THIN CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

Problem 17.1. A cylindrical pipe of diameter 1.5 m and thickness 1.5 cm is subjected to
an internal fluid pressure of 1.2 N/mm2. Determine :
(i) Longitudinal stress developed in the pipe, and
(ii) Circumferential stress developed in the pipe.
Sol. Given :
Dia. of pipe, d = 1.5 m
Thickness, t = 1.5 cm = 1.5 × 10–2 m
Internal fluid pressure, p = 1.2 N/mm2
t 1.5 × 10 −2 1 1
As the ratio = = , which is less than , hence this is a case of thin
d 1.5 100 20
cylinder.
Here unit of pressure (p) is in N/mm2. Hence the unit of σ1 and σ2 will also be in N/mm2.
(i) The longitudinal stress (σ2) is given by equation (17.2) as,
p× d
σ2 =
4t
1.2 × 1.5
= = 30 N/mm2. Ans.
4 × 1.5 × 10 −2
(ii) The circumferential stress (σ1) is given by equation (17.1) as
pd
σ1 =
2t
1.2 × 1.5
= = 60 N/mm2. Ans.
2 × 1.5 × 10 −2
Problem 17.2. A cylinder of internal diameter 2.5 m and of thickness 5 cm contains a
gas. If the tensile stress in the material is not to exceed 80 N/mm2, determine the internal
pressure of the gas.
Sol. Given :
Internal dia. of cylinder, d = 2.5 m
Thickness of cylinder, t = 5 cm = 5 × 10–2 m
Maximum permissible stress = 80 N/mm2
As maximum permissible stress is given. Hence this should be equal to circumferential
stress (σ1).
We know that the circumferential stress should not be greater than the maximum permis-
sible stress. Hence take circumferential stress equal to maximum permissible stress.
∴ σ 1 = 80 N/mm2
Let p = Internal pressure of the gas
Using equation (17.1),
pd
σ1 =
2t
2t × σ 1 2 × 5 × 10 −2 × 80
or p= = (Here unit of σ1 is in N/mm2,
d 2.5
hence unit of p will also be in N/mm2)
= 3.2 N/mm2. Ans.

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Problem 17.3. A cylinder of internal diameter 0.50 m contains air at a pressure of 7 N/mm2
(gauge). If the maximum permissible stress induced in the material is 80 N/mm2, find the
thickness of the cylinder.
Sol. Given :
Internal dia. of cylinder, d = 0.50 m
Internal pressure of air, p = 7 N/mm2
Maximum permissible stress in the material means the circumferential stress (σ1).
As stated earlier that the circumferential stress should not be greater than the maximum
permissible stress. Hence take circumferential stress equal to maximum permissible stress.
∴ Circumferential stress, σ1 = 80 N/mm2
Let t = Thickness of the cylinder
Using equation (17.1),
pd
σ1 =
2t
pd 7 × 0.50
∴ t= = = 0.021875 m
2 × σ1 2 × 80
(Here p and σ1 are in N/mm2, d is in m hence t will be in m)
= 2.188 cm. Ans.
If the value of t is taken 2.1875 cm, the stress induced will be 80 N/mm2. If the value of t
is less than 2.1875 cm, the stress induced will be more than 80 N/mm2. But the stress induced
should not be more than 80 N/mm2. If the value of t is taken more than 2.1875 cm (say t =
2.188 cm), the stress induced will be less than 80 N/mm2.
Hence take t = 2.188 cm or say 2.2 cm. Ans.
Problem 17.4. A thin cylinder of internal diameter 1.25 m contains a fluid at an internal
pressure of 2 N/mm2. Determine the maximum thickness of the cylinder if :
(i) The longitudinal stress is not to exceed 30 N/mm2.
(ii) The circumferential stress is not to exceed 45 N/mm2.
Sol. Given :
Internal dia. of cylinder, d = 1.25 m
Internal pressure of fluid, p = 2 N/mm2
Longitudinal stress, σ2 = 30 N/mm2
Circumferential stress, σ1 = 45 N/mm2
Using equation (17.1),
pd
σ1 =
2t
p × d 2 × 1.25
∴ t= = = 0.0277 m
2 × σ1 2 × 45
= 2.77 cm. ...(i)
Using equation (17.2),
pd
σ2 =
4t
pd 2 × 1.25
∴ t= = = 0.0208 m
4 × σ2 4 × 30
= 2.08 cm. ...(ii)

