Solution

WORKSHEET CHAPTER 1 AND2. 5 MARKS

Class 12 - Physics
1. Consider a long thin wire of uniform linear charge density λ . Let us find the electric field due to the wire at the point P at a normal
distance PN = r from the wire. Let AB = dx be a small elementary portion of the wire at a distance x form the point N. Let
∠OP N = θ as shown in the figure.

Then, charge on the elementary portion AB is given by,

dq = λ dx
Therefore, the electric field due to the small portion AB at the point P is given by,
1 dq 1 λdx
dE = ⋅ = ⋅
2
4πε0 OP 4πε0 (r2 + x2 )

The component dE sin θ due to the different small portions, such as AB will cancel each other. Therefore, effective electric field
due to the small portion AB is given by,
′
dE = dE cos θ

or dE ′
=
4πε0
1
⋅
2
λdx

2
cos θ ....(i)
(r + x )

From the right angled ΔON P , we have

x = r tanθ
2
∴ dx = r sec θdθ

Also ,we have r2 + x2 = r2 + r2 tan θ = r2 sec2θ

Therefore, the equation (i) becomes
2
′ 1 λr sec θdθ
dE = ⋅ cos θ
4πε0 2 2
r sec θ
1 λ
= ⋅ cos θdθ
4πε0 r

The electric field due to the whole long wire can be found by integrating the above between the proper limits
π π
is given by, θ = − 2
to θ = + 2
+π

2
′ 1 λ
∴ E = ∫ . cosθdθ
4πε0 r
−π

+π
+π
2

= 1

4πε0
.
λ

r
∫ cos θdθ =
1

4πε0
⋅
λ

r
| sin θ|
2
−π

−π 2

1 λ π −π
= ⋅ | sin − sin( )|
4πε0 r 2 2

1 λ
= ⋅ |1 − (−1)|
4πε0 r

Hence, electric field is given by-

λ
E' = 2π ε0 r

2. a. Columb's law states that two point charges attract or repel each other with a force which is directly proportional to the product
of the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Consider that two like charges q1 and q2 are present at points A and B in vacuum at a distance r apart. The two charges will
−→ −→
exert equal repulsive forces on each other. Let F 12 be the force on charge q1 due to charge q2 and F
21 be the force charge q2
due to charge q1 as shown in fig.

1 / 24
 According to Coulomb's law, the magnitude of force on charge q2 due to q1 is given by
−→ −→
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ q1 q2
∣F12 ∣ = ∣F21 ∣ =
1

4πε0
⋅
2
..... (1)
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ r

Let r^ 12 be a unit vector pointing from charge q1 to q2 and r^ , a unit vector pointing from charge q2 to q1. As the force vector
21

−→ −→
F12 is along the direction of unit vector F 21 is along the direction of unit vector r^ , we have
21

−→ q q
F12 =
1
⋅
1 2
^21
r ..... (2)
4πε0 r2

−→
Also, as the force vector F 12 is along the direction of unit vector r^ , it follows that
21

−→
1 q1 q2
F21 = ⋅ ^12
r
4πε0 2
r

The equation (1) and (2) express Columb's law in vector form.
b. Force on 12μC charge due to an elementary part of the linear charge,
−6
(λdx)12×10
1
dF = ⋅
4πε0 x2
−6
9 100×10 −6 dx
= 9 × 10 × × 12 × 10 ×
−2 2
10×10 x
dx
= 1.08
2
x

Net force on 12μC charge

0.20
0.20
dx 1
F = ∫ dF = 1.08 ∫ = 1.08[− ]
2 x 0.01
x
0.10

1 1 1
= 1.08 [ − ] = 10.8 [1 − ] = 5.4N
0.10 0.20 2

3. i. Let P be a point at distance r from the centre of the dipole on the side of charge -q so its distance from +q will be r+d and from
+q its distance will be r-d.

q
Then, the Electric field at point P due to charge -q of the dipole is given by, E −q = −
2
^
p
4π ε0 (r+d)

where, p^ is the unit vector along the dipole axis (from -q to q) as shown in the figure.
q
Also, the electric field at point P due to charge +q of the dipole is given by, E +q =
2
^
p
4π ε0 (r−d)

The total field at point P will be the vector sum of all the electric fields
q 1 1
E = E+q + E−q = [ − ^
]p
4πε0 2 2
(r−d) (r+d)

q 4dr
⇒ E= ⋅ ^
p
4πε0 2
2 2
(r − d )

4qd
For r >> d, E = ^
p
4πε0 r3

Now, electric dipole moment vector, p = q× 2d p^

2p
Thus, E = 3
4πε0 r

So, electric field due to a dipole decreases as cube of the distance from the centre of the dipole.

2 / 24
 ii.

As per the problem, electric field has only x component, for faces normal to X -direction. The magnitude of the electric field
at the left face will be
E L = 0 (as, x = 0 at the left face).

The magnitude of the electric field at the right face is ER = 2a (as, x = a at the right face).
The corresponding fluxes are:
ϕL = EL ⋅ ΔS = 0

∘
ϕR = ER ⋅ ΔS = ER ΔS cos θ = ER ΔS (: θ = 0 )

2
⇒ ϕR = ER a

Net flux (ϕ) through the cube

= ϕL + ϕR = 0 + ER a
2
= ER a
2
= 2a(a)
2
= 2a
3
(since E = 2x^i )
Now,
3
ϕ = q/ε0 ∴ q = ϕε0 = 2a ε0

4. i. Consider a point P lying on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the two charges at a distance x from the midpoint O
→ → →
(fig). Let E and E be the field intensities at P due to +q and -q charges. E is directed away from the positive charge (+q)
1 2 1

→ −−−−−−
and E is directed towards the negative charge (-q). The distance of charge from point P is √x
2
2
+ l
2
(by Phythagoras
theorem).

Now, the magnitude of each field is given by

q
E1 = E2 =
2 2
4π ε0 ( x + l )

On resolving each field along X and Y axes Y axes and adding their respective components, we find that their Y-components
cancel out and X-components add up. The resultant vector E⃗ in the direction opposite to the dipole moment vector.
E = E1cosθ + E2cosθ = 2E1cosθ

2q
⎡ ⎤
l l
= ⋅ ∵ cos θ =
2 2 1/2 1/2
4π ε0 ( x + l ) 2
(x + l )
2 ⎣ 2
(x + l )
2 ⎦

1 p
E =
4πε0 3/2
2 2
(x + l )

In vector form,
⃗
(− p )
⃗ 1
E =
4πε0 3/2
2 2
(x + l )

The negative sign indicates E⃗ is opposite in direction to p ⃗ .

If x >> l, then we have
p⃗
⃗
E = −
4πε0 x3

3 / 24
 ii. The system is in equilibrium, therefore, the net force on each charge of the system will be zero.

