Detail Design

Components

 Frame  Hopper fro fertilizer and seed

 Shaft  Pipes for seed dropping
 Belt and pulley  wheel
 Metering shaft

Working speed

One hectare (100mX100m) has 500 lines which is 20 cm apart. The machine work
five rows in one pass. One hectare should complete in 125 round (pass) in this system
we must see alternative option by changing the numbers of row at one time.

Line - 0.2x4=0.8m

0.8 = 1 sec

100m = X

X=125 sec =2minute = 100m in one pass

Loading time estimation

Teff hopper refill after nine pass (900m) which has 11 times fill in one hectare, the
fertilizer hopper gives after two pass (200m) which have 500 times fill in one hectare

Available power

Hp=0.35-0.092log (t) for one pass takes 2.77 minute

Hp=0.35-0.092log (200) t=200 minute

Hp=0.138 hp 1pass=2 minute

100pass=X

X=3.4 Hour

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 75 X HP 75 X 0.138
Carrying mass = = =12.9kg
75 75

Belt and Pulley

Diameter of driving pulley D2=70mm,velocity ratio=1.75 t=3mm from table

πd 2 0.33 x 60
V2=
60 xN 2
N2=
πx 70 m
= 90rpm (where v2=0.33m/s it is peripheral Velocity of driving

pulley)

90 rpm 3+40 mm
=
N1 3t 70 mm(1−0.5+ 0.5/100)

N1=154.3 rpm rotational speed for driven pulley

Peripheral velocity of driven pulley

Let c =730 mm

πD 1 πx 0.04 m
V1= = = 0.323 m/s
60 xN 1 60 x 154.3 rpm

180° −D2−D1
Arc of contact pulley 1= = 155°
c x 60°

180° −D2−D1
Arc of contact pulley 2= = 205°
c x 60°

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Power transmitted by a belt

T2 slack side
T2
2
1

A B

T1
Tight side
T1

Driving pulley Driven

pulley

First stage transmission system

Coefficient of friction

η2=0.32………… made from wood

η1=0.42………… made from plastic

Turning (driving) force = (T1-T2)

WD per second = (T1-T2) V(N.m/s)

Power transmission (p) = (T1-T2)Vwatt=13.05W…….. From table

13.05
(T1-T2)= = 16.3125N
0.8

755 x 3.14
Angle of contact pulley1 θ1 = = 2.7 rad
180

205 x 3.14
Angle of contact pulley1 θ2 = = 3.576 rad
180

Both pulley have different coefficient of friction therefore the design will be referred
to a pulley for which Nθ is small.

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Pulley 1 Nθ1=0.42 x 2.7 rad =1.135

Pulley 2 Nθ2=0.32 x 3.576 rad =1.144

The value of Nθ pulley one is less than pulley two therefore the design refers the
smallest value

T1/T2=e1.135=3.11 …… Therefore T1=3.11 T2

By substituting T1=58.28N

T2=18.74N

T1+T2=77.02N

The torque exerted on :

Driving pulley (T) = (T1-T2)γ2=(58.28-18.74)x35=1383.9Nmm

Driven pulley (T) = (T1-T2)γ1=(58.28-18.74)x20 =790.8Nmm

Maximum stress on belt

Ʈmax 77.02 N
σmax = σt = 3 x 20 mm 2 =1.286N/mm
2

Initial tension in belt

When driving pulley start rotating there will be increase in tension.

T 1+T 2 7702 N ¿ 38.5 N 2

To= = 2 = 38.5N A = 60 x 1 mm2 =0.642N/mm
2

Bending stress

E x belt thickness 100 x 3

σb = pulley diameter = 40 = 4.285N/mm
-2

Design for handle

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 F

mm

mm

F=T/r M=FxL

Bending stress

M= σb x Z where Z=π/32 x d3 …. Where d3 is diameter of pedal

Let us take factor of safety n=2

T
σsy = σb x n so F= r =1383.9 nmm/100mm=13.859N

M=FxL=13.85Nx 1400mm=1937.46Nmm

σb=M/z where Z=π/32 x d3 =50.24mm …… from assumption (books)

σb=1937.46Nmm/50.24mm=38.56 N/mm 2

σsy = σb x n=38.56 N/mm 2

x 2=77.12 N/mm2

let us choose the material type used polyester it have ultimate tensile strength 95Mpa
and E=3.9 Gpa compressive strength 125 Mpa and 30% elongation at brake mass of
41 g

Lever design

-Cross section of the lever arm is rectangular and consist width and thickness

-bending stress σb=M/z maximum bending moment M=F x z

-We shall design the lever arm for 25% more bending moment

M=1.25 x 13.839 x 100 Nmm

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M=1729.9 Nmm

Section modulus

Z=1/6 x t x B2 (Let assuming B= 4t and substituting from section modulus formula)

Pulley running surface

The running surface of driving pulley must not be smooth due to risk of stick and
noise creation and not too rough (no knurled surface) this can cause excessive belt
wear and premature belt failure.it is a best recommendation for the roughness of the
running surface according to ISO 4282 arithmetically mean deviation of profile
Ra=4Nm.