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The longitudinal or circumferential stresses induced in the material are inversely propor-
tional to the thickness (t) of the cylinder. Hence the stress induced will be less if the value of ‘t’ is
more. Hence take the maximum value of ‘t’ calculated in equations (i) and (ii)
From equations (i) and (ii) it is clear that t should not be less than 2.77 cm.
Take t = 2.80 cm. Ans.
Problem 17.5. A water main 80 cm diameter contains water at a pressure head of
100 m. If the weight density of water is 9810 N/m3, find the thickness of the metal required for
the water main. Given the permissible stress as 20 N/mm2.
Sol. Given :
Dia. of main, d = 80 cm
Pressure head of water, h = 100 m
Weight density of water, w = ρ × g = 1,000 × 9.81 = 9810 N/m3
Permissible stress = 20 N/mm2
Permissible stress is equal to circumferential stress (σ1)
or σ1 = 20 N/mm2
Pressure of water inside the water main,
p = ρ × g × h = wh = 9810 × 100 N/m2
Here σ1 is in N/mm2, hence pressure (p) should also be N/mm2. The value of p in N/mm2 is
given as
9810 × 100
p= N/mm2 (∵ 1 m = 1000 mm)
1000 2 mm 2
= 0.981 N/mm2
Let t = Thickness of the metal required.
Using equation (17.1),
p× d
σ1 = (Here ‘d’ is in cm hence ‘t’ will also be in cm)
2×t
p × d 0.981 × 80
∴ t = 2 × σ = 2 × 20 = 2 cm. Ans.
1

17.6. EFFICIENCY OF A JOINT

The cylindrical shells such as boilers are having two types of joints namely longitudinal
joint and circumferential joint. In case of a joint, holes are made in the material of the shell for
the rivets. Due to the holes, the area offering resistance decreases. Due to the decrease in area,
the stress (which is equal to the force divided by the area) developed in the material of the shell
will be more.
Hence in case of rivetted shell the circumferential and longitudinal stresses are greater
than what are given by equations (17.1) and (17.2). If the efficiency of a longitudinal joint and
circumferential joint are given then the circumferential and longitudinal stresses are obtained as :
Let η l = Efficiency of a longitudinal joint, and
η c = Efficiency of the circumferential joint.
Then the circumferential stress (σ1) is given as
p× d
σ1 = 2t × η ...(17.3)
l

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and the longitudinal stress (σ2) is given as

p× d
σ2 = 4t × η ...(17.4)
c
Note. (i) In longitudinal joint, the circumferential stress is developed whereas in circumferential
joint, the longitudinal stress is developed.
(ii) Efficiency of a joint means the efficiency of a longitudinal joint.
(iii) If efficiencies of a joint are given, the thickness of the thin shell is determined from equation
(17.3).
Problem 17.6. A boiler is subjected to an internal steam pressure of 2 N/mm2. The
thickness of boiler plate is 2.0 cm and permissible tensile stress is 120 N/mm2. Find out the
maximum diameter, when efficiency of longitudinal joint is 90% and that of circumferential
joint is 40%.
Sol. Given :
Internal steam pressure, p = 2 N/mm2
Thickness of boiler plate, t = 2.0 cm
Permissible tensile stress = 120 N/mm2
In case of a joint, the permissible stress may be circumferential stress or longitudinal
stress.
Efficiency of longitudinal joint, ηl = 90% = 0.90
Efficiency of circumferential joint, ηc = 40% = 0.40.
Max. diameter for circumferential stress is given by equation (17.3).
∴ Using equation (17.3),
p× d
σ1 =
2 × ηl × t
where σ1 = Given permissible stress = 120 N/mm2
2×d
∴ 120 = (Here p and σ1 are in same units.
2 × 0.90 × 2.0
Thickness is in cm hence ‘d’ will
be in cm)
120 × 2 × 0.9 × 2.0
∴ d= = 216.0 cm. ...(i)
2
Max. diameter for longitudinal stress is given by equation (17.4).
∴ Using equation (17.4),
p× d
σ2 =
4 × ηc × t
where σ2 = Given permissible stress
= 120 N/mm2.
2×d
∴ 120 =
4 × 0.4 × 2.0
120 × 4 × 0.4 × 2.0
∴ d= = 192 cm. ...(ii)
2
The longitudinal or circumferential stresses induced in the material are directly propor-
tional to diameter (d). Hence the stress induced will be less if the value of ‘d’ is less. Hence take
the minimum value of ‘d’ calculated from equations (i) and (ii).

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Maximum diameter of the boiler is equal to the minimum* value of diameter given by
equations (i) and (ii).
Hence maximum diameter, d = 192 cm. Ans.
(*Please note that if d is taken as equal to 216.0 cm, the longitudinal stress (σ2) will be
more than the given permissible value as shown below :
p× d 2 × 216
σ2 = = = 135 N/mm2.)
4 × η c × t 4 × 0.4 × 2.0
Problem 17.7. A boiler shell is to be made of 15 mm thick plate having a limiting tensile
stress of 120 N/mm2. If the efficiencies of the longitudinal and circumferential joints are 70%
and 30% respectively determine :
(i) The maximum permissible diameter of the shell for an internal pressure of 2 N/mm2,
and
(ii) Permissible intensity of internal pressure when the shell diameter is 1.5 m.