For the total force on ‘Q’ to be zero,

qQ qQ
1

4πϵ0 2
= 4πϵ0
1

2
x (2−x)

⇒ x=2-x
⇒ 2x = 2
⇒ x = 1m

For the equilibrium of charge q, the nature of charge Q must be opposite to the nature of charge q.
5. i. Electric dipole moment: The strength of an electric dipole is measured by the quantity of electric dipole moment. Its
magnitude is equal to the product of the magnitude of either charge and the distance between the two charges.
or Electric dipole consists of equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance.
Electric dipole moment, p = q × 2a
It is a vector quantity. In vector form, it is written as p ⃗ = q × 2a⃗p^ where the direction of 2a⃗p^ is from a negative charge to a
positive charge.
The electric field of the dipole at points on the equatorial plane:

The magnitudes of the electric field due to the two charges +q and -q are given by,
q
∣ ⃗ ∣ 1
E +q = ⋅
∣ ∣ 4πε0 (r2 + a2 )

q 1
⃗
|E − q| = ⋅
4πε0 2 2
(r + a )

∣ ⃗ ∣ ∣ ⃗ ∣
E +q = E −q
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣

The direction of ∣∣E⃗ +q

∣
∣
∣ ⃗
and E −q
∣
∣
∣
are shown in the figure. The components normal to the dipole axis cancel out. The
components along the dipole axis add up
∴ Total electric field

⃗
^
E = − (E+q + E−q ) cos θp

[Negative sign shows that field is opposite to p]

−2qa
⃗
E =
3/2
...(i)
4πε0 (r2 + a2 )

At large distances (r >>a) this reduces to

−2qa
⃗ ^
E = p
3
4πε0 r

q
∣ ⃗ ∣ 1
E +q = ⋅
∣ ∣ 4πε0 2
(r + a )
2

q 1
⃗
|E − q| = ⋅
4πε0 2 2
(r + a )

∣ ⃗ ∣ ∣ ⃗ ∣
∴ E +q = E −q
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣

∵ p ⃗ = 2qap
^

−p ⃗
⃗
∴ E =
3
4πε0 r

4 / 24
 ii. Equipotential surface due to electric dipole :

The potential due to the dipole is zero at the line bisecting the dipole length. Equipotential surfaces are that at every point of
which electric potential is the same.
6. Electric field at B due to + 50 C charge at A is
q
E1 = k ⋅ = k ⋅
2
= 2k, along AB
50

2
r 5

Electric field at B due to -50 C charge at C is

50
E2 = k ⋅ = 2k, along BC
2
5

Electric field at B due to + 50 C charge at D is

E3 = k ⋅ = k, along DB
50

2
2 2
(√5 + 5 )

Component of E1 along x-axis = 2 k (as it acts along x-axis)

Component of E2 along x-axis = 0 (as it acts along y-axis)
Component of E3 along x-axis

= E3 cos 45o = k ⋅
1 k
=
√2 √2

∴ Total electric field at B along x-axis

k
Ex = 2k + 0 + = k(2 + 1
)
√2 √2

Now,
Component of E1 along x-axis = 0
Component of E2 along y-axis = 2k
Component of E3 along y-axis

Ey = E3 sin 45o = k ⋅ 1
=
k

√2 √2

But the components of E2 and E3 act in opposite directions, therefore, total electric field at B along y-axis
k 1
= 2k - = k (2 − )
√2 √2

∴ Resultant electric field at B will be

−−−−−−−
E = √E 2
x + Ey
2

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
1 1 −−
−
2
= √[k (2 + )] + [k (2 − )] = √9k
√2 √2

= 3k = 3 × 9 × 109 NC-1 = 2.7 × 1010 NC-1

5 / 24
 If the resultant field E makes angle β with x-axis, then
= 0.4776 or β = 25.5o
Ey (2−1/√2)k
tan β = Ex
=
(2+1/√2)k

7.

Consider a circular loop of a wire of negligible thickness having radius a. Let P be a point at a distance x from the centre of the
loop on its axis OX, where electric field due to the loop is to be determined.
q
dq = dl
2πa
→
Let dE be electric field at point P due to charge dq on the elementary portion AB of the ring.
−
−→
→
dq
dE = |d E | =
4πε0
1
⋅
2
(along CP)
CP

Now, CP = (x2 + a2)1/2

Thus,
qdl
dE = 1
⋅
4πε0 2πa(x2 + a2 )

Now, net electric field at point P due to the whole loop of charge will be only along X-axis.
→
If dE makes angle θ with X-axis, then
dEx = dE cos θ
qdl
Hence, dE x =
4πε0
1
⋅
2 2
⋅
x

1/2
2πa(x + a ) 2 2
(x + a )

qxdl
or dE x =
1

4πε0
⋅
3/2
2πa(x2 + a2 )

Electric field due to whole of the circular loop is given by

qxdl
E= ∫ dEx = ∫
4πε0
1
⋅
3/2
2 2
2πa(x + a )
total total
loop loop

qx qx(2πa)
= 4πε0
1
⋅
3/2
∫ dl =
1

4πε0
⋅
3/2
2 2 2 2
2πa(x + a ) total 2πa(x + a )

loop

qx
or E = 4πε0
1
⋅
3/2
(along PX)
2 2
(x + a )

8. Let us consider two uniform large parallel sheets carrying charge densities +σ and −σ respectively, separated by a small distance
'l' from each other. One plate contains positive charge and other plate contains negative charge. Electric field lines travels from
positive charged plate to negative charged plate.
By Gauss' law, it can be proved that electric field intensity due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet is given by
E = ....... (i)
2ε0
σ

The electric field is directed normally outward from the plane sheet if nature of charge on sheet is positive and normally inward if
charge is negative in nature.

Let ^
r represents unit vector directed from positive plate to negative plate.

Now, Electric Field Intensity (EFI) at any point P between the two plates is given by
r [due to positive plate]
σ
E = +
1
^
2ε0

6 / 24
 E2 = +
σ

2ε0
^
r [due to negative plate]
∴ Electric field intensity at point P is given by
σ σ σ
E = E1 + E2 = ^
r + ^
r ⇒ E= ^
r
2ε0 2ε0 ε0

Thus, a uniform electric field is produced between the two infinite parallel plane sheet of charge which is directed from positive
plate to negative plate.
9. a. The principle of superposition states that when a number of charges are interacting, the total force on a given charge is the
vector sum of the individual forces exerted on the given charge by all the other charges.
Consider that n point charges q1, q2, q3, ... qn are distributed in space in a discrete manner. The charges are interacting with
each other.

