1. In a refinery oil (ν = 1.

8 x 10-5 m2/s) flows through a 100-

mm diameter pipe at 0.50 L/s. Is the flow laminar or
turbulent?

Solution:
Q = 0.50 Liter/s = m3/s
D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
Q = AV = (πD2/4)V, V = (4Q)/(πD2)
V = (4 x )/(3.14 x 0.1 x0.1) = m/s
R = (DV)/ν = (0.1 x )/(1.8 x 10-5) = 354
Since R < Rcrit=2000, the flow is laminar.

2. Stream with a specific weight of 0.32 lb/ft3 is flowing with a velocity of 94 ft/s through a
circular pipe with f = What is the shear stress at the pipe wall?

Solution:
γ = 0.32 lb/ft3
V = 94 ft/s
f=
g = 32.2 ft/s2τ0= ?
τ0= (f /4) γ (V2/2g)
τ0= (0.0171/4)(0.32)(94x94)/(2x32.2)
τ0= lb/ft2
 3. Stream with a specific weight of 38 N/m3 is flowing with a velocity of 35 m/s through a
circular pipe with f = What is the shear stress at the pipe wall?

Solution:
γ = 38 N/m3
V = 35 m/sf =
g = 9.81 m/s2τ0= ?
τ0= (f /4) γ (V2/2g)
τ0= (0.0154/4)(38)(35x35)/(2x9.81)
τ0= 9.13 N/m2

4. Oil of viscosity m2/s flows in a 100mm diameter pipe at a rate of 0.64 L/s. Find the head loss
per unit length.

Solution:
ν = m2/s
D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
Q = 0.64 L/s = m3/s
g = 9.81 m/s2
hf /L = ?
Q = AV = (πD2/4)V, V = (4Q)/(πD2)
V = (4 x )/(3.14 x 0.1 x 0.1) = m/s
R = (DV)/ν = (0.1 x )/( ) = 21.45
 5. An infinite plate is moved over a second plate on a layer of liquid. For small gap width ,d, a
linear velocity distribution is assumed in the liquid .
Determine :
(i)The shear stress on the upper and lower plate .
(ii)The directions of each shear stresses calculated in (i).

Solution:
Since the velocity profile is linear ;we have

Hence; = constant

6. An oil film of viscosity μ & thickness h<<R

lies between a solid wall and a circular disc as
shown in fig E .1.2. The disc is rotated
steadily at an angular velocity Ω. Noting that
both the velocity and shear stress vary with
radius ‘r’ , derive an expression for the torque
‘T’ required to rotate the disk.
= = μ ; dF=τ dA
μ
Assumption : linear velocity profile, laminar flow.u = Ω r;

dF= μ 2Πr dr T= dr =
 7. A flow is described by velocity field, =ay + bt , where a = 1 , b= 0.5 m/ . At t=2s ,
what are the coordinates of the particle that passed through (1,2) at t=0 ? At t=3s , what are
the coordinates of the particle that passed through the point (1,2) at t= 2s .
Plot the path line and streak line through point (1,2) and compare with the stream
lines through the same point ( 1,2) at instant , t = 0,1,2 & 3 s .
Solution:
Path line and streak line are based on parametric equations for a particle .

v= = bt , so, dy = bt dt

 y-

&u= = ay = a

 ) ]}dt



(a) For = 0 and ( , ) = (1,2) , at t = 2s , we have

 y- (4)
 y =3 m

 x = 1 + 2 (2-0) + 0] = 5.67 m
(b)For = 2s and ( , ) = ( 1,2) . Thus at t = 3s

We have , y - 4) = 1.25
 y = 3.25 m

& x=

 x = 1 + 2 (3-2) = 3.58 m
(c) The streak line at any given ‘t’ may be obtained by varying ‘ ’ .
# part (a) : path line of particle located at ( , ) at = 0 s.
 (s) t X(m) Y(m)
0 0 1 2
0 1 3.08 2.25
0 2 5.67 3.00
0 3 9.25 4.25

