2017

PHYSICS
Part 1 – Mechanics
Chapter 2- part 1
 [CHAPTER 2 – ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS]

Elastic properties of solids

 Elasticity
 The property of substances of recovering their size and shape when the forces
producing deformations are removed.
 We find this property to some extent in all solid bodies.
 It is the opposite of plasticity.

 Example:
 When you push on a piece of material, the material is deformed.
 The relative displacements of the material are proportional to the force (the
behavior is elastic).

 Stress and strain:

 Deformation of solids is in terms of stress and strain.
 Stress:
 The external force acting on an object per unit cross sectional area.
 Unit: N/m2

 Strain:
 The result of stress.
 Measure the degree of deformation.
 Types of strains: tensile, shear and volume.
o Tensile  Strain is the elongation per unit length
 Has no unit

 Hook's law:

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 [CHAPTER 2 – ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS]

 Describe the relation between the stress and strain.

"for a given material, the stress is proportional to the corresponding
strain up to the proportional limit."
 Mathematically:

 The constant E:
o The proportionality factor between stress and strain.
o Called the modulus of elasticity or elastic modulus.
o The value of E depends on the type of stress and its corresponding
strain which depends on the nature of material.
o Unit of E/elastic modulus: N/m2

 Stress- strain diagram for ductile material:

 From diagram:
 The stress and strain are proportional (linear line) until point a is reached.
o The point a is called the proportional limit of the material.
 From a to b on the diagram:
o Stress and strain are not proportional.

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 [CHAPTER 2 – ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS]

o If the stress is removed at any point between O and b, the curve will
be retraced in the opposite direction and the material will return to its
original shape and length.
 In the region O-b:
o The material is said to be elastic or to exhibit elastic behaviour.
o The point b is called the elastic limit or yield point.
o Up to point b (elastic limit or yield point), the forces exerted by the
material are conservative  when the material returns to its original
shape, work done in producing the deformation is recovered.
o The deformation is said to be reversible.
 Further increase of stress beyond c:
o Produces a large increase in strain until point d is reached at which
fracture takes place.
 From b to d, the metal is said to undergo plastic deformation.

 Notes:
 A plastic deformation is irreversible.
 Breaking stress or ultimate strength:
o Stress required to cause fracture of a material.
 If large plastic deformation takes place between the elastic limit (b) and the
fracture point (d) the metal said to be ductile.
 If fracture occur soon after the elastic limit (b) is passed, the metal said to be
brittle.
 The yield point is a point beyond proportional limit.

 Safety factor:
 It is not allowed to apply stress on any material beyond its elastic limit.
 The stress must be smaller than the proportional limit.
 Used by international standards to keep the material safe to use so the allowed
stress is a fraction of the stress at the proportional limit.

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 [CHAPTER 2 – ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS]

 Elastic modulus:
 The ratio of stress to strain.
o Or the stress per unit strain.
 The stress required to produce a given strain depends on the nature of the
material under stress.

 Three elastic modulus:

 Young's modulus of elasticity (Y):
o Corresponds to tensile strain
 Shear modulus of elasticity (modulus of rigidity) (S):
o Corresponds to shearing strain
 Bulk modulus (volume modulus) (B):
o Corresponds to volumetric strain

 Young's modulus: Elasticity in length

 Called modulus of elasticity.

 Calculations:
 Consider a wire clamped at one end and a load is applied at the other.
o Let L represent the wire's original length
o A its cross sectional area
o the elongation produced by the applied force F

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 [CHAPTER 2 – ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS]

 Remember that: Stress is the force per unit area

 So Young's modulus given by:

 Which means if the proportional limit is not exceeded, the ratio of the stress to
strain is constant  Hook's Law

 Hook's Law:
 Within the proportional limit, the elastic modulus of a given material is constant.

 Example:
 A 80 Kg mass is hung on a steel wire having 18 m long and 3mm diameter. What
is the elongation of the wire, given that Young's modulus for steel is 21 x 1010
N/m2
 Solution:

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 [CHAPTER 2 – ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS]

 Energy stored in a stretched wire (Elastic potential

energy):

 Restoring Force (Fr):

 When a wire is stretched within the limits of elastic deformation, it resists the
extension with internal force which ends to bring it back to its original length.

 Elastic potential energy:

 As a result of the restoring force, the wire posses a potential energy whose
magnitude is equal to the work done in stretching the wire against the restoring
force.

 Calculations:
 From Hook's Law:

 k is called the restoring force constant

 Negative sign indicates the restoring force Fr and the extension vector x are in
opposite direction.

 The work done in stretching the wire by an amount of is given by:

( )

 The total work done against the restoring force in stretching the wire by an
amount is given by:

∫ ( )

 This work is stored in the wire as potential energy U:

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 [CHAPTER 2 – ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS]

( )

 So:

 So:

 Back to:

 Multiplying both sides of the equation by where Lo is the original length

of the wire and A its cross-sectional area, then:

( )

( )

So ( )

 Where u is the elastic energy per unit volume (elastic energy density)

 To rewrite the elastic energy density in terms of Young's modulus:

( ) ( )

 Remember that  elastic potential energy per unit volume equal to the
area lie below the stress- strain curve in its elastic part.

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