THIN CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

But change in volume (δV) = Final volume – Original volume

Original volume (V) = Area of cylindrical shell × Length
π 2
= d ×L
4
Final volume = (Final area of cross-section) × Final length
π
= [d + δd]2 × [L + δL]
4
π 2
= [d +(δd)2 + 2d δd] × [L + δL]
4
π 2
= [d L + (δd)2 L + 2d Lδd + δLd2 + δL (δd)2 + 2d δdδL]
4
Neglecting the smaller quantities such as (δd)2L, δL(δd)2 and 2d δdδL, we get
π 2
Final volume = [d L + 2d Lδd + δL d2]
4
∴ Change in volume (δV)
π 2 π 2
= [d L + 2 dLδd + δLd2] – d ×L
4 4
π
= [2d Lδd + δLd2]
4
π
[2d Lδd + δLd 2 ]
δV 4
∴ Volumetric strains = =
V π 2
d ×L
4
2δd δL
= + ...(17.15)
d L
δd FG δL IJ
= 2 e1 + e2 ∵
d H
= e1 ,
L
= e2
K
...(17.16)

pd LM µ OP
pd 1 FG IJ
=2×
2 Et N
1−
2
+
Q
2 Et 2
−µ
H K
(Substituting the values of e1 and e2)
pd FG 2µ 1 IJ
=
2 Et H2−
2
+ −µ
2 K
pd FG 1 IJ
=
2 Et H
2+ −µ−µ
2 K
pd 5 FG IJ
=
2 Et 2 H − 2µ
K ...(17.17)
Also change in volume (δV) = V (2e1 + e2). ...(17.18)
Problem 17.9. Calculate : (i) the change in diameter, (ii) change in length and
(iii) change in volume of a thin cylindrical shell 100 cm diameter, 1 cm thick and 5 m long when
subjected to internal pressure of 3 N/mm2. Take the value of E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and Poisson’s
ratio, µ = 0.3.
Sol. Given :
Diameter of shell, d = 100 cm
Thickness of shell, t = 1 cm
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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Length of shell, L = 5 m = 5 × 100 = 500 cm

Internal pressure, p = 3 N/mm2
Young’s modulus, E = 2 × 105 N/mm2
Poisson’s ratio, µ = 0.30
(i) Change in diameter (δd) is given by equation (17.11) as
pd 2LM µ OP
δd =
2 tE N
1−
2 Q
3 × 100 2 LM 1 OP
=
2 × 1 × 2 × 10 5 N
1 − × 0.30
2 Q
3
= [1 – 0.15] = 0.06375 cm. Ans.
40
(ii) Change in length (δL) is given by equation (17.14) as
pdL 1LM OP
δL =
2tE 2N −µ
Q
3 × 100 × 500 1 LM OP
=
2 × 1 × 2 × 10 5 2 N
− 0.30
Q
15
= × 0.20 = 0.075 cm. Ans.
40
(iii) Change in volume (δV) is given by equation (17.18) as
δV = V [2 e1 + e2]
LM δd + δL OP FG∵ δd δL IJ
=V 2
N d LQ H e1 =
d
, e2 =
L K
Substituting the values of δd, δL, d and L, we get
L 0.06375 + 0.075 OP
δV = V M2 ×
N 100 500 Q
= V [0.001275 + 0.00015] = 0.001425 V.
π 2
But V = Original volume = d L
4
π
= × 1002 × 500 cm3 = 3926990.817 cm3
4
∴ δV = 0.001425 × 3926990.817 = 5595.96 cm3. Ans.
Problem 17.10. A cylindrical thin drum 80 cm in diameter and 3 m long has a shell
thickness of 1 cm. If the drum is subjected to an internal pressure of 2.5 N/mm2, determine
(i) change in diameter, (ii) change in length and (iii) change in volume.
Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 : Poisson’s ratio = 0.25.
Sol. Given :
Diameter of drum, d = 80 cm
Length of drum, L = 3 m = 3 × 100 = 300 cm
Thickness of drum, t = 1 cm
Internal pressure, p = 2.5 N/mm2
Young’s modulus, E = 2 × 105 N/mm2
Poisson’s ratio, µ = 0.25
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 THIN CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

(i) Change in diameter (δd) is given by equation (17.11) as

pd 2 FG1 IJ
δd =
2tE H
1− × µ
2 K
2.5 × 80 2 LM1 − 1 × 0.25OP
=
2 × 1 × 2 × 10 5 N 2 Q
= 0.04 [1 – 0.125] = 0.035 cm. Ans.
(ii) Change in length (δL) is given by equation (17.14) as
pdL 1 LM OP
δL =
2tE 2 N
−µ
Q
2.5 × 80 × 300 1 LM OP
=
2 × 1 × 2 × 10 5 2 N Q
− 0.25 = 0.0375 cm. Ans.

