Design pressure.

From table 13.2 (R.K. Sinnot, 1999. Chemical Engineering Design), typical design stress =
133.5 N/mm2

Operating pressure for reactor is 6.5 bar.

N
1.01325× 105
m2
Operating pressure=6.5 ×
¯
N 1 m2 N
1.01325 ¯¿ =650000 2 × 2 2
=0.65 2
¿
m 1000 mm mm

The pressure given in the table only design stress for selected material but for design stress
pressure that generated by the fluid also need to take into consideration. From book of
Pressure Vessel Handbook 10th edition page 29 giving the pressure of water that will emit at
different length. But for other material, the value needs to multiply with specific gravity of fluid
or other calculation is:

Pf =head ( feet ) × 0.433

3.2808 ft
Pf =( 57.0827 m× ) ×0.433
1m

lb f
Pf =81.0909
¿2
Value above is for the water. To get the pressure in the reactor emit by the fluid is multiply
value get by specific gravity of fluid. Specific gravity for the solution in the reactor is 1.29.

lb f lb f N N
Pf =81.0909 2
×1.29=104.607 2
=721237.3622 2
=0.7212
¿ ¿ m mm 2

So design pressure should be taken is:

N N N
Total pressure=0.65 2
+0.7212 2
=1.3712
mm mm mm2

Taking 10 per cent above as design pressure

N N N
Design pressure=1.3712 2
×1.1=1.50832 2
=1508320 2
mm mm m

Thickness of the reactor.

PR
t=
SE−0.6 P

where
P = Design pressure, N/mm2

R = Inside radius, m

S = Stress value of material, N/mm2

E = Joint efficiency

t = Wall thickness

So the wall thickness is

N
1.50832 2
×7.135 ×103 mm
mm
t= =81.1634 mm
N N
(133.5 ×1)−(0.6 ×1.50832 )
mm2 mm 2

Add 2mm corrosion allowance. So the thickness required is 83.1634 mm.

Determine the maximum allowable working pressure:

SEt
P a=
R+0.6 t

N
(133.5 2
× 1× 83.1634 mm)
mm N
P a= 3
=1.545
7.135 × 10 + 0.6(83.1634 mm) mm2

Domed head

The head furnished without straight flange. Determine the required thickness of
hemispherical head.

PR
t=
2 SE−0.2 P

N
(1.50832 2
×7.135 ×103 mm)
mm
t= =40.352 mm
N N
2× 133.5 × 1−0.2(1.50832 )
mm2 mm2

Add 2mm corrosion allowance= 42.352 mm

Determine the maximum allowable working pressure:

SEt
P=
R+0.2 t

N
(133.5 2
× 1× 42.352 mm)
mm N
P= 3
=0.7914
7.135× 10 + 0.2(42.352 mm) mm 2
Determine the required thickness seamless ellipsoidal head

PD
t=
2 SE−0.2 P

N
(1.50832 2
)× 14.2707 ×103 mm
mm
t= =80.708 mm
N N
(
2× 133.5
mm2 )
×1 −0.2 ×1.50832
mm2

Add 2mm corrosion allowance= 82.708 mm

Determine the maximum allowable working pressure:

2 SEt
P a=
D+0.2 t

P a=
(
2 × 133.5
mm
2 )
×1 ×82.708 mm
=1.5456
N
3
14.2707 ×10 +0.2 × 82.708mm mm2

Determine the required thickness ASME flange and dished (torisphere) head

Crown radius Rc = Di = 14.27 m

Knuckle radius = 6 percent Rc = 0.8562

L 57.0827 m
= =66.67
r 0.8562 m

From Pressure vessel Handbook 10th edition, M = 1.3968

PLM
t=
2 SE−0.2 P

N
1.50832 2
×57.0827 ×103 ×1.3968
mm
t= =450.9329 mm
N N
2× 133.5 × 1−0.2 ×1.50832
mm2 mm 2

add 2mm corrosion allowance = 452.9329 mm

Determine the maximum allowable working pressure:

2 SEt
P a=
LM +0.2 t

N
2× 133.5
× 1× 452.9329 mm
mm 2 N
P a= 3
=1.515
57.0827 ×10 ×1.3968+ 0.2× 452.9329 mm mm 2
Flat head

Use a full face gasket Cp = 0.4

De= bolt circle diameter, take as approx. 14.47 m.

1.50832
e=0.4 ×14.47 ×103 ×
√ 133.5
=615.226 mm

This shows the inefficiency of a flat cover. It would be better to use a flanged domed head.
So ellipsoidal head will be used.

Tube properties

Types of material used is stainless steel (standard)

SUPPORT

Support used for this reactor is saddle.

Location of saddle.

14.311
( )
R 2
A= = =3.578m
2 2

Contact angle is 1200

Vessel supported by saddle subject to:

1. Longitudinal bending stress

2. Tangential shear stress
3. Circumferential stress

Total load of vessel.