According to principle of superposition, the total force on charge q1 is given by

→ → −→ →
F 1 = F 12 .....(i)
+ F13 + … . + F 1n

If the distance between the charges q1 and q2 is denoted as r12 and r^ 21 is unit vector from charge q2 to q1 then
−→
1 q1 q2
F12 = ⋅ ^21
r
4πε0 2
r
12

Similarly, the force on charge q1 due to other charges is given by

−→
1 q1 q3
F13 = ⋅ ^31
r
4πε0 2
r
13

−
−→
q1 qn
and F 1n =
4πε0
1
⋅
2
^n1
r
r
1n

−→ −→ −
−→
Hence, in the equation (i), substituting for F 12 , F13 , … F1n the total force on the charge q1 to all other charges is given by
→
1 q1 q2 q1 q3 q1 qn
F 1 = ( ^21 +
r ^31 + … +
r ^n1 )
r
4πε0 2 r13 2
r r
12 1n

b. Here, qA = 10μC = 10-5 C ; qB = 5 × 10-6 C ; qc = -5 × 10-6 C and AB = BC = AC = 0.1 m

qA qB 9 −5 −6
1 9× 10 × 10 ×5× 10
Now, FAB = 4πε0
⋅
2
=
2
AB (0⋅1)

or FAB = 45 N (repulsive)
qA qC 9 −5 −6

Also, FAC = 4πε0

1
⋅
2
=
9× 10 × 10 ×5× 10

2
AC (0.1)

or FAC = 45 N (attractive)
The forces FAB and FAC are inclined at an angle of 120° as shown in Fig.

If F is the resultant force on the charge qA, then

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2 ∘
F = √FAB + FAC + 2FAB ⋅ FAC cos 120

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
= √45 2
+ 45
2
+ 2 × 45 × 45 × (−0 ⋅ 5) = 45 N
The resultant force acts on the charge 10μC charge along AP i.e. parallel to side BC of the ΔABC.

7 / 24
10. i. Let Surface charge density of spherical shell = λ
Radius = R, Consider Spherical Gaussian surface of radius = r

from Gauss Law

qin
ϕ =
ϵ0

2
λ×4πr
= ∈0

2
4πλR
ϕ =
ϵ0
...(i)
→ →
Also, ϕ = E ⋅ A = E (4πr )
2
...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
2
2 4πλR
E (4πr ) =
ϵ0

2
λR
E= 2
...(iii)
∈0 r

∴ λ =
θ

2
or λR 2
=
θ

4π
4πR
θ
E= 2
......(iv) hence, From equation (iv)
4πϵ0 r

Electric field only depend on charge enclosed and location of point.

Therefore charge with either on canter or surface enclose charge by Gaussian surface (r > R) will not change
∴ Hence it is proved.
Case(1) If r < R

this graph shows the variation of electric field with radius r

Charge enclose, qin ​= 0

E=0
Case(2) If r > R
θ
E= 2
4πϵo r

ii. Given that,

First point charge = +1 μC
Second point charge = +4 μC
Distance = 30 cm
Let us consider the net electric field zero at x distance from first charge.
Using formula of electric field
Ex = E30-x
kq1 kq2
=
r2 r′2

Put the value into the formula

−6 −6
1×10 4×10
=
x2 (30−x)
2

2 −6
(30−x) 4×10
=
2 −6
x 1×10
−
−
30−x 4

x
= √
1
,
30 - x = 2x
x = 10 cm
11. i. Let us consider two charges +q and -q separated by a distance 2a.Obtaining expression for torque τ ⃗ experienced by electric
dipole in uniform electric field
Effect of non-uniform electric field

8 / 24
 a. Force on + q, F ⃗ = q E⃗
Force on -q, F = -q E⃗
Magnitude of torque τ ⃗ = qE × 2asin θ
= 2qaEsin θ
τ⃗= p ⃗ × E⃗
here p is the dipole moment.
ii. If the electric field is non-uniform, the dipole experiences a translatory force as well as a torque.

Consider electric dipole kept in a uniform electric field. Consider electric dipole kept in a uniform electric field at an angle θ
where a dipole experience a torque, so, the torque generated by parallel forces qE will act as a couple as
|τ |⃗ = qE2l sin θ

= pE sin θ [as p = 2ql]

⃗
|τ |⃗ = |p ⃗ × E |

When the field is non-uniform, the force acting on both ends will not be equal, hence they result in a mixture of couple and net
force. With this, dipole experiences rotational as well as linear force.
12. a. We can see from the figure that on the left face E and ΔS are parallel. l = 20 cm, r = 5 cm = 0.05m. Therefore, the outward
flux is
⃗ ^
ϕL = E ⋅ ΔS = −200 i ⋅ ΔS

= + 200 ΔS, since ^i ⋅ ΔS = -ΔS

= + 200 × π (0.05)2 = + 1.57 Nm2C-1
On the right face, E and ΔS are parallel and therefore
ϕR = E ⋅ ΔS = + 1.57 Nm2 C-1.
b. For any point on the side of the cylinder E is perpendicular to ΔS and hence E.ΔS = 0. This is because when dot prdouct is
solved they involve cos and the angle between E and ds is 90 degree and cos 90 = 0. Therefore, the flux out of the side of the
cylinder is zero.
c. Net outward flux through the cylinder
ϕ = 1.57 + 1.57 + 0 = 3.14 Nm2 C-1
d. The net charge within the cylinder can be found by using Gauss’s law which gives
q=∈ ϕ o

= 3.14 × 8.854 × 10-12 C

= 2.78 × 10-11 C
13. The electric dipole of charges + q and - q separated by distance 2a is shown in the figure.

It is placed in a uniform electric field at an angle θ with it.

i. Force on charge +q, F ⃗ 1 = qE
⃗
in the direction of E⃗ Force on charge −q, F ⃗
2 = −qE
⃗
in the opposite direction of E⃗
∴ Net translatory force on dipole = F ⃗ 1
⃗
+ F2
→
⃗ ⃗
= +qE − qE = 0

Hence, no translatory force acts on it.

9 / 24
 ii. But the two equal, parallel and unlike forces form a couple which rotates the dipole in a direction, thus the moment of the
couple is known as torque which is given by:
τ = Force× perpendicular distance between the two forces

τ = qE × 2asin θ
τ = pEsin θ
where, p = q × 2a = dipole moment.
iii. Work done in rotating the dipole through 180° is given by:
w = ∫ dW
∘ ∘
180 180
w=∫ 0
τ dθ = pE ∫
0
∘ sin θdθ
∘

w = pE[− cos θ] 180

0
′

w = −pE [cos 180 − cos 0 ∘ ∘

]

W = pE [1 + 1] = 2pE
1
14. Gauss Theorem: The net outward electric flux through a closed surface is equal to ε0
times the net charge enclosed within the
surface.
→ −→
1
∮ E . dS = ∑q
ε0

Electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet:

Let electric charge be uniformly distributed over the surface of a thin, non-conducting infinite sheet. Consider a cylindrical
Gaussian surface having two plane faces A and B lying on the opposite sides and parallel to the charged sheet and the cylindrical
surface perpendicular to the sheet as shown in figure.
By symmetry, the electric field strength at every point on the flat surface is the same and its direction is normal outwards at the
points on the two plane surfaces and parallel to the curved surface.

