Design for SLS 4

Deflection
LESSON OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

ü Understand the types of deflection considered in

prestressed design
ü Able to calculate the value of deflection and check with the
limit stated in the Eurocode2.
 DEFLECTION

v Deflection in a prestressed member must be checked

- since span – effective depth ratios are not specified in the code

v Deflection considered are due to:

ü eccentric prestress force
ünormal permanent and variable load on the member
DEFLECTION
 DEFLECTION

§ Member designed as uncracked section under full load (fct ≤ fctm)

- simple linear elastic analysis based on gross concrete section is
sufficient for reasonable and realistic estimate of deflections
§ Member designed as cracked section (fct > fctm)
- necessary to base the deflection calculation on cracked section
with reference to the code
 Uncracked section

1. Concrete is assumed to be linear-elastic in both tension and

compression
2. Together with the non-prestressed reinforcements and
prestressing tendons
3. Transforms the bonded reinforcement into equivalent areas of
concrete and performing elastic analysis
4. Assuming that concrete can carry the imposed stresses
(compressive and tensile stresses)
 Cracked section
1. When the tensile stress reaches the tensile strength of concrete (fct > fctm) –
cracking occurs
2. After cracking – internal actions can only be taken by steel reinforcement (and
tendons) and the uncracked part of the concrete section
3. Assumptions made in cracked section analysis:
ü Plane section remain plane – linear strain distribution over the depth of the section
ü Perfect bond between steel reinforcements (or tendons) and the concrete
ü Tensile stress in concrete is ignored – concrete tensile does not contribute to the
cross-sectional properties
ü Material behavior is linear-elastic (in concrete, non prestressed and prestressed
reinforcements)
 BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF DEFLECTIONS

v Similar to reinforced concrete requirements

1. Deflection under the action quasi-permanent load ≤ span/250
measured below the level of supports
2. Span/500 maximum movement (susceptible to damage by
movement)

Deflection due to prestress loading

𝑑"𝑦
𝑀! = 𝑃𝑒! = 𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑥 "
 DEFLECTION FORMULA

Deflection due to prestress loading

"! #
𝑀! = 𝑃𝑒! = 𝐸𝐼 "!!
; over the length of the member

STRAIGHT TENDON PROFILE

e Maximum mid span deflection

P P 𝑀𝐿"
𝑦=
8𝐸𝐼
Note: If e is positive,
𝑀 = −𝑃𝑒 (a constant) deflection is negative
𝑃𝑒𝐿"
𝑦=− => Beam deflects
8𝐸𝐼
upwards
 DEFLECTION FORMULA

PARABOLIC TENDON PROFILE

Since mid span deflection due to UDL is:
P ec P

x ex
L/2 Therefore, deflection due to we is:

𝑴𝒙 = 𝑷𝒆𝒙 (with parabolic ex)

Þ Relate to UDL of a simply supported beam

Þ Mid span moment

 DEFLECTION FORMULA

PARABOLIC TENDON PROFILE With eccentricity at end span

P e’c P
e0 Note:

x For more complex tendon profiles

- Conveniently estimated on the basis of coefficients
L/2
- That can be evaluated for common arrangements

Mid span deflection: The deflection is on the basis

K = variations of the curvature due to prestress along

the member length
 3 PRINCIPLE STAGES

v Where deflection may be critical and need to be assessed

1. At transfer
- a check of actual deflection at transfer for comparison with estimated values
- useful guide to show that a prestressed beam has been correctly constructed

2. Under dead load (before application of finishes)

- to permit subsequent movement and possible damage to be estimated

3. Long-term under full quasi-permanent actions

- to determine the subsequent movement and also to assess the appearance of the
final structure
 DEFLECTION CALCULATION

v Short term deflections

ü Based on material properties associated with characteristic strengths and with actual
loadings (factor of safety – 1)

v Long term deflections

ü Not only take into account prestress loss

ü Effects of creep – on the applied loading and the prestress loading components of
the deflection
ü Creep increase deflections
𝜙 = creep coefficient
= ratio of creep strain to initial elastic strain
CREEP COEFFICIENT, 𝜙

v Factors affecting creep coefficient, 𝜙:

• Aggregate properties
• Mix design
• Curing conditions
• Age of concrete at first loading
• Duration of the load
• Section dimensions

v Valid if the concrete is not subjected to a

compressive stress greater than 0.45 fck (t0) at the
time of loading
 EXAMPLE (DEFLECTION)

Estimate transfer and long-term deflections for a 200 x 350 mm beam of 10 metres
span. The prestressing tendon has a parabolic profile with mid-span eccentricity of 50
mm and with zero eccentricity at both ends. The initial prestress force at transfer, P0 is
700 kN (Based on Example 4). Consider prestress losses of 20%.

Imposed load = 2.0 kN/m2

Variable load = 1.0 kN/m2
Ecm = 35 kN/mm2
Creep factor, 𝜙 (∞, t0) = 2.0
 SOLUTION

a) At transfer:

5 (1.75) × (10$ × 10%" ) 5 (700 × 10& × 50) × (10" × 10' )

= −
384 (35 × 10& ) × (715 × 10' ) 48 (35 × 10& ) × (715 × 10' )

= 9.11 –14.57 = -5.46 mm (upwards)

 SOLUTION

b) At application of finishes

+ y

= -5.46 + 10.41 = 4.95 mm

 SOLUTION
c) In the long term due to the quasi-permanent action plus the prestress force after losses

Quasi permanent load = Gk + 𝝍Qk

0.8 x 700 = 560 kN

 SOLUTION

c) In the long term due to the quasi-permanent action plus the prestress force after losses

Effective modulus of elasticity of concrete

560 x 103 x 50 x 102 x 106

= 63.04 – 34.87 = 28.17 mm Therefore, it is satisfactory.

 SOLUTION

d) Movement after the application of finishes

yd = yc – yb = 28.17 – 4.95 = 23.22 mm > span / 500 = 20 mm

Therefore, it is not satisfactory.

WHAT CAN BE DONE?

o Reduce the value of the prestress force,P0

o Find the new range of eccentricity and select the eccentricity to be used for mid span
(from the Magnel Diagram)
o Recalculate the deflection values
o Recheck with the EC2 deflection limits
SELF-ASSESSMENT

Try P0 = 560 kN

Check whether it fulfills the deflection limit.