Shell dead weight

W v =C v π ρm D m g ×(H v +0.8 Dm )t ×10−3

Where:

Wv = total weight of the shell, excluding internal fittings, such as plates, N,

Cv = a factor to account for the weight of nozzles, man ways, internal supports,

etc; which can be taken as

= 1.08 for vessels with only a few internal fittings,

 = 1.15 for distillation columns, or similar vessels, with several man ways,

and with plate support rings, or equivalent fittings,

Hv = height, or length, between tangent lines (the length of the cylindrical

section), m,

g = gravitational acceleration, 9.81 m/s2,

t = wall thickness, mm

pm = density of vessel material, kg/m3,

Dm = mean diameter of vessel D =(Di + t x 10-3), m.

Density of austenic stainless steel 316L is 8000 kg/m3.

Cv taken is 1.08

W v =( 1.08 ) × π × 8000 × ( 14.27+ 83.1634 ×10−3 ) × 9.81

׿

W v =21792177.14 N=21792.177 kN

Weight of tube:

Density of austenic stainless steel 316L = 8000 kg/m3

(Obtain from Incropera De Witt, Heat and Mass Transfer)

weight of tube= ( π4 ) N ( d
t 0
2
−d i2 ) t ρm

Where;

Nt = number of tubes

t = tube length

weight of tube= ( π4 ) 55946 (0.060325 −0.05250 )0.00391 x 8000

2 2

weight of tube=1213.43 N=1 .21343 kN

Weight of tube sheet:

weight of tube sheet=2 ( π4 ) (d 0
2
)t ρm

weight of tube sheet=2 ( π4 ) (0.060325 ) 0.00391 x 8000

2

weight of tube sheet=0.1788 N=1.78× 10−4 kN

Weight of fluid.

Weight of fluid=Volume of reactor ×density mixture of compound × 9.81

Weight of fluid=9130.26589× 1289.8220× 9.81=115526657 N =115526.657 kN

Total load of reactor

Q=21792.177 kN +177.2045 kN +26.11203 kN +115526.657 kN =137522.1507 kN

Stresses in vessel on two saddle.

Where:

Q = load on one saddle

R = outside radius of the shell

S = stress, kN/m2

ts = wall thickness of the shell

th = wall thickness of the head. (excluding corrosion allowance)

K = constant
θ = contact angle of saddle degree

Longitudinal bending

(i) At the saddle (tension at the top and compression at the bottom)

A R2 −H 2

S1=±
QA 1−
( 1−
L
1+
+

¿ K R2 t s
2 AL
4H
3L
)
From the table page 90 in Pressure Vessel Handbook 10th edition value for *K = K1=0.335.
This value is to find tension stress.

2 2
3.578 m (7.219 m) −(7.218 m)

( )
1− +
57.08 m 2 ( 3.578 )( 57.08 )
(137522.1507 k N ) ( 3.578 m ) 1−
4 ( 7.218 )
1+
3 ( 57.08 )
¿ S1=±
0.335(7.2192 )(0.0831634)

kN
S1=68112.962
m2

From the table page 90 in Pressure Vessel Handbook 10th edition value for *K = K8=0.603.
This value is to find compression stress.

S1=± ( 1 37522.1507 kN ) (3.578 m ) ¿ ¿

kN
S1=−37840.535
m2

The compression stress is a factor since t/R=83.1634x10-3/7218.5134=1.15208x10-5

(ii) Stress at midspan

R2−H 2

( )
1+2
QL L2 4A
−
4 4H L
1+
3L
S1=±
π R2 t s

Tension stress and compression stress

 7.2192−7.2182

( )
1+ 2
137522.1507 ×57.08 57.082 4 ×3.578
−
4 4 ×7. 218 57.08
1+
3× 57.08
S1=±
π × 7.2192 × 0.0831634

kN
S1=± 87198.794
m2

Stress due to internal pressure

PR 1.50832 ×7. 219 ×103 N kN

P= = =65.465 2
=65464.868 2
2t s 2× 83.1634 mm m

The sum of tensional stresses:

kN kN kN
87198.794 2
+65464.868 2 =152663.6618 2
m m m

When the calculation of maximum allowable stress is not been made, design pressure shall
be maximum allowable stress. Based on the summation of tensional stresses, the value has
exceeded the allowable stress. So, stiffener ring should be provided.

Since value for *S1 > allowable working pressure. Recalculated back the S1 value by using
K=3.14.

2 2
3.578 m (7.219 m) −(7.218 m)

( )
1− +
57.08 m 2 ( 3.578 ) ( 57.08 )
( 137522.1507 kN ) (3.578 m ) 1−
4 ( 7.218 )
1+
3 ( 57.08 )
S1=±
3.14 ×(7.2192 )(0.0831634)

kN
S1 =
m2