Sol. Given :
Thickness of boiler shell, t = 15 mm
Limiting tensile stress = 120 N/mm2
Limiting tensile stress may be circumferential stress or langitudinal stress.
Efficiency of longitudinal joint, ηl = 70% = 0.70
Efficiency of circumferential joint, ηc = 30% = 0.30.
(i) Maximum Permissible diameter for an internal pressure,
p = 2 N/mm2.
The boiler shell should be designed for the limiting tensile stress of 120 N/mm2. First
consider the limiting tensile stress as circumferential stress and then as longitudinal stress. The
minimum diameter of the two case will satisfy the condition.
(a) Taking limiting tensile stress = Circumferential stress
σ1 = 120 N/mm2.
∴ σ1 = 120 N/mm2
But σ1 is also given by equation (17.3) as
p× d
σ1 =
2 × ηl × t
2×d
∴ 120 = (Here t is in mm hence ‘d’ will be in mm)
2 × 0.7 × 15
120 × 2 × 0.7 × 15
∴ d= = 1260 mm ...(i)
2
(b) Taking limiting tensile stress = Longitudinal stress
(σ2) = 120 N/mm2.
∴ σ2 = 120 N/mm2
Using equation (17.4),
p× d
σ2 =
4 × ηc × t
2×d
or 120 =
4 × 0.30 × 15

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120 × 4 × 0.3 × 15
∴ d= = 1080 mm ...(ii)
2
Thus the maximum diameter of the shell, in order both the conditions may be satisfied =
1080 mm. Ans.
(ii) Permissible intensity of internal pressure when the shell diameter is 1.5 m.
or d = 1.5 m = 1500 mm.
(a) Taking limiting tensile stress = Circumferential stress (σ1)
= 120 N/mm2
Using equation (17.3),
p× d
σ1 =
2 × ηl × t
p × 1500
or 120 = (Here σ1 is in N/mm2 hence ‘p’ will be in N/mm2)
2 × 0.7 × 15
120 × 2 × 0.7 × 15
∴ p= = 1.68 N/mm2 ...(i)
1500
(b) Taking limiting tensile stress = Longitudinal stress (σ2)
= 120 N/mm2
Using equation (17.4),
p× d
σ2 =
4 × ηc × t
p × 1500
120 =
4 × 0.30 × 15
120 × 4 × 0.30 × 15
∴ p= = 1.44 N/mm2 ...(ii)
1500
Hence in order both the conditions may be satisfied the maximum permissible internal
pressure is equal to the minimum* value of pressure given by (i) and (ii).
∴ Maximum permissible internal pressure = 1.44 N/mm2
(*If p is taken equal to 1.68 N/mm2, then longitudinal stress (σ2) will be,
p× d 1.68 × 1500
σ2 = = = 140 N/mm2.)
4 × η c × t 4 × 0.30 × 15
This value is more than the given limiting tensile stress.
Problem 17.8. A cylinder of thickness 1.5 cm, has to withstand maximum internal pres-
sure of 1.5 N/mm2. If the ultimate tensile stress in the material of the cylinder is 300 N/mm2,
factor of safety 3.0 and joint efficiency 80%, determine the diameter of the cylinder.
Sol. Given :
Thickness of cylinder, t = 1.5 cm
Internal pressure, p = 1.5 N/mm2
Ultimate tensile stress = 300 N/mm2
Factor of safety = 3.0
Ultimate tensile stress 300
∴ Working stress, σ1 = = = 100 N/mm2
Factor of safety 3
Joint efficiency, η = 80% = 0.80

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Joint efficiency means the efficiency of longitudinal joint (or ηl),

∴ ηl = 0.80.
The stress corresponding to longitudinal joint is given by equation (17.3).
Using equation (17.3),
p× d
σ1 = 2 × η × t
l
1.5 × d
100 =
2 × 0.80 × 1.5
100 × 2 × 0.80 × 1.5
∴ d= = 160 cm = 1.6 m. Ans.
1.5

17.7. EFFECT OF INTERNAL PRESSURE ON THE DIMENSIONS OF A THIN

CYLINDRICAL SHELL
When a fluid having internal pressure (p) is stored in a thin cylindrical shell, due to
internal pressure of the fluid the stresses set up at any point of the material of the shell are :
(i) Hoop or circumferential stress (σ1), acting on longitudinal section.
(ii) Longitudinal stress (σ2) acting on the circumferential section.
These stresses are principal stresses, as they are acting on principal planes. The stress in
the third principal plane is zero as the thickness (t) of the cylinder is very small. Actually the
stress in the third principal plane is radial stress which is very small for thin cylinders and can
be neglected.
Let p = Internal pressure of fluid
L = Length of cylindrical shell
d = Diameter of the cylindrical shell
t = Thickness of the cylindrical shell
E = Modulus of Elasticity for the material of the shell
σ1 = Hoop stress in the material
σ2 = Longitudinal stress in the material
µ = Poisson’s ratio
δd = Change in diameter due to stresses set up in the material
δL = Change in length
δV = Change in volume.
The values of σ1 and σ2 are given by equations (17.1) and (17.2) as
pd
σ1 =
2t
p× d
σ2 =
4t
Let e1 = Circumferential strain,
e2 = Longitudinal strain.
Then circumferential strain,
σ 1 µσ 2
e1 = − ...(17.5)
E E

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