FG δV IJ , we have
(iii) Using equation (17.15) for volumetric strain
HVK
δV δd δL
=2 +
V d L
0.035 0.0375 F∵ I
δd = 0.035, δL = 0.0375
= 2×
80
+
300 H d = 80, L = 300 K
= 0.000875 + 0.000125 = 0.001
∴ δV = 0.001 × V
π 2 π
where volume V = d ×L= × 802 × 300 = 1507964.473 cm3
4 4
∴ Change in volume, δV = 0.001 × 1507964.473 = 1507.96 cm3. Ans.
Problem 17.11. A cylindrical shell 90 cm long 20 cm internal diameter having thickness
of metal as 8 mm is filled with fluid at atmospheric pressure. If an additional 20 cm3 of fluid is
pumped into the cylinder, find (i) the pressure exerted by the fluid on the cylinder and (ii) the
hoop stress induced. Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and µ = 0.3.
Sol. Given :
Length of cylinder, L = 90 cm
Diameter of cylinder, d = 20 cm
Thickness of cylinder, t = 8 mm = 0.8 cm
Volume of additional fluid = 20 cm3
π 2 π
Volume of cylinder, V= d ×L= × 202 × 90
4 4
= 28274.33 cm3
Increase in volume, δV = Volume of additional fluid
= 20 cm3
(i) Let p = Pressure exerted by fluid on the cylinder
E = 2 × 105 N/mm2
µ = 0.3.

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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Now using equation (17.16), volumetric strain is given as

δV
= 2 e 1 + e2
V
20
or = 2 e1 + e2 ...(i)
28274.33
But e1 and e2 are circumferential and longitudinal strains and are given by equation (17.6)
and (17.8) respectively as
pd LM 1 OP
e1 =
2 Et N
1− × µ
2 Q
pd 1 FG IJ
and e2 =
2tE 2 H−µ .
K
Substituting these values in equation (i), we get
20 LM
2 pd 1 OP LM
pd 1 OP
=
28274.33 2 Et N Q
1− × µ +
2 N
2tE 2
−µ
Q
2 p × 20 LM 1 OP LM
p × 20 1 OP
= 5
2 × 2 × 10 × 0.8 N 2 Q
1 − × 0.3 +
N 5
0.8 × 2 × 10 2 Q
− 0.3

p p 1.05 p
or 0.000707 = × 0.85 + × 0.20 =
8000 8000 8000
0.000707 × 8000
∴ p= = 5.386 N/mm2. Ans.
1.05
(ii) Hoop stress (σ 1 ) is given by equation (17.1) as
pd 5.386 × 20
σ1 = = = 67.33 N/mm2. Ans.
2t 2 × 0.8
Problem 17.12. A cylindrical vessel whose ends are closed by means of rigid flange
plates, is made of steel plate 3 mm thick. The length and the internal diameter of the vessel are
50 cm and 25 cm respectively. Determine the longitudinal and hoop stresses in the cylindrical
shell due to an internal fluid pressure of 3 N/mm2. Also calculate the increase in length, diam-
eter and volume of the vessel. Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and µ = 0.3.
Sol. Given :
Thickness, t = 3 mm = 0.3 cm
Length of the cylindrical vessel, L = 50 cm
Internal diameter, d = 25 cm
Internal fluid pressure, p = 3 N/mm2
Young’s modulus, E = 2 × 105 N/mm2
Poisson’s ratio, µ = 0.3
Let σ 1 = Hoop stress and
σ 2 = Longitudinal stress.
Using equation (17.1) for hoop stress,
p× d 3 × 25
σ1 = = = 125 N/mm2. Ans.
2t 2 × 0.3
Using equation (17.2) for longitudinal stress,
p× d 3 × 25
σ2 = = = 62.5 N/mm2. Ans.
4t 4 × 0.3
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 THIN CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

