YUSUF RIZAL FAUZI, S.T., M.

T
▪ Stress
▪ Strain
▪ Elasticity Modulus
▪ Young’s Modulus
▪ Shear Modulus
▪ Bulk Modulus
▪ Case study

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▪ In field of Physics, it explains how an object deforms under
an applied force
Real rigid bodies are elastic → we can slightly change their
dimensions by pulling, pushing, twisting or compressing
them.

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Stress: Deforming force per unit area

Strain: Unit deformation

Stress = Elasticity Modulus x Strain

Tensile stress: associated with stretching

Elastic modulus: describes the elastic

behavior (deformations) of objects
as they respond to forces that act on them
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 Hydraulic stress
Shearing stress

Stress = Elasticity Modulus x Strain

Elastic modulus: describes the elastic behavior

(deformations) of objects
as they respond to forces that act on them
 (1) Stress = cte x Strain → Recovers
original dimensions when stress
removed.

(2) Stress > yield strength Sy → specimen

becomes permanently deformed.

(3) Stress > ultimate strength Su →

specimen breaks.

F
Stress  ( F= force applied perpendicular to the area A of
A the object)
L
Strain  ( fractional change in length of the specimen)
L
F L Stress = (Young’s modulus) x Strain
E
A L Units of Young modulus: N/m2
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 Elasticity in Length

▪ Everything is a spring…

 L 
F  Y A
 L 
until it breaks!

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▪ The phenomenon of yielding occurs at the onset of plastic or
permanent deformation
▪ Yield strength is indicative of stress at which plastic deformation begins
▪ Tensile strength is taken as the stress level at the maximum point on the
engineering stress-strain curve; it represents the maximum tensile stress
that may be sustained by a specimen
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 ▪ Ductility is a measure of the degree to which a material will plastically
deform by the time fracture occurs
▪ Quantitatively, ductility is measured in terms of percent elongation and
reduction area
▪ Percent elongation (%EL) is a measure of the plastic strain at fracture
▪ Percent reduction in area (%RA) may be calculated according to equation

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One end of steel rod of radius R = 9.5 mm and length L =81
cm is held in a vise. A force of magnitude F = 62 kN is then
applied perpendicularly to the end face (uniformly across
the area) at the other end. What are the stress on the rod
and the elongation L and strain of the rod?

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 Elasticity of Shape

F
Stress  ( F= force in the plane of the area A)
A

Strain 
x ( fractional change in length of the specimen)
L  X 
F S A
 L0 
▪ Shear moduli and Young moduli are comparable in magnitude for
most materials
▪ (Liquids have zero shear modulus)
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 Twisted bar

▪ Inthe field of solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of

an object due to an applied torque.
▪ Torsion is expressed in newtons per square metre (Pa) or
pounds per square inch (psi) while torque is expressed
in newton metres (N·m) or foot-pound force (ft·lbf).
▪ In sections perpendicular to the torque axis, the resultant
shear stress in this section is perpendicular to the radius.

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 Volume Elasticity F
P
▪ Pressure is defined as force per unit
A
area
▪ Unit of pressure is N/m2 = Pascal (Pa)
▪ Atmospheric pressure ~ 105 Pa= 15psi
▪ 1 psi = 1 pound per square inch

▪ Bulk modulus B relates fractional

volume change to pressure change
 V 
P   B
 
 V0 
Hydraulic Stress = (Bulk modulus) x Hydraulic compression
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▪ If the tension in the cable was 940 N. What diameter
should a 10-m-long steel wire have if we do not want it
to stretch more than 0.5 cm under these conditions?

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 ▪ From the definition of Young’s modulus, we can solve
for the required cross-sectional area. Assuming that
the cross section is circular, we can determine the
diameter of the wire.

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▪ A solid brass sphere is initially surrounded by air,
and the air pressure exerted on it is 1.0 x 105 N/m2
(normal atmospheric pressure). The sphere is
lowered into the ocean to a depth at which the
pressure is 2.0 x 107 N/m2. The volume of the sphere
in air is 0.50 m3. By how much does this volume
change once the sphere is submerged?

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From the definition of bulk modulus, we have

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STRESS, AN HOOK LA
STRAIN D E’S W
 L  X   V 
F / A  Y F/AS P   B
  L  V 
 L   0   0 

▪ F/A or pressure are known as “stress”

▪ Fractional changes in length or volume are known as

“strain”
▪ Above relations between stress and strain account for
“elastic” behavior and Hooke’s law

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A steel wire has diameter of 2 mm and length 4 m. The
wire used to hang an object with a mass of 5.0 kg. The
Young’s modulus of the wire is 200 x 109 N/m2. Based
on those information, determine the elongation and
‘spring constant’ of the wire

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 or

or

If kef is a substitute constant for the arrangement of the two wires above,
then apply
or

From the equation of total length

We get

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If kef is a substitute constant for the arrangement of the two wires
above, then apply

Because the downward force and the amount of upward force at

the load must be equal then

or

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What is the period of oscillation of the object hung on
two springs arranged
▪ in parallel
▪ In serial
if each of the spring constant 250 N/m and 550 N/m.
Suppose the weight of object is 600 N (g = 10 N/kg).
The oscillation frequency follow this equation

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▪ A Table has three legs that are 1.00 m in length and a
fourth leg that is longer by d = 0.50 mm, so that the
table wobbles slightly. A steel cylinder with the mass
M= 290 kg is placed on the table (which has mass
less than M) so that four legs are compressed but
unbuckled and the table is level but no longer
wobbles. The legs are wooden cylinders with cross-
sectional area A= 1.0 cm2; Young modulus is E = 1.3 x
1010 N/m2. What are the magnitudes of the forces on
the legs from the floor?

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