Fluid mechanics

assignment
SUBMITTED TO : PROF MOHD ATHAR

SUBMITTED BY : MOHD IMRAN

FACULTY NO. : 17CEB349

ENROLLMENT NO. :GF1388

SERIAL NO. :03

SECTION : A2CB

COURSE NO. CE2130

Q1:A cylinder of 120mm diameter rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of diameter
125mm. Both cylinders are 300mm long. Find the viscosity of the liquid that fills the space
between the cylinders if a torque of 0.90 Nm is required to maintain a speed of 60rpm.

125mm
120mm

300mm

Solution:
Given; length l=0.3m
Internal cylinder diameter d=0.12m
Outer cylinder diameter D=0.125m
N=60rpm
Torque=0.9Nm
Using formula , τ=µ(dv/dy)
Ѡ=6.28 rad/s
dv=rxѠ=0.06x6.28=0.3768m/s
dy=0.0025m
τ=µ(0.3768/0.0025)
τ=µ(150.72)
Force, F=τ x area
F=µ(150.72)x(2 π x0.060x0.3)
Torque, T=rxF
T=µ(1.0223)
µ=0.9/1.0223

µ=0.88 Ns/ m
2
. ANS
Q2: A square plate 50cmx 50cm weighing 200N slide down inclined plan of slope 1 vertical:
2.5 horizontal with a uniform velocity of 0.4 m/s. If a thin layer of oil of thickness 0.5cm
fills with the space between the plate and the inclined plan, determine the coefficient of
viscosity.

20
0s
2.5 in

Solution:
Given; W=200N
V=0.4m/s
dy=0.005m
sin θ =1/2.6926

Formula, τ=µ(dv/dy)
F=τ x area
200 sin θ =µ(0.4/0.005)(0.25)
µ=(200/2.6926)/(20)

µ=3.714 Ns/ m2 . ANS

Q3: A circular disc of radius R is held parallel to a large plane and stationary surface at a
small distance from it. If the space t between the two is filled with oil of dynamic viscosity
µ and the disc is rotated at N rpm, determine torque required to maintain this rotation.
 R

Solution:
Radius=R
Revolution= N rpm
Viscosity=µ
dy=t
Ѡ=2 π N/60
Let take a strip at r with dr thickness,
Using formula ; τ=µ(dv/dy)
=µ2 π N r/60t
Force, df=τ . dA
=(2 π µNr/60t)(2 π r).dr
Torque, dT=r.df
=(4 π 2 Nµ/60t) r 3 .dr
4 πNμ 3
r ⋅ ⅆr
60 t
T= ¿
R

∫¿
r

π 2 Nμ R 4
T= 60 t
. ANS

Q4: A circular cylinder of radius R1 and height h rotates at N rpm in a cylinder of radius R2
with their axes vertical and coinciding. If the space between the bottom of the cylindrical
container and cylinder is t which is small and if the space between the cylinder and
container is filled with oil of dynamic viscosity µ, obtain an expression for the total torque
T required to maintain the motion. Assume R2 to be slightly larger than R.
Solution:

R1 R2

For base;
Let take a strip at r with dr thickness,
Using formula ; τ=µ(dv/dy)
=µ2 π N r/60t
Force, df=τ . dA
=(2 π µNr/60t)(2 π r).dr
Torque, dT=r.df
=(4 π 2 Nµ/60t) r 3 .dr
R1
4 Π 2 Nμ 3
T1= ∫ r ⅆr
r
60t

π 2 Nμ R14
T1=
60 t
For the side;
τ=µ(dv/dy)
F=τ . dA
 2 πN R1
=µ x 2 π R1 h
60 ( R 2−Ri )

T2=r x F
2 3
4 π μN R1 h
T2=
60 ( R 2−R1 )

Hence total torque T= T1+T2

π 2 Nμ R31 h π 2 Nμ R41
T= +
60t
ANS
15 ( R 2−R1 )

Q5: A liquid drop of radius R breaks up into 8 smaller drops, all of equal size, calculate the
work done.
Solution:

Let radius of small drop is r,

Initial volume = final volume
4 3 4 3
π R =(8) π r
3 3
R=2r
Surface energy= σ x area
Initial energy= 4 π R2 σ
Final energy= ( 8 ) 4 π r 2 σ
2
R
=32π ( )
2
σ

= 8 π R2 σ

Work done=final energy – initial energy

= 8 π R2 σ −4 π R2 σ

Work Done= 4 π R2 σ . ANS

Q6: In a measuring the unit surface energy of oil of relative density 0.85 by the tube
method, a tube with an internal diameter of 1.5mm is immersed to a depth of 1.25cm in
the oil. Air is forced through the tube forming a bubble pressure of 147pa?
Solution:

1.25cm

Given; Density, ρ=850 kg/ m3

Depth, h=1.25cm
Internal diameter, d=1.5mm
Pressure inside bubble, P=147 Pa
Pressure outside, P0= ρgh
= 850 ×9.81 ×0.0125
=104.23 Pa
 Change in pressure= P – P0
=147 – 104.23
=42.77 Pa
As we know that,
4σ
∆ P=
d
42.77=4σ/(0.0015)

σ= 0.016 N/m ANS

Question 7 The velocity component in a two dimenstional incompressible flows are

u = y3 +6x -3x2y and v = 3yx2 - 6y –x3 find whethere
(a) flow is continuous
(b) Flow is irrotational
(c) In case the flow is irrotational find the potential function
(d) And the stream function ψ

(a) If flow is continuous then satisfied continuous equation

∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0
∂x ∂ y ∂ z

u = y3 +6x -3x2y
v = 3yx2 - 6y –x3 ,w =0
∂u ∂v
=6−6 xy , =6xy – 6
∂x ∂y
Put these value above equation
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =6−6 xy +6xy – 6 = 0
∂x ∂ y ∂ z