#part (b): path lines of a particle located at ( , ) at = 2s

(s) t(s) X Y
2 2 1 2
2 3 3.58 3.25
2 4 7.67 5.0
 dx =
)
dy
 y dy = dx
  )x+c

Thus , c =
For ( , ) = (1,2) , for different value of
‘t’ . For t =0 ; c = ( =4 t = 1 ;c = 4 –

t = 2 ;c = 4 –

t =3 ;c = 4 –

t(s) 0 1 2 3
C= 4 3 2 1
X Y Y Y Y
1 2 2 2 2
2 2 2.24 2.45 2.65
3 2 2.45 2.83 3.16
4 2 2.65 3.16 3.61
5 2 2.53 3.46 4.0
6 2 3.0 3.74 4.36
7 2 3.16 4.00 4.69
# Streak line of particles that passed through point ( ) at t = 3s.

(s) t(s) X(m) Y(m)

0 3 9.25 4.25
1 3 6.67 4.00
2 3 3.58 3.25
3 3 1.0 2.0

8. A tube of small diameter is dipped into a liquid in an open container. Obtain an

expression for the change in the liquid level within the tube caused by the
surface tension.

Soln:

 = σ Dcos - ρg = 0
 Neglecting the volume of the liquid above h , we obtain

 h

Thus ; σ Dcos - h = 0

 h = 

9. Find the pressure at ‘A’.

Soln: + g ×0.15 - g×0.15 + g

×0.15 - g×0.3 =

10. Given : Inclined–tube reservoir

manometer .

Find : Expression for ‘L’ in terms of P.

#General expression for manometer
sensitivity

#parameter values that give maximum

sensitivity

Solution: Equating pressures on either side of Level -2 , we have; P = g (h+H)

To eliminate ‘H’ , we recognise that the volume of manometer liquid remains constant i.e the
volume displaced from the reservoir must be equal to the volume rise in the tube.

Thus ;

H=L

 P = g [Lsin gL[ sin ]

Thus, L=

To obtain an expression for sensitivity , express P in terms of an equivalent water

column height ,
2
P= g
Combining equation 1 &2 , we have

gL[ sin
Thus , S=

Where , SG =

The expression ‘S’ for sensitivity shows that to increase sensitivity SG , sin and
should be made as small as possible.

11.Rectangular gate , hinged at ‘A’ , w=5m . Find the resultant force , , of the
water and the air on the gate .The inclined surface shown , hinged along edge
‘A’ , is 5m wide . Determine the
resultant force , , of the water and
air on the inclined surface.

Solution:-
 g y sin30 w dy


 = -588.01 KN

Force acts in negative ‘z’ direction.

To find the line of action :

Taking moment about x axis through point ‘ O ’ on the free surface , we obtain :


 ×(588.01 × ) = 3658.73×
 = 6.22 m
#To find ; we can take moment about y
axis through point ‘o’.
 
 = 2.5 m


Alternative way: By directly using equations:

=ρg A=ρg(
2+2sin30) ×4×5

=6+
= 6.22m

Thus , = = 2.5 m

Concept of pressure prism:

= volume = (ρgh)hb

12. A pressurised tank contains oil (SG=0.9)

and has a square , 0.6 m by 0.6m plate
bolted to its side as shown in fig . The
pressure gage on the top of the tank reads
50kpa and the outside tank is at
atmospheric pressure. Find the magnitude
& location of the resultant force on the
attached plate .

Soln : = ( + ρg ) 0.36 = 24.4 kN

)×0.36 =
0.954kN

= = 25.4 kN
If ‘ ‘ is the force acting at a distance for
the bottom , we have ; = ×0.3 + ×0.2 and = 0.296m

Soln: Basic equations :

;
 =0;Taking moment
about the hinge ‘B’ , we
have
R= =

 dA = r d dr ;
 y= rsin ; h = H-y

 ) r dr d
 )dr d
 d

 d  d -

 = ρg [
 = 366 kN . (Ans)
 13.Stream with a specific weight of 0.32 lb/ft3 is flowing with a velocity of 94 ft/s through a
circular pipe with f0.0171. What is the shear stress at the pipe wall?

