Taibah University

College Of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Dr. HABEEB HATTAB HABEEB

Office: College of Engineering,

Room--L26 – Mechanical Workshop
Room
Email: alanihabeeb@yahoo.com
Material Properties
 Nature and Properties of
Materials

- Classification of Materials Used in

Manufacturing

- Engineering Properties of Material

- Composites and New Materials

- CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Materials

Metallic Non-Metallic

Ferrous Organic

Non-Ferrous Inorganic
MATERIALS
METALLIC

Ferrous Non-Ferrous

Gray Cast Iron Aluminum

Malleable Iron Titanium

Steel Zinc
MATERIALS
NON-METALLIC

Organic Inorganic

Leather Glass

Wood Ceramic

Rubber Fused silica

MATERIALS

Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys

Non-ferrous materials are very important

because they are alloyed with ferrous
materials special properties can be
obtained.

Example: Good cutting properties, can be

added to tool steel by alloying it with
molybdenum or vanadium.
MATERIALS

Non-metallic materials are classified as

inorganic if they do not contain organic
cells or carbon compounds.
See Table 2.1&2.2 (Metals and Non-Metals)

All materials have their importance in

manufacturing. In automobile industry we
can find all types of materials in a car (fig.
next slide):- Ferrous → Steel (Body), Non-
Ferrous → Aluminum, organic → Rubber,
Inorganic→ Glass.
 CAR PARTS MATERIALS

Glass Steel Plastic Lead

-Petroleum
-Wood
-Ceramic
-Animal
product
-Nickel

Aluminum Composite Rubber

 According to service characteristic and
cost a designer (Material Engineer or R&D
Engineer) can suggest a compromise of
choice between metallic and non-metallic,
and between organic and inorganic.

Example: To reduce weight and improve

some specific properties, manufacturers are
used to designing ADVANCED COMPOSITES
MATERIALS (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) These
material are composed at least two material:
1. Fiber (fiber class, carbon, Graphite)
2. Binder or matrix (Thermoplastic, Polymer)
 - ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS

Engineering properties

Tensile strength
Ductility
Shear
Creep
Compressive
Notch sensitivity
Torsion strength
Engineering properties
Tensile strength

Strength - The amount of ultimate

and yield strength in psi a material can
withstand.
Strength - The ability of a materials
to resist deformation when external
forces are applied.
Engineering properties

Specimen Test:
A specimen is tested by pulling
its two ends. Then the tensile
strength is determined by finding:-

1. Stress = Force per unit area.

2
= N/m or lb/in 2
Engineering properties
2.Strain = units of in/in
Strain (ε) =Change in length over
the original length. ε = L -L
L
1

3. Modulus of Elasticity =
Stress / Strain = σ/ε
A measure of Elasticity Determines
the slope of the stress / strain curve
where it is a straight line.
Stress, s
• Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
• TENSILE Stress, s
Ft

Area, A

Ft
s= Ft
Ao
original area – Engineering Stress Units →
before loading N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)
 Tensile specimen

Gripping Zone Gripping Zone

L - Failure Zone

¾
½ inch inch

8 ½ inches
Point a:

-Represents the Elastic Limit. After this

point with more force a Permanente
deformation takes place. (The curve is
no longer straight line)

Point b:

-At this point the material Yield

Strength is determined.
Point c:

-At this point the material Ultimate

Strength is determined.

Point d:

-A fracture will occur after Maximum

Deformation.
 Forces and Responses

• Tensile – applied loads “pull” the sample

 Common States Of Stress
• Simple tension: cable
F F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
s= s s
Ao
• Simple shear: drive shaft Ski lift

M Fs Ao t
Ac Fs
t =
Ao
M
2R
 Common States Of Stress Cont..
• Simple COMPRESSION:

Ao

Bridge

F
Balanced Rock s=
Ao
Shear strength

-There is no universal standard used

for evaluating shear or torsion
characteristic

-Shear can be determined from hand-

books.

- Usually Shear Strength

= 50%
% of tensile strength
Shear strength

- Torsional Strength
= 75%
% of tensile strength

- Shear Stress t = G୪

୪ – Displacement angle (Shear angle

or shear strain)
Shear strength

G – Shear modules or the modulus

of rigidity.

G = (3 / 8) E or G = E / 2 (1 + ୪ )
Page-23
Compressive Strength
It is easily determined for brittle
materials (Cast iron) that will
fractures when a sufficient load is
applied.
Compressive strength for cast iron
= (3 to 4 times) tensile strength.
Because of this properties of some
,material which fracture easily we
should use a factor of safety FS,
Compressive Strength

FS = σ actual / σ allowable
Recommended values of FS = 1 to 3
High values of FS are used for
unreliable material or when
severe load is applied
Low values of FS are used for reliable
materials (steel).
Ductility

This property enable the material to

be bent, drawn, stretched, formed or
permanently distorted without rupture
(aluminum, structural steel). Ductility
for cast iron is minimum (a brittle
material)
Tensile test is used to evaluate ductility:
Percentage of elongation= [(Lf-L)/L]x100
Ductility

L- Original length , Lf- New length after fracture

Ductility

ductility: Ability of a material to deform

under tension without rupture.
Two ductility parameters may be obtain
from the tensile test:
1- Relative elongation - ratio
between the increase of the specimen
length before its rupture and its original
length:
Ductility

ε = (Lm– L0) / L0
Where Lm– maximum specimen length.
2-Relative reduction of area – ratio
between the decrease of the specimen
cross-section area before its rupture and
its original cross-section area:
ψ= (S0– Smin) / S0
Where Smin– minimum specimen cross-
section area.
 Creep And Notch sensitivity

Creep: Is a permanent deformation

resulting from the loading of members
over a long period of time.

High Temperature creep lead to:

Failure of loaded units such as (High-
pressure steam piping)
Creep And Notch sensitivity

Elongating caused by creep will

occure below the yeild strength of the
material.

Heat treatment, grain size, and

chemical composition appreciably
affect Creep strength
Creep And Notch sensitivity

Notch sensitivity On the other

hand is a measure of the ease with
which a crack progresses through a
material from an existing notch, crack,
or sharp corner.
THANK YOU
Dr. HABEEB