Using equation (17.5) for circumferential strain,

σ1 µ × σ2
e1 = −
E E
1
= [σ – µ × σ2]
E 1
1
= [125 – 62.5 × 0.3] (∵ µ = 0.3, σ 1 = 125 and σ2 = 62.5)
2 × 10 5
1 106.25
= 5 (125 – 18.75) =
2 × 10 2 × 10 5
= 53.125 × 10 . –5

But circumferential strain is also given by equation (17.9) as

δd
e1 =
d
Equating the two values of circumferential strain e1, we get
δd
= 53.125 × 10–5
d
∴ δd = 53.125 × 10–5 × d = 53.125 × 10–5 × 25 = 0.0133 cm
∴ Increase in diameter, δd = 0.0133 cm. Ans.
Longitudinal strain is given by equation (17.7) as
δL σ 2 µ × σ 1
e2 = = −
L E E
1
= [σ – µ × σ1]
E 2
1 1
= 5 [62.5 – 125 × 0.3] = [62.5 – 37.5]
2 × 10 2 × 10 5
2.5
= = 12.5 × 10–5
2 × 10 5
∴ Increase in length, δL = 12.5 × 10–5 × L
= 12.5 × 10–5 × 50 = 0.00625 cm. Ans.
Volumetric strain is given by equation (17.16), as
δV δd δl
=2 +
V d l
= 2e1 + e2 = 2 × 53.125 × 10–5 + 12.5 × 10–5
= 106.25 × 10–5 + 12.5 × 10–5 = 118.75 × 10–5
∴ Increase in volume,
δV = 118.75 × 10–5 × V
π FG π IJ
= 118.75 × 10–5 ×
4
× 252 × 50 H ∵ volume = d 2 × L
4 K
= 29.13 cm2. Ans.
Problem 17.13. A cylindrical vessel is 1.5 m diameter and 4 m long is closed at ends by
rigid plates. It is subjected to an internal pressure of 3 N/mm2. If the maximum principal stress
is not to exceed 150 N/mm2, find the thickness of the shell. Assume E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and
Poisson’s ratio = 0.25. Find the changes in diameter, length and volume of the shell.

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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Sol. Given :
Dia., d = 1.5 m = 1500 mm
Length, L = 4 m = 4000 mm
Internal pressure, p = 3 N/mm2
Max. principal stress = 150 N/mm2
Max. principal stress means the circumferential stress
∴ Circumferential stress, σ1 = 150 N/mm2
Value of E = 2 × 105 N/mm2.
Poisson’s ratio, µ = 0.25
Let t = thickness of the shell,
δd = change in diameter,
δL = change in length, and
δV = change in volume.
(i) Using equation (17.1),
p× d
σ1 =
2t
p × d 3 × 1500
∴ t= = (Here p and σ1 are in same units, ‘d’
2 × σ1 2 × 150
is in mm hence ‘t’ will be in mm)
= 15 mm. Ans.
(ii) Using equation (17.11),
pd 2 FG1 IJ
δd =
2t × E H
1− × µ
2 K
3 × 1500 2 FG 1 − 1 × 0.25IJ = 0.984 mm.
=
2 × 15 × 2 × 10 5 H 2 K Ans.

(iii) Using equation (17.14),

p× d× L 1 FG
IJ
δL =
2t × E 2
−µ
H
K
3 × 1500 × 4000 F 1 I
=
2 × 15 × 2 × 10
G
H 2
− 0.25J
5 K
= 0.75 mm. Ans.
(iv) Using equation (17.17),
δV p× d 5 FG IJ
V
=
2E × t 2 H
−2×µ
K
3 × 1500 5 FG IJ
3 × 1500 × 2
= 5
2 × 2 × 10 × 15 2 H
− 2 × 0.25 =
K
4 × 10 5 × 15
3 3 π FG IJ
∴ δV =
2000
×V =
2000
×
4
× d2 × L
H K
3 π FG IJ
=
2000
×
4 H K
× 1500 2 × 4000 = 10602875 mm3. Ans.