Solution:

? 0.32 lb/ft3
V=94 ft/s
F=0.0171
G=32.2 ft/s2
t0 ?
t0=(f /4) ? (V2/2g)
t0=(0.0171/4)(0.32)(94x94)/(2x32.2)
t0=0.187 lb/ft2

14.Determining the Head Loss in a Water Pipe

Water at 60°F (r 62.36 lbm/ft3 and m 7.536 x

104 lbm/ft · s) is flowing steadily in a 2-in-
diameter horizontal pipe made of stainless steel at a rate of 0.2 ft3 /s (Fig. 8–30). Determine
the pressure drop, the head loss, and the required pumping power input for flow over a 200-
ft-long section of the pipe.

SOLUTION: The flow rate through a specified water pipe is given. The pressure drop, the
head loss, and the pumping power requirements are to be determined.
Assumptions: 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible,
and thus the flow is fully developed. 3 The pipe involves no components such as bends,
valves, and connectors. 4 The piping section involves no work devices such as a pump or a
turbine.

Properties:
The density and dynamic viscosity of water are given to be r 62.36 lbm/ft3 and m 7.536 x
104 lbm/ft · s, respectively

Analysis:
We recognize this as a problem of the first type, since flow rate, pipe length, and pipe
diameter are known. First we calculate the average velocity and the Reynolds number to
determine the flow regime:

which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent. The relative roughness of the
pipe is calculated using Table 8–2

The friction factor corresponding to this relative roughness and the Reynolds number can
simply be determined from the Moody chart. To avoid any reading error, we determine f
from the Colebrook equation:

Using an equation solver or an iterative scheme, the friction factor is determined to be f

0.0174. Then the pressure drop (which is equivalent to pressure loss in this case), head loss,
and the required power input become.
 Therefore, power input in the amount of 461 W is needed to overcome the frictional losses in
the pipe.

Discussion:
It is common practice to write our final answers to three significant digits, even though we
know that the results are accurate to at most two significant digits because of inherent
inaccuracies in the Colebrook equation, as discussed previously. The friction factor could
also be determined easily from the explicit Haaland relation (Eq. 8–51). It would give f
0.0172, which is sufficiently close to 0.0174. Also, the friction factor corresponding to e 0 in
this case is 0.0171, which indicates that stainless-steel pipes can be assumed to be smooth
with negligible error.

15.Flow Rates in Horizontal and Inclined Pipes

Oil at 20°C (r 888 kg/m3 and m 0.800 kg/m · s) is flowing
steadily through a 5-cm-diameter 40-m-long pipe (Fig. 8–17). The
pressure at the pipe inlet and outlet are measured to be 745 and 97
kPa, respectively. Determine the flow rate of oil through the pipe
assuming the pipe is (a) horizontal, (b) inclined 15° upward, (c)
inclined 15° downward. Also verify that the flow through the pipe is
laminar.

SOLUTION
The pressure readings at the inlet and outlet of a pipe are given. The flow rates are to be
determined for three different orientations, and the flow is to be shown to be laminar.

Assumptions
1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus the
flow is fully developed. 3 The pipe involves no components such as bends, valves, and
connectors. 4 The piping section involves no work devices such as a pump or a turbine.

Properties
The density and dynamic viscosity of oil are given to be r 888 kg/m3 and m 0.800 kg/m · s,
respectively.
 Analysis
The pressure drop across the pipe and the pipe cross-sectional area are

The flow rate is the highest for the downhill flow case, as expected. The average fluid velocity and
the Reynolds number in this case are

which is much less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar for all three cases and the
analysis is valid.
 Discussion:
Note that the flow is driven by the combined effect of pressure difference and gravity. As can
be seen from the flow rates we calculated, gravity opposes uphill flow, but enhances
downhill flow. Gravity has no effect on the flow rate in the horizontal case. Downhill flow
can occur even in the absence of an applied pressure difference. For the case of P1 P2 97
kPa (i.e., no applied pressure difference), the pressure throughout the entire pipe would
remain constant at 97 Pa, and the fluid would flow through the pipe at a rate of 0.00043
m3 /s under the influence of gravity. The flow rate increases as the tilt angle of the pipe from
the horizontal is increased in the negative direction and would reach its maximum value
when the pipe is vertical.