(b) if flow is irrotational then satisfied

 ∂u ∂ v
− =0, u = y3 +6x -3x2y v = 3yx2 - 6y –x3
∂y ∂x
(3y2-3x2 ) - (3y2-3x2) = 0

(c) Potential function (φ)

∂φ ∂φ
=−u =−v
∂x ∂y

∫d φ = ∫−u d x

Φx,y = ∫−( y 3+6 x−3 x 2 y ) dx

Φx,y = - y3 x -3x2 +x3y +f(y)

∂φ
=−v
∂y
f I y = 6y
f(y) =3y2
Φx,y = - y3 x -3x2 +x3y +3y2
(d) Stream function

∂ψ ∂ψ
=−v =u
∂x ∂y

Ψx,y = ∫ 3 y 2 x −6 y – x3 dx f(y) = y4/4 + c

Ψx,y = x4/4 +y4/4 + 6xy -3 x2y2 + c

Question 8. For the following flows find the equation of stream line passing through the
indicated point.
1) V= 2xi-yj-zk passing through point(1,1,1)
 2) V=-xi+2yj+(3-z)k passing through point (1,1,2)

Solution.(1)
dx dy dz
Equation of stream line= = =
u v w
u, v, w are the velocity component in x, y, z direction
u=2x
v=-y
w=-z
dx dy
=
u v
Integrate both side
dx dy
∫ 2 x =∫ −y
1
log ( x )=−log ( y )+ log ⁡( c)
2
C =x1/2*y x,y=(1,1)
C=1
x1/2*y =1

(2). V =-xi+2yj+(3-z)k passing through point (1,1,2)

u=-x Type equation here .
v=2y
w=3-z,
dx dy dz
Equation of stream line= = =
u v w
dx dy
=
u v
Integrate both side
dx dy
∫ −x =∫ 2 y
-log(x)=1/2 log(y)-log(c)
C =y1/2*x x,y=(1,1)
C=1
y1/2*x =1
dx dz
=
u w
Integrating equation
dx dy
∫ −x =∫ 3−z
-log(x)=-log(3-z)-log(c)
C=(3-z)/x at x,z=1,2
C=1
(3-z)=x .

Question 9 For a three dimentional flow field describe by

V = (y2 +z2 )i + (x2 +z2 ) j + (x2 +y2 )k
Find (a) the component of acceleration at (1,2,3)
(b) the component of rotation at (1,2,3)

Solution
Given that
u = y2 +z2 , v = x2 +z2 , w = x2 +y2
∂u
=0
∂x
∂u
= 2y
∂y
∂u
= 2z
∂z
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
= 0 , ax = +u +v +w
∂t ∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x
(x,y,z) =(1,2,3)
ax = 70 m2/s
 ∂v
= 2x
∂x
∂v
= 0
∂y
∂v
= 2z
∂z
∂v
=0
∂t
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
ay = +u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x
ay = 56 m2/s
∂w
=2
∂x
∂w
=2y
∂y
∂w
=0
∂z
∂w
=0
∂t
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
az = +u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x
az = 66 m2/s
(b) components of rotation
u = y2 +z2 , v = x2 +z2 , w = x2 +y2

1 ∂w ∂v
Wx = ( - )
2 ∂y ∂z
= y-z , = 2-3, = -1 rad /s
1 ∂u ∂w
Wy = ( - )
2 ∂z ∂x
= z-x
= 3-1
2 rad/s
1 ∂v ∂u
Wz = ( - )
2 ∂x ∂y
 = x - y
= 1 - 2
= -1 rad/s

Question 10 Find the convecting acceleration at the middle of a pipe which

converges uniformly from 0.6 m diameter to 0.3 diameter over the 3m length
The rate of flow is 40 liter/s . if the rate of flow change uniformly from 40 liter/s to
80 liter/s in 40 second find the total acceleration at the middle of the pipe at 20 th
second?

Solution : local acceleration = rate of change of velocity

Diameter at X-X = d1 +(d2 –d1 ) ×x/L

At 1.5 m
D1.5d =0.6 + (0.3-0.6)/2
=0.45m
V1 = 0.04/ (3.14/4) × (0.45)2 =0.25m/s
V2 =0.08/(3.14/4)× (0.45)2 =0.503m/s
local acceleration =V2 - V1 / 40 = 6.3 × 10-3 m/sec2
total acceleration = 0.1125+0.0063 =0.118m/sec 2

case 1: Q= 0.04m3 /sec

V1= Q/a1 = 0.04/(3.14/4×(0.6)2) = 0.14147m/sec
V2 = Q/a2 = 0.04/(3.14/4× (0.3)2) = 0.5658m/sec

Vx-x = V1 + (V2 - V1) X x/ L

Vx-x =0.14147+ 0.14144x

∂Vxx
= 0.14144
∂x
Convective acceleration at 1.5 m
= (0.14147 +0.14144x )× 0.14144
=(0.14147 + 0.14144 × 1.5) × 0.14144
=0.05m/s2 .

Case 2: Q= 40 litres to 80 litres

Total acceleration = convection acceleration + local acceleration
Qat 20 sec = 0.04 + (0.08- 0.04)/ 40 × 20
= 0.04 + 0.02 = 0.06 m3/sec
V1 = Q/a1 = 0.06/( 3.14/4)× 0.62 = 0.2122m/sec
V2 = Q/a2 = 0.06/(3.14/4) × 0.32 = 0.8488m/sec
Vx-x = 0.2122 + 0.2122x
∂Vxx
= 0.2122
∂x
Convection acceleration at middle
= 0.2122 + (0.2122× 1.5)× 0.2122
=0.1125m/s2