Total electric flux,

→ −
−→ → −
−→ → −
−→
∮ E. dS = ∫ E . dS1 + ∫ E . dS2 + ∫ E . dS3
S1 S2 S3

∮ E. dS = ∫ E. dS1 cos 0 + ∫ E dS2 cos 0 + ∫ EdS3 cos 90

S1 S2 S3

∮ E. dS = E ∫ dS1 + E ∫ dS2 + 0
S1 S2

∮ E. dS = 2E ∫
S1
dS1 = 2Ea ...... (i)
If σ is charge per unit area of sheet and 'a' is the intersecting area,
the charge enclosed by Gaussian surface = σa
According to Gauss’s theorem
Total electric flux = ∮ E. dS = q ε0
1

∮ E. dS =
1

ε0
σa ..... (ii)
From (i) and (ii) we have,
σ
E =
2ε0

Thus electric field strength due to an infinite flat sheet of charge is independent of the distance of the point and is directed
normally away from the charge.
15. Let EA, EB, EC and ED be the electric fields at the centre O of the square due to the charges at A, B, C and D respectively. Their
directions are as shown in fig. (a).

10 / 24
 Since all the charges are of equal magnitude and at the same distance r from the centre O, so
[∵ r2 + r2 = a2]
q q kq
EA = EB = EC = ED = k ⋅ 2
=
2
= 2
2
r a
a
( )
√2

Because EA and EC act in the same direction, so their resultant is

2kq 2kq 4kq
E1 = EA + EC = + =
a2 a2 a2

Similarly, the resultant of EB and ED is

4kq
E2 = EB + ED = 2
a

Now, the resultant of E1 and E2 will be

−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−− 2 2
4kq 4kq
E = √E 2
1
+ E
2
2
= √( ) + ( )
a2 a2

– q
= 4√2k
2
,
a

directed parallel to AD or EC, as shown in Fig. (b).

E1
cos β = E
=
1

√2

∴ β = 45o
i.e., the resultant field is inclined at an angle of 45o with AC.
16. a. Consider a thin infinitely long straight line charge having a uniform linear charge density λ placed along YY'. Draw a
cylindrical surface of radius r and length l about the line charge as its axis.

If E is the magnitude of electric field at point P, then electric flux through the gaussian surface is given by
ϕ = E × area of the curved surface of a cylinder of cylinder radius r and length l

or
ϕ = E × 2π r l
q
According to Gauss' theorem, we have ϕ = ε0

Now, charge enclosed by the gaussian surface, q = λ l

λl
∴ ϕ =
ε0

Thus,
λl
E× 2 π r l =
ε0

1 λ
or E = 2πε0 r

b. Electric field at a distance r from the line charge,

1 λ
E= ⋅
2πε0 r

To calculate force on charge -q at point A:

Here, OA = 2⋅ 5 cm = 2⋅ 5 × 10-2 m
Electric field at point A,
−4
1 4.5×10
E1 = ×
−12 −2
2π×8.854×10 2.5×10

= 3⋅ 24 × 108 NC-1
Force on charge - q at point A, F1 = qE1 = 5 × 10-9 × 3⋅ 24 × 108 = 1⋅ 62 N (towards the line charge)
To calculate force on charge +q at point B:
Here, OB = 2⋅ 5 × 10-2 + 2 × 10-3 = 2⋅ 7 × 10-2 m
Electric field at point B,

11 / 24
 −4
1 4.5×10
E2 = ×
−12 −2
2π×8.854×10 2.7×10

=3× 108 NC-1

Force on charge + q at point B,
F2 = qE2 = 5 × 10-9 × 3 × 10-8 = 1⋅ 5 N (away from the line charge)
Hence, net force on electric dipole,
F = F1 - F2 = 1.62 - 1.5 = 0⋅ 12 N (towards the line charge)

17. a. Net electric field at plate γ before collision is vector sum of electric field at plate γ due to plate α and β . Considering the right
direction to be positive
Q
The electric field at γ due to the plate α is − [i.e., towards left]
S(2ϵo )

Q
The electric field at γ due to the plate β is [i.e., towards right]
S(2ϵo )

q−Q
The net electric field = [Here, Q>q, so the direction will be towards left
S(2∈o )

b. During the collision plates β and γ are together so they must be at one potential. Charge on β is q1 and on γ is q2 . Consider a
point O, in between the plates. The electric field here must be zero.
−Q
Electric field at O due to α = , to the left
S(2ε0 )
q1
Electric field at O due to β = , to the right
S(2ε0 )
q2
Electric field at O due γ = to the left
S(2ε0 )

As the electric field at O is zero, therefore

Q+q q1
=
S(2ε0 ) S(2ε0 )

∴ Q + q2 - q2, (i)
There is no loss of charge on collision, therefore
Q + q = q1 + q2 (ii)
On solving (i) and (ii), we get
q
q1 = (Q + ) = charge on plates β
2
q
q2 = ( ) = charge on plate γ
2

c. Let the velocity be v at the distance d after the collision. If m is the mass of the plate γ , then the gain in K.E. over the round
trip must be equal to the work done by the electric field. After the collision, the electric field at γ is
−Q (Q+q/2) q/2
E2 = + =
2 ε0 S 2 ε0 S 2 ε0 S
2
(q/2)
F2 = E2 q/2 =
2 ε0 S

2 2
(Q−q)Q (q/2) (Q−q/2) d
Total work done =(F 1 + F2 ) d = [ + ]d =
2 ε0 S 2 ε0 S 2 ε0 S

Using work energy theorem, we have

2
(Q−q/2) d
1 2
mw =
2 2 ε0 S

Further solving, we have

1/2
q d
v = (Q − )( )
2 m ε0 S

18. a. The symmetry of the problem suggests that the electric field is radial.
For points r < R, consider spherical Gaussian surfaces. Then on the surface
Consider Gaussian surfaces as shown in the figure given below.let us consider a sphere of radius R.

12 / 24
 For points at r < R
→−
→
1
∮ E dS = ∫ pdV
ε0

4 4
Now, V =
3
πr
3
⇒ dV = 3 ×
3
3 2
πr dr or dV = 4πr dr

1 r 3
⇒ ∮ E ⋅ dS = 4πK ∫ r dr[∵ p(r) = K r]
ε0 0

4
2 4πK r
⇒ (E)4πr =
ε0 4

1 2
⇒ E = Kr
4ε0

Here, charge density is positive. Therefore, the direction of E is radially outwards.