16.Pressure Drop and Head Loss in a Pipe

Water at 40°F (r 62.42 lbm/ft3 and m 1.038 x

103 lbm/ft · s) is flowing through a 0.12-in- (
0.010 ft) diameter 30-ft-long horizontal pipe
steadily at an average velocity of 3.0 ft/s (Fig. 8–
18).

Determine
(a) the head loss, (b) the pressure drop, and (c) the pumping power requirement to overcome
this pressure drop.

SOLUTION
The average flow velocity in a pipe is given. The head loss, the pressure drop, and the
pumping power are to be determined.

Assumptions
1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus the
flow is fully developed. 3 The pipe involves no components such as bends, valves, and
connectors.

Properties
The density and dynamic viscosity of water are given to be
r 62.42 lbm/ft3 and
m 1.038 x 103 lbm/ft · s, respectively.

Analysis
(a) First we need to determine the flow regime. The Reynolds number is
 (b) Noting that the pipe is horizontal and its diameter is constant, the pressure drop in the
pipe is due entirely to the frictional losses and is equivalent to the pressure loss,

Therefore, power input in the amount of 0.30 W is needed to overcome the frictional losses
in the flow due to viscosity. Discussion The pressure rise provided by a pump is often listed
by a pump manufacturer in units of head (Chap. 14). Thus, the pump in this flow needs to
provide 14.9 ft of water head in order to overcome the irreversible head loss.

17.Determining the Diameter of an Air Duct

Heated air at 1 atm and 35°C is to be
transported in a 150-m-long circular plastic
duct at a rate of 0.35 m3 /s (Fig. 8–31). If the
head loss in the pipe is not to exceed 20 m,
determine the minimum diameter of the duct.

SOLUTION The flow rate and the head loss in an air duct are given. The diameter of the
duct is to be determined.

Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible,
and thus the flow is fully developed. 3 The duct involves no components such as bends,
valves, and connectors. 4 Air is an ideal gas. 5 The duct is smooth since it is made of plastic.
6 The flow is turbulent (to be verified).

Properties
The density, dynamic viscosity, and kinematic viscosity of air at 35°C are r 1.145 kg/m3 ,
m 1.895x 105 kg/m · s, and n 1.655 105 m2 /s.

Analysis This is a problem of the third type since it involves the determination of diameter
for specified flow rate and head loss. We can solve this problem by three different
approaches: (1) an iterative approach by assuming a pipe diameter, calculating the head loss,
comparing the result to the specified head loss, and repeating calculations until the calculated
head loss matches the specified value; (2) writing all the relevant equations (leaving the
diameter as an unknown) and solving them simultaneously using an equation solver; and (3)
using the third Swamee–Jain formula. We will demonstrate the use of the last two
approaches.

The average velocity, the Reynolds number, the friction factor, and the head loss
relations can be expressed as (D is in m, V is in m/s, and Re and f are dimensionless)

The roughness is approximately zero for a plastic pipe (Table 8–2). Therefore, this is a
set of four equations in four unknowns, and solving them with an equation solver such as
EES gives.

D 0.267 m, f 0.0180, V 6.24 m/s, and Re 100,800

Therefore, the diameter of the duct should be more than 26.7 cm if the head loss is not
to exceed 20 m. Note that Re 4000, and thus the turbulent flow assumption is verified.

The diameter can also be determined directly from the third Swamee–Jain formula to
be
 Discussion Note that the difference between the two results is less than 2 percent.
Therefore, the simple Swamee–Jain relation can be used with confidence. Finally, the first
(iterative) approach requires an initial guess for D. If we use the Swamee–Jain result as our
initial guess, the diameter converges to D 0.267 m in short order.

18.Determining the Flow Rate of Air in a Duct Reconsider example 17

Now the duct length is doubled while its diameter is maintained constant. If the total head
loss is to remain constant, determine the drop in the flow rate through the duct.

SOLUTION The diameter and the head loss in an air duct are given. The drop in the flow
rate is to be determined.

Analysis
This is a problem of the second type since it involves the determination of the flow rate for a
specified pipe diameter and head loss. The solution involves an iterative approach since the
flow rate (and thus the flow velocity) is not known.

