
𝝂𝝈 𝝂𝝈𝒚 𝝈
■ Hook’s law – modulus of elasticity 𝜺𝒛 = − 𝒙 − + 𝒛
𝑬 𝑬 𝑬

■ Isotropic & Anisotropic materials ■ Dilation and Bulk Modulus - 𝒆 = ∆𝑽/𝑽

𝟏 − 𝟐𝝂
■ Elastic vs Plastic - Slip / Creep 𝒆= 𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 + 𝝈𝒛 𝒆 = 𝜺𝒙 + 𝜺𝒚 + 𝜺𝒛
𝑬
■ Fatigue – Repeated loadings
■ Deformations of members under axial 3(1 − 2𝜈)
𝑒=− 𝑝
loading 𝐸
𝒑 𝑬
𝒆=− , where 𝒌=
■ Statically Indeterminate problems 𝒌 𝟑(𝟏 − 𝟐𝝂)
– Superposition Method

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SHEARING STRAIN
Multi-axial Loading Contd.

Shearing Strain
■ Now considering the shearing stresses 𝜏𝑥𝑦, 𝜏𝑦𝑧, and 𝜏𝑧𝑥.

■ These stresses have no direct effect on the normal strains.

■ As long as all the deformations remain small, the stresses

will not affect the derivation nor the validity of the strain
relations we got for multi-axial loadings.

■ The shearing stresses will tend to deform a cubic element

of material into an oblique parallelepiped.

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■ Consider a cubic element subjected to only the

shearing stresses 𝜏𝑥𝑦 and 𝜏𝑦𝑥 – applied to faces of
the element perpendicular to the x and y axis.
■ The element is observed to deform into a
rhomboid of sides equal to one.
■ Two of the angles formed by the four faces under
stress are reduced from ⁄ to ⁄ − 𝛾 – while
the other two angles are increased from ⁄
to ⁄ + 𝛾
■ The small angle 𝛾xy (in radians) defines the
Shearing Strain corresponding to x and y
directions.
■ When the deformation involves a reduction of
the angle formed by the two faces oriented
toward the positive x and y axes, the shearing
strain is positive; otherwise it is negative

Shearing Strain
■ A plot of shear stress vs shear strain (torsion/shear test) is similar to the
normal stress vs normal strain (tensile test) except that the strength values
are approx. half.

■ For values of shearing stress which do not exceed the proportional limit in
shear, Hook’s law for shearing stress and strain is
𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝑮 𝜸𝒙𝒚 𝝉𝒚𝒛 = 𝑮 𝜸𝒚𝒛 𝝉𝒛𝒙 = 𝑮 𝜸𝒛𝒙
where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus
■ NOTE: The modulus of rigidity G of any given material is less than one-half
but more than one-third of the modulus of elasticity E of that material.
■ Go through Section 2.8 – Relation between E, ν and G
𝐸
𝐺=
2 1+𝜈

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Generalized Hook’s Law

■ Thus generalized Hook’s law for a homogeneous isotropic material

under the most general stress condition can be represented by
𝜎 𝜈𝜎 𝜈𝜎
𝜀 =+ − −
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝜈𝜎 𝜎 𝜈𝜎
𝜀 =− + −
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝜈𝜎 𝜈𝜎 𝜎
𝜀 =− − +
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸

𝜏 𝜏 𝜏
𝛾 = 𝛾 = 𝛾 =
𝐺 𝐺 𝐺

Concept Application
■ A rectangular block of material with modulus of rigidity G =
90 ksi is bonded to two rigid horizontal plates. The lower
plate is fixed, while the upper plate is subjected to a
horizontal force P. Knowing that the upper plate moves
through 0.04 in. under the action of the force, determine
– a) the average shearing strain in the material, and
– b) the force P exerted on the plate.

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■ A vibration isolation unit consists of two

blocks of hard rubber bonded to a plate
AB and to rigid supports as shown.
Knowing that a force of magnitude 𝐏 =
25 𝑘𝑁 causes a deflection 𝛿 = 1.5 𝑚𝑚 of
plate AB, determine the modulus of
rigidity of the rubber used.

■ A vibration isolation unit consists of two

blocks of hard rubber with a modulus of
rigidity 𝐺 = 19 MPa bonded to a plate AB
and to rigid supports as shown.
Denoting by P the magnitude of the force
applied to the plate and by 𝛿 the
corresponding deflection, determine the
effective spring constant, 𝑘 = 𝑃/𝛿, of the
system.

SAINT-VENANT’S
PRINCIPLE

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■ Load transmitted through rigid plates

result in uniform distribution of stress
& strain.
■ Concentrated loads result in large
stresses in the vicinity of the load
application point.
■ Stress and strain distributions become
uniform at a relatively short distance
from the load application.

Saint-Venant’s Principle:
Stress distribution may be assumed
independent of the mode of load
application except in the immediate
vicinity of load application points.

Stress Concentrations
■ When a structural member contains
a discontinuity, such as a hole or a
sudden change in cross section, high
localized stresses can also occur near
the discontinuity.
■ The results plotted depend only upon
the ratios of the geometric
parameters involved (i.e., ratio 2r/D
for a circular hole and ratios r/d and
D/d for fillets)
■ Stress concentration factor:
𝜎
𝐾=
𝜎

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■ Note that the average stress must be computed across the narrowest section:
𝜎 = 𝑃/𝑡𝑑, where t is the thickness of the bar.
Determine the largest axial load P that
can be safely supported by a flat steel
bar consisting of two portions, both 10
mm thick, and respectively 40 and 60
mm wide, connected by fillets of radius
r = 8mm. Assume an allowable normal
stress of 165 MPa.

PLASTIC
DEFORMATION

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• Previous analyses were based on assumption of linear stress-strain

relationship, i.e., stresses below the yield stress – Assumption is good for
brittle material which rupture without yielding
• If the yield stress of ductile materials is exceeded, then plastic
deformations occur
• Analysis of plastic deformations is simplified by assuming an idealized
elastoplastic material
• Deformations of an elastoplastic material are divided into elastic and
plastic ranges
• Permanent deformations result from loading beyond the yield stress

Elastoplastic materials
■ Elastic deformation while max stress is
less than yield stress
𝜎 𝐴
𝑃=𝜎 𝐴=
𝐾
■ Max stress is equal to the yield stress at
the max elastic loading
𝜎 𝐴
𝑃 =
𝐾
■ At loadings above the max elastic load, a
region of plastic deformations develop
near the hole

■ As the loading increases, the plastic

region expands until the section is at a
uniform stress equal to the yield stress
𝑃 = 𝜎 𝐴 = 𝐾 𝑃

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■ A rod of length L = 500 mm and cross-sectional area

A = 60 mm2 is made of an elastoplastic material
having a modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa in its
elastic range and a yield point σY = 300 MPa. The
rod is subjected to an axial load until it is stretched
7 mm and the load is then removed. What is the
resulting permanent set?

Sections Covered

■ Sections: 2.1  (2.1A – 2.1G), 2.2, 2.4 – 2.8, 2.10 – 2.12

■ Problems:
– Deformation: 2.1 – 2.10, 2.12, 2.15, 2.17, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.25, 2.31, 2.32,
– Statically indeterminate structures: 2.33 – 2.38,
– Multiaxial loading + Dilation and Bulk Modulus: 2.61 – 2.65, 2.68, 2.69,
2.71, 2.73, 2.74,
– Shearing Strain: 2.81, 2.82, 2.84 – 2.86, 2.89, 2.90,
– Stress Concentrations: 2.93 – 2.100
– Plastic Deformation: 2.101 and 2.102
And all relevant examples.