Subtract the value of section modulus and bending moment on the equation of
bending. Stress takes similar with pedal.

M 6 x 29.9 Nmm
σb= Z = 60.4Mpa = 16 x t 3 =……..( t3=2.2mm let us take t=9mm width of

arm(B)=16mm)

Let us check the lever arm for induced bending and shear stress:

σb=M/z….. M=1`3.939N x 100 mm =1383.9 Nmm

z=1/6 x t x B2= 1/6 x 4mm x 162=42.67 mm3

σb=M/z=1383.9Nmm/42.67mm =32.4 N/mm

3 2

So the induced bending stress is less than the allowable bending stress and the
induced shear stress.

Twisting moment in the arm T=1383.9N

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T=2/9 x B x t2 x Ʈ …….. Substituting all values from the above equation

1383.9 Nmm=1/2 x16mm x 16mm2 x Ʈ

Ʈ=0.67 Nmm2

From material selection Ʈ=0.67 Nmm2 σsy

Ʈ=0.577 x 60.4 Mpa = 30.85 Mpa

Allowable shear stress Ʈall=Ʈ/n

Assume factor of safety n=2

Ʈall=30.85 Mpa/2 =17.4 N/mm2

1-Maximum principal bending stress:

1 1
σb = 2¿ ¿ = 2 [32.4+√ 32.4 + 4(0.67) ] = 32.4 Mpa
2 2

2-Maximum shear stress;

1 1
Ʈmax= 2 2 = ¿=16.21 Mpa
2 √( σb +4 Ʈ ¿ ) ¿ 2

Determine the diameter of journal D

The equivalent twisting moment (Te)

2
Te=P(√ l+ x ¿ ¿2 +1002=13.85N(√ ¿2/3 x 100+10)2=1690.6 Nmm
3

Te=π/16 x Ʈ x D3

D=√3 Te x 16/ πƮ = 8mm lets take D=10mm

let us take structural steel ASTM-A36 because its more available and strong E=200
Gpa ultimate tensile strength (Su) = 400MPa, yield strength Sy= 250MPa, Mass= 30g.

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Design of driving shaft

The design is at circular cross section let as calculate reaction force at bearing

∑(Ra+Rb-(T1+T2))=0

T1+T2=77.02N

R1+R2=77.02N

- (T1+T2) x 45+Rb x110 =0 let Ra=52.26N Rb=24.76N

Bending moment of circular section of mid point

M=(T1+T2) x over hung

77.02 x 45 =3465.9 Nmm

Te=√ T 2 + M 2=3731.97 Nmm

Te=π/16 x Ʈ x 103 lets take D=10mm

Ʈ=19N/mm2

Check for equivalent bending moment

Me=1/2(M+√ T 2 + M 2) …….. where T=1383.9Nmm and M=3465.9 Nmm

Me=3599 Nmm

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 Me=π/32 x σb x D3

σb=32 x 3599 Nmm/π(10)3=36.67 N/mm2

According to the maximum shear stress theory the maximum shear stress in driving
shaft :

1
Ʈmax=
2 √ σ 2 + 4(Ʈ )2 =26.4 N/mm 2

According to maximum bending stress:

1
σbmax= 2 [σb+√ σ 2 + 4(Ʈ )2]=44.74 N/mm2

Load diagram

Let us choose structural steel ASTM-A36 because its more available and strong
E=200 Gpa ultimate tensile strength Su=400Mpa, Yield strength=250 Mpa ,
mass =82.38

 Check the deflection: the deflection of shaft should be maximum

X=55mm,RA=52.26N take the momentum of critical point :
dy 2 dy 2 RAx dy RAX 2 3
M= EI dx 2 = dx 2
= EI dx = 2 EI
y= RAX
6 EI

4
πD 4 π (10)
I= = = 490.6 mm4
64 64

52.26 N x (55 mm)3

y= = 0.015 mm
6 x 200 x 490.6 x 103

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