For points r>R, electric field intensity is given by:
1
∮ E ⋅ dS = ∫ pdV
ε0
4
2 4πK R 3 4πK R
⇒ E (4πr ) = ∫ r dr =
ε0 0 ε0 4
4
K R
⇒ E =
4ε0 2
r

Now charge density is again positive. So, the direction of E is radially outward.
b. The two protons must be on the opposite sides of the center along a diameter. Suppose the protons are at a distance r from the
center.

R R
2
q = ∫ pdV = ∫ (K r)4πr dr
0 0
4
R
q = 4πK = 2e
4
2e
∴ k =
4
πR

two protons are embedded at a distance r from the center of sphere. Consider the forces on proton 1. The attractive force due
to the charge distribution is
2
−ehr
F1 = −eE =
4ε0

Repulsive force on proton 1 due to proton 2 is

2
e
F2 =
2
4π ε0 (2r)

Net force on proton 1, FNet=F1+F2

2 2
−ekr e
F = +
4ε0 16πε0 r2

2 2
−er
So, F log = [
4ε0
Ze

4
+
e

4
]
πR 16πε0 r

Thus, the net force on proton 1 will be zero, when

2 ∗ 2
er 2 e
=
4 16π ε0 r
4 ε0 π R
4
4 R
⇒ r =
8
R
⇒ r =
1/4
(8)

Therefore, the distance of both the protons from the centre must be r = R

1/4
.
(8)

19. a. Coulomb's law in electrostatics: It states that two-point charges attract or repel each other with a force which is directly
proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them.
One coulomb is that charge which repels an equal and similar charge with a force of 9 × 10 N , when placed in vacuum (or 9

air) at a distance of one metre from it.

Limitations of Coulomb's law:
(i) It holds for point charges only.
(ii) It holds for stationary charges only.
b. Here, qA = qB = 5μC = 5 × 10-6 C;

qC = 10μC = 10 × 10-6 C

13 / 24
 −−−−−− –
AC = BC = √1 + 2 = √5 m 2 2

Let FA and FB be the forces exerted by the charges qA and qB on qc. Then,
qA × qC
FA =
1

4πε0
⋅
2
= 0⋅ 09 N (along CA')
(AC)

Similarly, FB = 0.09 N (along CB')

Resolve the forces FA and FB into rectangular components along X-axis and Y-axis.

The components along Y-axis are equal and opposite and hence cancel each other, while the components along X-axis are
equal and in the same direction. Therefore, net force on the charge at C,
F = 2 FA cos θ = 2 × 0⋅ 09 × 2

√5

= 0⋅ 161 N (along CX)

20. i. The derivation of expression of the electric field on the equatorial line of the electric dipole can be explained as follows:

Let the point 'P' be at a distance V from the midpoint of the dipole.
q
|E+q | =
2 2
4π ε0 (r + a )

q
|E−q | =
2 2
4π ε0 (r + a )

Both are equal and their directions are as shown in the figure, hence the net electric field
⃗ ^
E = [− (E+q + E−q ) cos θ] p
2qa
= −
3/2
4πε0 (r2 + a2 )

The electric field =p/4π ∈ 0(r + a 2 2 (

) 3/2)

If the dipole is short then 2a<<<<r

Hence electric field= p/4π ∈ 0(r ) 3

where p is the dipole moment.

ii.
a. Stable equilibrium θ = 0

b.

14 / 24
21. Suppose that two connected conducting spheres of radii a and b possess charges q1and q2 respectively. On the surface of the two
spheres, the potential will be
1 q1
V1 = ⋅
4πε0 a

1 q2
V2 = ⋅
4πε0 b

Till the potentials of two conductors become equal, the flow of charges continues.
Thus, V1 = V2
q q
1 1 1 2
⋅ = ⋅
4πε0 a 4πε0 b
q a
1
=
q b
2

Now, the electric field on the two spheres is given as

q
1 1
E1 = ⋅
4πε0 a2
q
1 2
E2 = ⋅
4πε0 2
b
E1 q1 2 2
b a b b
or E2
=
q
⋅
2
=
b
⋅
2
=
a
2 a a

Therefore, b : a is the ratio of the electric field of the first sphere to that of the second sphere.
The surface charge densities of the two spheres are given as
q
σ = 1 (As the charges are distributed uniformly over the surfaces of conducting spheres)
1

2
4πa
q2
σ2 =
2
4πb
σ1 q 2 2
1 b a b b
∴ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
σ2 q2 2 b 2 a
a a

Therefore, the surface charge densities are inversely related with the radii of the sphere. The surface charge density on the sharp
and pointed ends of a conductor is higher than on its flatter portion since a flat portion may be taken as a spherical surface of large
radius and a pointed portion as that of small radius.

22. i.

Let P be an axial point at a distance r from the centre of the dipole of dipole length 2a.
Electric potential at point P will be
(−q) q
V = V1 + V2 =
4πε0
1
⋅
r+a
+
1

4πε0
⋅
r−a
(V​1 and V​2 are the potentials due to charges -q and +q respectively of the dipole)
q 1 1 q 2a
= [ − ] = ⋅
4πε0 r−a r+a 4πε0 r2 − a2
p
=
4πε0
1
⋅
2 2
[∵ p = q(2a) ]
r −a

For a far away point, r >>a

1 p 1
∴ V = ⋅ or V ∝
4πε0 2 2
r r
1
Thus, due to an electric dipole, potential at an axial point is V ∝ 2
r

ii. Let A is area of each plate and C1 and C2 are capacitances of the slabs given in the figures above.
ε0 A
Let intially, C ′
1
= C =
d
= C2 ..........(i)
After inserting respective dielectric slabs.
′
C = KC
2
ε0 (A/2) ε0 (A/2)
and C ′
2
= K1
d
+ K2
d
ε0 A
= (K1 + K2 )
2d
C
C
′
2
=
2
(K1 + K2 ) ............(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
′ ′ C 1
C = C ⇒ KC = (K1 + K2 ) ⇒ K = (K1 + K2 )
1 2 2 2

23. i. Total energy stored in the two capacitors before they are connected,
1 2 1 2
ui = C1 V + C2 V
2 1 2 2

ii. After the two capacitors are connected in parallel, the common potential is
Total charge q1 + q2 C1 V1 + C2 V2
V = = =
Total capacitance C1 + C2 C1 + C2

Total energy stored in the parallel combination,

2
1 1 C1 V1 + C2 V2
2
Uf = (C1 + C2 ) V = (C1 + C2 ) ( )
2 2 C1 + C2

2
1 ( C1 V1 + C2 V2 )
=
2 C1 + C2

15 / 24
 iii. Clearly, Uf < Ui. Thus the total energy of the parallel combination is less than the sum of the energies stored in the two
capacitors before they are connected. During sharing of charges, some energy is lost as heat due to the flow of charges in
connecting wires.
24. i. A. A dielectric material gets polarized when it is placed in an external electric field. The field produced due to the
polarization of material reduces the effect of external electric field. Hence, the electric field inside a dielectric decreases.
σ
B. Electric field in vacuum between the plates = E0 = εo