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 THIN CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

Problem 17.14. A closed cylindrical vessel made of steel plates 4 mm thick with plane
ends, carries fluid under a pressure of 3 N/mm2. The dia. of cylinder is 25 cm and length is
75 cm, calculate the longitudinal and hoop stresses in the cylinder wall and determine the
change in diameter, length and volume of the cylinder. Take E = 2.1 × 105 N/mm2 and µ = 0.286.

Sol. Given :
Thickness, t = 4 mm
Fluid pressure, p = 3 N/mm2
Diameter, d = 25 cm = 250 mm
Length, L = 75 cm = 750 mm
Value of E = 2.1 × 105 N/mm2
Poisson’s ratio, µ = 0.286
Let σ1 = Hoop stress,
σ2 = Longitudinal stress,
δd = Change in diameter,
δL = Change in length, and
δV = Change in volume.
(i) Longitudinal stress is given by equation (17.2) as
p× d
σ2 =
4×t
3 × 250
= = 46.875 N/mm2. Ans.
4×4
(ii) Hoop stress is given by equation (17.1) as
p× d
σ1 =
2×t
3 × 250
= = 93.75 N/mm2. Ans.
2×4
(iii) The change in diameter is given by equation (17.11) as
FG
p × d2 1 IJ
δd =
2t × EH1− × µ
2 K
3 × 250 2 FG 1 − 1 × 0.286IJ = 0.0956 mm.
=
2 × 4 × 2.1 × 10 5H 2 K Ans.

(iv) The change in length is given by equation (17.14) as

p× d× L 1 FG IJ
δL =
2E × t 2 H
−µ
K
3 × 250 × 750 1 FG IJ
= 5
2 × 2.1 × 10 × 4 2 H K
− 0.286 = 0.0716 mm. Ans.

(v) The change in volume is given by equation (17.17) as

δV p× d 5 FG IJ
V
=
2t × E 2 H −2×µ
K
3 × 250 5 FG IJ
= 5
2 × 4 × 2.1 × 10 2 H
− 2 × 0.286
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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

750 750 × 1.928

= 5 (2.5 – 0.572) =
16.8 × 10 16.8 × 10 5
750 × 1.928
∴ δV = ×V
16.8 × 10 5
750 × 1.928 π FG IJ
=
16.8 × 10 5
×
4 H
× 250 2 × 750
K
FG∵ π 2 π IJ
H V=
4
d × L = × 250 2 × 750
4 K
= 31680 mm3. Ans.
Problem 17.15. A cylindrical shell 3 metres long which is closed as the ends has an
internal diameter of 1 m and a wall thickness of 15 mm. Calculate the circumferential and
longitudinal stresses induced and also changes in the dimensions of the shell, if it is subjected to
an internal pressure of 1.5 N/mm2. Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and µ = 0.3.
Sol. Given :
Length of shell, L = 3 m = 300 cm
Internal diameter, d = 1 m = 100 cm
Wall thickness, t = 15 mm = 1.5 cm
Internal pressure, p = 1.5 N/mm2
Young’s modulus, E = 2 × 105 N/mm2
Poisson’s ratio, µ = 0.3
Let σ1 = Circumferential (or Hoop) stress, and
σ2 = Longitudinal stress.
Using equation (17.1) for hoop stress,
pd
σ1 =
2t
1.5 × 100
= = 50 N/mm2. Ans.
2 × 1.5
Using equation (17.2) for longitudinal stress,
p× d
σ2 =
4t
1.5 × 100
= = 25 N/mm2. Ans.
4 × 1.5
Changes in the dimensions
Using equation (17.11) for the change in diameter (δ d),
pd 2 FG1 IJ
δd =
2tE H
1− × µ
2 K
1.5 × 100 2 FG
1 IJ
=
2 × 1.5 × 2 × 10 5
2H
1 − × 0.3
K (∵ µ = 0.3)

1 0.85
= 3
(1 − 0.15) =
4 × 10 4 × 10 3
–3
= 0.2125 × 10 cm. Ans.

