IDENTIFICATION Ultimate – maximum stress any solid material is
able to withstand before failure.
Universal Testing Machine – A machine able to
cater tensile, compressive, flexural, torsion, and
shear strength test of materials.
Proving Ring – Device used to measure force
consisting of an elastic ring in which the
deflection of the ring when loaded along a
diameter is measured by means of a dial gauge
indicator and a vibrating reed.
Rivet – tubular fasteners with a mandrel
through the center inserted into drilled holes in
the parts to be joined.
Compressive stress – ratio of the external load
to the opposing cross sectional area of the
material receiving the load.
Dial gauge stem – the part of the dial gauge
that is to be ensured in contact with the proving
ring.
Strain – ratio of the deformation resulting from
the stress in the material to the material’s initial
load applied.
– ratio of deformation over its original length.
Shear stress – ratio of the external load to the
opposing cross-sectional area of the material
parallel to the load applied.
Movable crosshead – movable part of the
compression machine or UTM used to clamp
the ends of the specimen or to hold the
machine elements.
Normal stress – ratio of the external load to the
opposing cross-sectional area of the material
perpendicular to the load applied.
Hooke’s law –states that the strain of the
material is proportional to the applied stress
Stress – force exerted on a material opposed by
its own cross-sectional area.
Yield – refers to maximum stress a material can
withstand without permanent deformation.
Breaking – is the stress coordinate on the
stress-strain curve at the point of rupture or
failure.
Tensile Strength – can be defined as the
maximum stress a material can bear before
breaking when it is allowed to be stretched or
pulled.
Flexural Test – is used to measure the bending
strength of a material by applying force at a
specified distance from the support points.
3-point flexural test – Homogenous materials
like metals, alloys, polymers, and glass are
tested generally by three-point bending.
4-point flexural test – non-homogenous
materials like ceramics, concretes, ceramic and
polymer composites are better tested under
four point bending to avoid premature failure
due to stress concentration and interlaminar
shear.
Laminar Composite – is a composite that
consist of two or more layers of different
materials that are bonded together.
Fiber Reinforced Composite – is a composite
with chopped or continuous fibers.
Particulate Composite – is a composite with
embedded particles.
Concrete Blocks:
- Splitface
- Bullnose
- Partition
- Fly ash
- Aerated autoclaved
- Paving
- Cellular lightweight
- Expanded
- Solid concrete
- Hollow concrete
- Stretcher
 - Pillar F
τ=
- Lintel Wx
- Jamb
- Column RIVETED
- Corner
F F
τ= =
Techniques used in Flexural Strength Testing: A π 2
n dr
4
- 3-point bending test
- 4-point bending test Notes:
- Flexural test on reinforced concrete
beams - Only get area perpendicular to its force.
- Double-edge notched beam (DENB) - To get shear area: total no. of planks – 1
Test
EXAMPLE FOR GLUED
- Beam Deflection test
- Ring-on-ring test
- Cantilever beam test

FORMULAS AND PROBLEMS

TENSILE

F N
σ= = 2 =MPa∨Psi
A m ∨mm2

EXAMPLE: A hollow steel rod with an outside

F = 2.3 kN, W = 12 cm, x = 8 cm
diameter of 50 mm and a wall thickness of ½
inch is subjected to a 5N tensile force. 1000 N
Determine the stress on the material. F=2.3 kN × =2300 N
1 kN
F= 5N, do=50mm, t = 2 in F 2300 N
τ= =
do = di + 2t Wx 1000 mm
2
( 12 ) ( 8 ) c m2 × 2
1cm
di = 50 mm +2(12.70 mm) = 24.6 mm
¿ 0.2396 MPa
π
A= ( 50 −24.6 ) m m =1488.20 mm
2 2 2 2
4 EXAMPLE FOR RIVETED

5N
σ= 2
=0.00336 MPa
1488.20 mm
TIP: formula for radius: ro =ri + t

Note: tensile is parallel, shear is perpendicular.

SHEAR STRESS

GLUED
F = 7.5 kN, dr = 1/8”
DR = 1/8 in. = 3.175 mm STRAIN

1000 n ∆L δ
7.5 kN × ε= =
F 1 kN l L
τ= =
π 2 π 2
n d r 3 ( 3.175 mm ) '
W ( L'
4 4 ε ( lateral ) = , ε tensile )=
W L
¿ 315.7640 Mpa
EXAMPLE: Li =98 MM, Lf = 80 mm
BEARING STRESS
∆ L Li−L f 98−80
F F ε= = = =0.18
σ b= = l Li 80
A ndrt
MORE EXAMPLES
N = no. of rivets, dr = diameter of rivets,
t = thickness EXAMPLE: A composite bar consists of
Aluminum section rigidly fastened between a
bronze section and a steel section as shown in
the figure below. Axial loads are applied at the
positions indicated. Determine the stress in
each section.

EXAMPLE:
BRONZE:

()
2
π 2 π 1 2
Abr = d = =0.0491 i n
4 4 4

F = 100lb, t = 2cm F br 4000 lb

σ br= = =81,466.4 psi ( T )
A br 0.0491i n2
1 kgf 9.8066 N
F=100 lb × × =444.74 N
2.205 lb 1 kgf Note: the (T) indicates that the forces must be
going away from each other in order to achieve
3 25.4 mm equilibrium. There is Tension.
d r = inch× =9.525 mm
8 1 inch
ALUMINUM:
444.74 N
σ b= =0.5836 MPa
( 4 )( 9.525 )( 20 ) m m2
 tube allowed if the stress is limited to 120
mN/m2.