E0
Electric field in dielectric between the plates, E = K

Potential difference between the capacitor plates

V = Et + E0(d - t)
where 't' is the thickness of dielectric slab.
E0
V= K
t + E0 ( d − t)

V= σ

εo
[
K
t
+ (d − t)]

σ t+K(d−t)
V= εo
[
K
]

Q
As C = V

ε0 AK
⇒ C=
t+K(d−t)

ii. The surface of the sphere is equipotential. So, the work done in moving the charge from one point to the other is zero.
W = q Δ V (∵ Δ V = 0)
=0
iii. P = χ E
25. a. Parallel plate capacitor consists of two thin conducting plates each of area A held parallel to each other at a suitable distance d.
One of the plates is insulated and other is earthed. Say, there is vacuum or air between the plates. Structure of a parallel plate
capacitor is shown below:

Suppose, the plate X is given a charge of +q coulomb. By induction, -q coulomb of charge is produced on the inner surface of
the plate Y and +q coulomb on the outer surface. Since, the plate Y is connected to the earth, hence the relatively weak charge
+q residing far away i.e. on the outer surface flows to the earth. Thus, the plates X and Y have equal and opposite charges +q
and -q respectively
Suppose, the surface density of charge on each plate is σ , We know that the intensity of electric field at a point between two
plane parallel sheets of equal and opposite charges is = − (− ) = σ/ε , where ε is the permittivity of free space. The
2ϵ0
σ σ

2ϵ0
0 0

intensity of electric field between the plates will be given by, E = σ

ε0

The charge on each plate is q and the area of each plate is A. Thus electric field is given by ,
q q
σ = and E = ............(i)
A ε0 A

Now, let the potential difference between the two plates be V volt. Then, the electric field between the plates is given by
or V = Ed .....(ii)
V
E =
d

Substituting the value of E from equation (i) into equation (ii), we get
qd
V =
ε0 A

Now capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor is given by ;

q q ε0 A
C = = =
V qd/ε0 A d

Where, ε = 8.85 × 10 C − Nm is the permittivity of vacuum or air.

0
−12 2 −2

b. Surface charge density of a spherically charged body is given by

q
σ =
2
4πR

After connecting both the conductors, their potentials will become equal, V1 = V2 .Hence,
q q q
⇒
Rl
1
=
2

R2
[For a spherically charged conductor with charge q potential is given by, V =
1

4πε0 R
]

16 / 24
 q R1
1
⇒ =
q2 R2
2
σ1 q1 /4π R
Now, σ2
=
1

2
q /4π R
2 2
2 2
q1 R2 R1 R2 R2
= ( ) = × ( ) =
q2 R1 R2 R1 R1

ε0 A
26. The capacitance of an air-filled capacitor C 0 =
d
...(i)
Capacitance with a dielectric slab of thickness t (< d) is
ε0 A
C =
d−t+t/κ
...(ii)

i. The charge on capacitor plates, when 200 V p.d. is applied, becomes q = C0V0 = 50 × 10-12× 200 = 10-8C

Even after the battery is removed, the charge of 10-8 C on the capacitor plates remains the same.
ii. On placing the dielectric slab, suppose the capacitance becomes C and potential difference V. Then q = C0V0 = CV
C0 d−t+t/κ
or V =
C
V0 =
d
V0 [Using (i) and (ii)]
4−2+2/4
= × 200 = 125 V
4

iii. Final energy in the capacitor is U = 1

2
qV = 1

2
× 10-8 × 125 = 6.25 × 10-7 J
iv. Energy loss = U0 - U = 1

2
q(V0 - V)

= 1

2
× 10-8 × (200 - 125) = 3.75 × 10-7 J
27. a. zero at both the points
Charge -q is located at (0, 0, -a) and charge +q is located at (0, 0, a). Hence, they
form a dipole(having a pair of opposite charges separated by a small distance). Point (0, 0, z) is on the axis of this dipole and
point (x, y, 0) is normal to
the axis of the dipole. Hence, electrostatic potential at point (x, y, 0) is zero.
Electrostatic potential at point (0, 0, z) is given by
q q
V= (
1

4πϵ0
)+ (−
z−a
)
1

4πϵ0 z+a

q(z+a−z+a)
= 2 2
4π ϵ0 (z −a )

2qa p
= 2 2
=
2 2
4π ϵ0 (z −a ) 4π ϵ0 (z −a )

where, ∈ = permittivity of free space

o

p = Dipole moment of the system of two charges = 2qa

b. for r>>>a Distance r is much greater than half of the distance between the two charges. Hence, the potential (V) at a distance r
is inversely proportional to square of the distance i.e.,
1
V ∝
2
r

c. Zero
The answer does not change if the path of the test is not along the x-axis.
A test charge is moved from point (5, 0, 0) to point (-7, 0, 0) along the x-axis.
Electrostatic potential (V1) at point (5, 0, 0) is given by,
−q q
V1 = 4πϵ0
1
+
4πϵ0
1

2 2
2 2 (5−0) + a
√(5−0) +(−a)

−q q
= +
2 2 4πϵ0 √25+a2
4πϵ0 √25 + a

=0
Electrostatic potential V2 at point (-7, 0, 0) is given by,
−q q
V2 = 4πϵ0
1
+
4πϵ0
1

2 2 2 2
√(−7) +(−a) √(−7) +(a)

−q q 1
= 2
+
4πϵ0
4πϵ0 √49+a √49+a2

=0
Hence, no work is done in moving a small test charge from point(5, 0, 0) to point (-7, 0, 0) along the x-axis.
The answer does not change because work done by the electrostatic field in moving a test charge between the two points is
independent of the path connecting the two points.(work done is conservative it depends upon the initial and final point
independent of path followed)
28. i. CA = 4πε 0R , CB = 4πε (2R) (in general form C = 4π ∈ 0r
0

17 / 24
 a. ∴ CB > CA
b. U = 1

2
ε0 E
2

σ Q
E = =
εP Aε0

1
∴ U ∝
2
A

∴ UA > UB
dV
ii. a. E = − dr

For the same change in dV, E ∝ 1

dr

where, ‘dr' represents the distance between equipotential surfaces.