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 THIN CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

Using equation (17.14) for change in length, we get

p× d× L 1 FG IJ
δL =
2tE 2H−µ
K
1.5 × 100 × 300 1 FG IJ
=
2 × 1.5 × 2 × 10 5 2
− 0.3
H K
10 × 100 × 300 0.06
= 6
× 0.2 = = 0.015 cm. Ans.
4 × 10 4
Using equation (17.17) for volumetric strain, we get
δV p × d 5 LM OP
V
=
2 Et 2 N
− 2µ
Q
1.5 × 100
= [2.5 – 2 × 0.3] (∵ µ = 0.3)
2 × 2 × 10 5 × 1.5
= 0.25 × 10–3 × [2.5 – 0.6]
= 0.25 × 10–3 × 1.9 = 0.475 × 10–3
∴ Change in volume, δV = 0.475 × 10–3 × V
where V = Original volume
π 2 π
= d × L = × 1002 × 300 = 2356194.49 cm3.
4 4
∴ δV = 0.475 × 10–3 × 2356194.49 = 1119.19 cm3. Ans.
Problem 17.16. A thin cylindrical shell with following dimensions is filled with a liquid at
atmospheric pressure : Length = 1.2 m, external diameter = 20 cm, thickness of metal = 8 mm.
Find the value of the pressure exerted by the liquid on the walls of the cylinder and the
hoop stress induced if an additional volume of 25 cm3 of liquid is pumped into the cylinder. Take
E = 2.1 × 105 N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio = 0.33.
Sol. Given :
Length, L = 1.2 m = 1200 mm
External dia. D = 20 cm = 200 mm
Thickness, t = 8 mm
∴ Internal dia., d = D – 2 × t = 200 – 2 × 8 = 184 mm
Additional volume, δV = 25 cm3 = 25 × 103 mm3 = 25000 mm3
Value of E = 2.1 × 105 N/mm2
Poisson’s ratio, µ = 0.33
Let p = Pressure exerted, and
σ 1 = hoop stress produced.
Volume of liquid or inside volume of cylinder,
π 2
V= d ×L
4
π
= × 1842 × 1200 = 31908528 mm3
4
(i) Using equation (17.17),
δV p× d 5 FG IJ
V
=
2E × t 2 H
− 2µ
K
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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

25000 p × 184 5 FG IJ
or
31908528
=
2 × 2.1 × 10 5
× 8 2 H
− 2 × 0.33
K
25000 × 2 × 2.1 × 10 5 × 8
∴ p = = 7.77 N/mm2. Ans.
31908528 × 184 × (2.5 − 0.66)
(ii) Using equation (17.1),
p × d 7.77 × 184
σ1 = = = 89.42 N/mm2. Ans.
2t 2×8
Problem 17.17. A hollow cylindrical drum 600 mm in diameter and 3 m long, has a shell
thickness of 10 mm. If the drum is subjected to an internal air pressure of 3 N/mm2, determine
the increase in its volume. Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio = 0.3 for the material.
Sol. Given :
External diameter, D = 600 mm
Length of drum, L = 3 m = 3000 mm
Thickness of drum, t = 10 mm
Internal pressure, p = 3 N/mm2
Young’s modulus, E = 2 × 105 N/mm2
Poisson’s ratio, µ = 0.3
Internal dia., d = D – 2 × t = 600 – 2 × 10 = 580 mm
Using equation (17.17),
δV p× d 5 FG IJ
V
=
2E × t 2 H − 2µ
K
3 × 580 5 FG IJ
=
2 × 2 × 10 5
× 10
2 H K
− 2 × 0.3 = 0.000435 × 1.9 = 0.0008265

∴ δV = 0.0008265 × V
FGπ IJ π FG IJ
= 0.0008265 × H4 K
× d 2 × L = 0.0008265 ×
4 H
× 580 2 × 3000
K
= 792623000 mm3. Ans.

17.8. A THIN CYLINDRICAL VESSEL SUBJECTED TO INTERNAL FLUID PRES-

SURE AND A TORQUE
When a thin cylindrical vessel is subjected to internal fluid pressure (p), the stresses set up
in the material of the vessel are circumferential stress σ 1 and longitudinal stress σ 2 . These two
stresses are tensile and are acting perpendicular to each other. If the cylindrical vessel is subjected
to a torque, shear stresses will also be set up in the material of the vessel.
Hence at any point in the material of the cylindrical vessel, there will be two tensile
stresses mutually perpendicular to each other accompanied by a shear stress. The major princi-
pal stress, the minor principal stress and maximum shear stress will be obtained as given in Art.
3.4.4 on page 106 and 108.
Let σ 1 = Circumferential stress (tensile)
σ 2 = Longitudinal stress (tensile)
τ = Shear stress due to torque.

768