F F 4F
σ= = =
D O2−DI 2) π ( DO −DI )
A π 2 2

4
(
4000 lb + FAL = 8000 lb
N 4 ( 400000 N )
120 =
FAL = 4000 lb mm π ( DO2 −100 mm2 )
2

()
2
π 2 π 3 2 2
A AL = d = =0.4418i n DO =mm
4 4 4
EXAMPLE:
F AL 4000lb
σ AL= = =9055.9 psi(C )
A AL 0.4417 i n2

Note: The (C) indicates that the forces are going

towards each other and are, therefore,
compressing.

STEEL:

mg
W= =100 ( 9.8066 )=980.66 N
k

∑ F=0 ∑ Fx=0
4000 + 5000 = 8000 +FS F 1 cos 30 °=F 2cos 50°

9000 = 8000 + FS F 2 cos 50

F 1=
cos 30
FS = 1000
F 1=640.08 N

()
2
π 2 π 3 2
A S= d = =0.1104 in
4 4 8 ∑ Fy=0
FS 1000lb F 1 sin 30+ F 2 sin 50=W
σ S= = =9057.97 psi(T )
A S 0.1104 i n2 640.08 sin 30+ F 2 sin 50=980.66
EXAMPLE: A hollow steel with an inside F 2=862.38 N
diameter of 100mm must carry a tensile load of
400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the For σ F1:
 F1 640.08 N 1W
σ= = F 2= =0.7931W
A 1 π 3 2 2 ( 25.4 )2 mm2 1.2069
4 8()
in ×
in
2
Going back to F1:
¿ 8.98 MPa F 1=1.0693 ( 0.7931W )=0.8481 W
For σ 2: For W1:
F2 862 ,38 N 0.8481 W
σ= = 80= =7,408.54 N
A2 π 1 ( 25.4 )2 m m2
()
2
π 2
2
in × ( 10 mm )
4 2 in
2 4

¿ 6.81 MPa For W2:

0.7931 W
60= =13,368.90 N
π
EXAMPLE: ( 15 mm )2
4
EXAMPLE: 400 lb of force is applied to a riveted
assembly as shown. Determine the minimum
allowable rivet diameter, dr if the allowable
shear stress on the rivets is 40 MPa and the
allowable bearing stress on the plates is 140
MPa. The plate LWH is 5”x2”x½”.

Find: Maximum allowable weight

∑ Fx=0
F 1 cos 40° =F 2 cos 35 °
F 2 cos 35 τ =40 MPa , σ =140 MPa , n=3 ,
F 1=
cos 40 1
LWt=5 x 2 x , F s =400 lb , dr =?
F 1=1.0693 F 2 2
Soln.:
∑ Fy=0
Change units accordingly:
F 1 sin 40+ F 2sin 35=W
1 kgf 9.8066
1.0693 F 2 sin 40+ F 2sin 35=W F s=400 lb× × =1778.98 N
2.205 lbf 1 kgf
0.6873 F 2+0.5736 F 2=W
1
t= ×25.4=12.7 mm
W =1.2609 F 2 2
For Shear Stress: σ b=70 MPa
Fs Fs Soln.:
τ= =
As π 2
n dr Change units accordingly:
4
6 =152.4 mm
1778.98 N
40 MPa=
π 2.5=63.5 mm
3 d2r
4
1
=6.35 mm
d r =4.3446 mm 4
For Bearing Stress: 3
=9.53 mm
8
Fb Fb
σ b= =
Ab n dr t For Shear Stress:

1778.98 N Fs Fs
140 MPa= τ= =
3 ( d r ) 12.7 mm As π 2
n dr
4
d r =0.3335 mm
F
40 MPa=
dr 4.3 0.3 π 2
6 ( 9.533 ) m m2
τ 40 2263.9 4
σ 10.75 140
Final answer: 4.3 F=17,119.34 N

EXAMPLE: Two 6”x2.5”x¼” planks are joined by For Tensile:

6 3/8” rivets. Determine the maximum
F F
allowable load, F that can be applied to the σ= =
A Wt
assembly. If the shear stress on the rivets is not
to exceed 40 MPa and the allowable tensile and F
bearing stress on the planks are 70 MPa and 70 MPa=
63.5 ×6.35
140 MPa respectively.
F=28,225.75 N
For Bearing Stress:

Fb Fb
σ b= =
Ab n dr t

F
140 MPa=
6 ( 9.53 mm ) (6.35 mm)

F=50,833.02 N
1 3
LWt=6 x 2.5 x , d r = Final Answer: 17,119.34 N
4 8
EXAMPLE:
τ =40 MPa , σ =70 MPa
 F 4P 4P
σ= = =
A A π 2
d
4
4P
50 MPa= =2476 N
P :σ t allow=150 MPa , σ c allow=130 MPa π
( 15.88 )2
4
3 P: σ t allow=120 MPa , σ c allow=50 MPa
For sec. 3:
2 P: σ t allow=100 MPa , σ c allow=70 MPa

Change units accordingly:

1
d 1= =6.35 m
4
F+ 3 P+ 2 P=F 3
5
d 2= =15.88 m
8 F 3=6 P(C)
3 F 6P 6P
d 3= =9.53 m σ= = =
8 A A π 2
d
4
For sec. 1:
6P
70 MPa= =831 N
π 2
( 9.525 )
4
Final Answer: F = 831N

F 1=P (C )

F P P
σ= = =
A A π 2
d
4
P
130 MPa= =4,117 N
π
( 6.35 )2
4
For sec. 2:

P+3 P=F 2

F 2=4 P(C )