Diagram of the equipotential surface due to a dipole

b. The polarity of charge: negative

The direction of the electric field is radially inward,(for a negative charge electric field lines are radially inward)

29. a. The plates P and Q divide the space between the plates A and B in three equal parts. Since V = Ed, the potentials of the plates
A, P, Q, and B will be respectively V, 2V/3, V/3 and 0.
b. When the plates P and Q are connected with a wire, the space between the plates A and B gets divided into two equal parts.
Hence, the potentials of plates A, P, Q, and B will be respectively V, V/2, V/2 and 0.
Since the potential difference between the plates A and P; and between the plates, Q and B have increased from V/3 to V/2,
the electric field between these plates will increase. As the potential difference the plates P and Q is zero, the electric field will
also be zero.
c. Since the potential difference between the plates A and P and between the plates Q and B have increased, the charge on the
plates A and B will increase.
d. Yes, the plate P will have a positive charge and the plate Q will have a negative charge.
30. i. a. In the presence of electric field, the free charge carriers, in a conductor, move the charge distribution in the conductor re-
adjusting itself so that the net electric field within the conductor becomes zero.
b. In a dielectric, the external electric field induces a net dipole moment, by stretching/reorienting the molecules. The electric
field, due to this induced dipole moment, opposes, but does not exactly cancel, the external electric field.
Polarisation: Induced dipole moment, per unit volume, is called the polarization. For linear isotropic dielectrics having a
susceptibility χ c, we have
P = χc E

18 / 24
 Q
ii. a. Net force on the charge 2
, placed at the centre of the shell is zero.
Force on charge 2Q kept at point A
F = E × 2Q
3Q
1( )2Q
2 2
3Q
= =
2 2
4πε0 r 4πr ε0

b. Electric flux through the shell,

Q
ϕ =
2ε0
(because charge enclosed is Q/2)

31. Consider a point P on the axis perpendicular to the plane of disc and at distance x from the center O of the disc as shown in the
figure.

Now consider a ring of radius r of thickness dr on a disc of radius R, as shown in the figure, Let us consider disc is divided into a
large number of rings, Again let the charge on the ring is dq then potential dV due to ring at P, will be
kdq −− −−−−
′ 2 2
dV = [∵ r = √r + x ]
′
r

dq is the charge on the ring = σ area of ring

2 2
= σ ⋅ [π(r + dr) − πr ]

2 2 2
dq = σ ⋅ π [ r + dr + 2rdr − r ]

Because dr is small, therefore, dr2 is negligible.

∴ dq = σπ(2rdr) = 2πrσ ⋅ dr
k.2πrσdr
∴ dV =
2 2
√(r + x )

So the potential due to charged disc

V R k.2πσdr
∫ dV = ∫
0 0
√r2 + x2

2 2 R
R R −1/2 kπσ[ √r + x ]
rdr
=
2 2 0
V = k.2πσ ⋅ ∫ = k. πσ ∫ r ⋅ (r + x ) 2dr
0 2 2 12 0 1/2
(r + x )

1/2 2πσ 1/2

2 2 2 2
= 2πkσ [ (R + x ) − x] = [ (R + x ) − x]
4πε0

R2σ = Q(charge on disc) σ =

Q
[∵ π
2
πR
2 −−− −−−−
=
π2R σ

2
2 2
[√R + x − x] thus the potential due to a disc is given by,
4πε0 R

2Q −−− −−−−
2 2
V = [√R + x − x]
2
4πε0 R

32. Let OA = OB = OC = OD = r
Then the potential at the centre O is
1 q q q q
VO = [ + − − ] = 0
4πε0 r r r r

Again, the potential at point E is

q q q q
VE =
4πε0
1
[
AE
+
BE
−
CE
−
DE
] = 0 [∴ AE = DE, BE = CE]
−−−−−−−−
a 2 √5a
Now, AF 2
= BF = √a + (
2
) =
2

∴ The potential at point F is

1 q q q q
VF = [ + − − ]
4πε0 AF BF CF DF

2q
=
4πε0
[
1

AF
−
1

CF
] [∵ AF = BF, CF = DF]
2q 2 2 q 1
= [ − ] = ( − 1)
4πε0 a π ε0 a
√5a √5

Work done in moving the charge V from O to E is W = e[VE - VO] = e × 0 = 0

Work done in moving the charge 'e' from O to F is
q 1
W = e [VF − VO ] = e [ ( − 1) − 0]
π ε0 a √5

qe 1
= ( − 1)
π ε0 a
√5

19 / 24
33. Energy stored in C4 is
1 2
U4 = C4 V = 27J
2

or 1

2
× 6 × 10-6 × V2 = 27
27×2
or V 2
=
−6
= 9 × 10
6

6×10

Energy stored in C2

U2 = 1

2
× 2 × 10-6 × 9 × 106 = 9J
Energy stored in C3,

U3 = 1

2
× 3 × 10-6 × 9 × 106 = 13.5 J
Energy stored in C2, C3 and C4
= U2 + U3 + U4 = 9 + 13.5 + 27 = 49.5 J
Equivalent capacitance of C2, C3 and C4 connected in parallel
= 2 + 3 + 5 = 11 μF
2 2
q q
∴ = 49.5 J [u = ]
−6 2C
2×11×10

Energy stored in C1
2 −6
q
U1 =
2C1
=
49.5×2×11×10

−6
= 544.5 J
2×1×10

Total energy stored in the arrangement

= 544.5 + 49.5 = 594.0 J
34. a.
Non-polar (O2) Polar (H2O)

In the absence of electric

field

Individual No dipole moment exists. Dipole moment exists

Specimen No dipole moment exists. Dipoles are randomly oriented. Net P=0

In the presence of electric

field

Dipole moment exists (molecules become Torque acts on the molecules to align them
Individual
polarised.) parallel to E

Specimen The dipole moment exists. Net dipole moment exists parallel to E.
E0
b. i. V = E0 d + κ
d + E0 d + 0 + E0 d, k is the dielectric constant.
E0
V = 3 E0 d + κ
d thus V= E0 d (3+1/k) or V= E0 d(3k+1)/k
ii. Graph:

35. i. At x = 18 cm, the potential is zero.

ii. Now, at x = 18 cm, net potential due to the two charges A and B is zero i.e.
Q QB
1 A 1
⋅ + ⋅ = 0
4πε0 x 4πε0 r−x

where r is the distance between the two charges.

Here, QA = 3⋅ 6 × 10-6 C, x = 18 cm = 0.18m and
r - x = 30 - 18 = 12cm = 0⋅ 12m
−9 Q
9 3⋅6×10 9 B
∴ 9 × 10 × + 9 × 10 × = 0
0⋅18 0⋅12

or QB = - 2⋅ 4 × 10-6 C

20 / 24
 iii. Force on the test charge at any point = - potential gradient at that point × charge
From the graph, it follows that the potential gradient (i.e. slope of the graph) and hence the force on the test charge is
maximum at the point x = 27 cm.
36. Capacitors C2 and C3 form a parallel combination of equivalent capacitance,
C8 = C2 + C3 = 2 + 2 = 4 μF
Capacitors C4 and C5 form a series combination of capacitance C9 given by
1 1 1 1 1 3 1
= + = + = =
C9 C4 C5 12 6 12 4

∴ C9 =4 μF
The equivalent circuit can be shown as in Fig.

Capacitors C1 and C8 form a series combination of capacitance C10 given by

C1 C8 8×4 32 8
C10 = = = = μF
C1 + C8 8+4 12 3

Capacitors C6 and C9 form a parallel combination of capacitance.

C11 = C6 + C9 = 4 + 4 = 8 μF
The given network reduces to the equivalent circuit

Again, capacitors C7 and C11 form a series combination of capacitance C12 given by
C7 × C11 1×8 8
C12 = = = μF
C7 + C11 1+8 9

Now C10 and C12 form a parallel combination of capacitance C13 as shown in Fig.
8 8 32
C13 = C10 + C12 = + = μF
3 9 9

Finally, the capacitors C and C13 form a series combination of capacitance 1 μF as shown in Fig.

9 32
1

1
=
C
1
+
32
or C = 23
μF

1
37. a. q d = −
3
e [charge on down quark]
2
qu = +
3
e [charge on up quark]
kq q
Potential energy for charges is given by U = 1

r
2

1
k =
4πϵ0

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 kq1 q2 kq1 q3 kq2 q3
U = + +
r r r

1 (− qd )(− qd ) (− qd ) qu qu (− qd )
∴ Un = + +
4πε0 r 4πε0 4π ε0 r
qd
=
4π ε0 r
[+ qd − qu − qu ] [Talking sign of charge]
9 1
9× 10 × e
qd 3 1 2
= [qd − 2qu ] = [ e− 2 ⋅ e]
4π ε0 r −15 3 3
10

[nature sign of charges taken already]

9
9× 10 ×e
=
−15
⋅
3
e
[1 − 4] Joule
3×10

Joule = -7.68 x10-14 J

9 −15
−3×9× 10 ×1.6× 10
=
−15
9×10

= -4.8 × 10-14+19 e V = 4.8 × 105 e V = -0.48 × 106 e V

−14
−7.68X10

−19
1.6X10

U = -0.48 MeV
So, charges inside neutron [1qu and 2qd] are attracted by the energy of 0.48 MeV.
The energy released by a neutron when converted into energy is 939 MeV.
= 0.0005111 = 5.11 × 10-4
1−0.481MeV
∴ Required ratio = 939MeV

b. P.E. Of proton consists of 2 up and 1 down quark

r = 10-15 m
1 2
qd = − e, qu = e
3 3

1 qu × qu qu (− qd ) qu (− qd )
Up = + +
4πε0 r 4π ε0 r 4π ε0 r
qu
= [qu − qd − qd ]
4π ε0 r

qu 9

=
4π ε0 r
[qu − 2qd ] =
9×10

−15
2

3
e[
2

3
e− 2 ⋅
1

3
e] = 0 potential energy is zero for this case.
10

38. Let small sphere has charge q and radius 'a' is placed inside a outer shell of charge +Q and radius b.

Electric potential on the small sphere due to its own charge q

q
V =
1 ...(i)
4π ϵ0 a

where, q = charge on the smaller sphere

a = radius of smaller sphere
Similarly, electric potential on the outer sphere due to its own charge
Q
V2 =
4π ϵ0 b
...(ii)
where, Q = charge on the outer shell
b = radius of the outer shell.
Also, same potential V2 exists at every point inside outer shell due to its own charge, +Q.
Now, net electric potential at inner sphere of radius a.
Vi = V1 + V2
1 q 1 Q
∴ Vi =
4πε0 a
+
4πε0 b
....(iii)
Net electric potential at outer sphere due to charge on the both spheres
1 q 1 Q
Vo =
4πε0
⋅
b
+
4πε0
⋅
b
...(iv)
q
∴ Vi − Vo =
4πε0
(
1

a
−
1

b
) ...(v) [We get this using Eqs. (iii) and (iv)]
1 1
∵ a < b, ∴ >
a b

∴ Vi - Vo > 0
Thus, inner sphere has net potential higher than potential of outer sphere for any value of q and Q.
Therefore, when they are connected by a wire, positive charge will always flow from higher to lower potential i.e. from inner
sphere to outer sphere (irrespective of the magnitude of charge).

22 / 24
39. Let us consider a ring of radius R having charge +Q distributed uniformly over the ring. Also a point P at distance z on its axis
passing through centre O and perpendicular to plane of
ring.

Again consider an element of ring at S of length dl having charge dq and SP is equal to r. Then potential energy due to element dl
at P. If dq is charge on element dl of ring
−kαlq
dV =
r
, where k = 1

4πe0
and as Q is positive charge so potential due to dq charge will be negative.
Charge on 2π R length of ring = Q
Q
Charge on dl length of ring dq = 2πR
dl

So potential due to element dl at P

−k.Q⋅dl
dV =
2πRr
−−−−− −
∵ dW = dV.q and r = √R 2
+ z
2

−kQqdl
So dW =
2 2
2πR√R + z

Integrating both sides, over a ring, we have

W 2πR kqQdl
∫ dW = − ∫
0 0
2 2
2πR√R + z

kqQ2πR
W = −
z2
2πRR√1+
2
R

This work done converts into P.E. at P, so

−Qq
P.E., V =
z2
4π ε0 R√1+
2
R

Qq
Let 4π ε0 R
= S (a new constant )
−S
V =
1/2
2
z
[1+ ]
2
R

At z = -∞
−S
Vz =
1/2
z2
[1+ ]
R2

∵ z >>> R
∴ z2 >>> R2
1/2
2
z
(1 + ) = ∞
2
R
−S
∴ V−z = → 0
∞

∞
V−Z → 0

V+z → 0

At z = 0
V = -S
IF charge −q is displaced slightly from the center of the ring along the axis of the ring, and left the charge would perform
oscillations. However, by just looking at the graph, we cannot come to a firm conclusion about the nature of these oscillations.

23 / 24
40. The given circuit can be redrawn in the form of a Wheatstone bridge as shown in Fig.

As C1 = C2 = C4 = C5
C1 C4
Therefore, =
C2 C5

Thus the given circuit is a balanced Wheatstone bridge. So the potential difference across the ends of the capacitor C3 is zero.
Capacitance C3 is ineffective. The given circuit reduces to the equivalent circuit shown in Fig.

Capacitors C1 and C2 form a series combination of equivalent capacitance C6 given by

C1 × C2 10×10
C6 = = = 5μF
C1 + C2 10+10

Similarly, C4 and C5 form a series combination of equivalent capacitance C7 given by

C4 × C5 10×10
C7 = = = 5μF
C4 + C5 10+10

As shown in Fig. (b), C6 and C7 form a parallel combination. Hence the equivalent capacitance of the network is given by
C = C6 + C7 = 5 + 5 = 10 μ F

24 / 24