The average velocity, Reynolds number, friction factor, and the head loss relations can be
expressed as (D is in m, V is in m/s, and Re and f are dimensionless)

This is a set of four equations in four unknowns and solving them with an equation solver
such as EES gives
 Then the drop in the flow rate becomes

Therefore, for a specified head loss (or available head or fan pumping power), the flow rate
drops by about 31 percent from 0.35 to 0.24 m3 /s when the duct length doubles.
Alternative Solution If a computer is not available (as in an exam situation), another option is to set
up a manual iteration loop. We have found that the best convergence is usually realized by first
guessing the friction factor f, and then solving for the velocity V. The equation for V as a function
of f is

Average velocity through the pipe:

Now that V is calculated, the Reynolds number can be calculated, from which a corrected friction
factor is obtained from the Moody chart or the Colebrook equation. We repeat the calculations with
the corrected value of f until convergence. We guess f 0.04 for illustration:

Notice that the iteration has converged to three digits in only three iterations and to four digits in
only four iterations. The final results are identical to those obtained with EES, yet do not require a
computer.
Discussion
The new flow rate can also be determined directly from the second Swamee–Jain formula to be

Note that the result from the

Swamee–Jain relation is the same
(to two significant digits) as that
obtained with the Colebrook
equation using EES or using our manual iteration technique. Therefore, the simple Swamee–Jain
relation can be used with confidence.

19. Repeat the example problem 2.4 if the C.S area of the inclined surface is
circular one , with radius R=2.

Soln: Using integration;

= = =

+y = 6m
 y = 6 -  = 6 - rsin

= ρgsin30

 )d

0] = 12ρgΠ = 369.458kN
Similarly for we can write

 dr r d
By using formula : = ρg A = ρg ( 2+2sin30) Π = 369.458kN

=6+

= 6.166m
# Find for a circular C.S dA = dr rd

= dA = dr d

But , = (perpendicular axis theorem)


 = = 

# Find for a semi-circle:



( half of the circle)

= +A


 = 0.1098

20. The gate shown is hinged at ‘O’ and has a constant width w = 5m . The equation of the
surface is x= , where a= 4m . The depth of water to the right of the is D= 4m.Find
the magnitude of the force , , applied as shown, required to maintain the gate in equilibrium if the
weight of the gate is neglected.

Soln: Horizontal Component of force:-

= ρg (WD) = ρg(0.5) WD = 392kN

h = 0.5D +

D
 0.5D =2.67m 6

Vertical component:

 , (where h+y =D, h = D-y = D-(ax )

 = (ρgw /3a)
 = 261kN
 

 )= 1.2m

Summing moments about ‘O’

 = =0
 = 167kN.

21. The weight of the cylinder shown in the figure is (W) and its radius of gyration is (K G).
The cylinder rotates at angular speed (N). Develop an expression for viscosity of oil (𝜇)
required to stop the cylinder in (10) seconds.
Sol.:

T= T1+T2
𝐷
𝑈𝐴 𝑁*𝜋𝐷𝐷 𝐷
T = F*R=𝜇 *𝑅=𝜇2 *
1 𝑎 2
ℎ
𝜋𝜇𝑁𝐷4
∴T=
1
4𝑎

𝑟𝑁*2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 2𝜋𝜇𝑁 3
dT = 𝜇 *𝑟= 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
2
𝑎 𝑎
𝐷⁄2 4
𝜋𝜇𝑁𝐷
∴T = 𝑑𝑇 =
2 2 32𝑎
∫0

𝜋𝜇𝑁𝐷4 𝜋𝜇𝑁𝐷4 9𝜋𝑁𝐷4

∴T=𝜇[ + ]=𝜇
4𝑎 32𝑎 32𝑎
𝑤 𝑁
∑ 𝑀 = 𝐼𝛼 = 𝐾2
𝑔 𝐺
𝑡
9𝜋𝑁𝐷 4
𝑤 𝑁
𝜇 = 2
32𝑎 𝑔 𝐾𝐺
10
 32 w𝐾2𝑎
∴𝜇 = 𝘎

90𝜋 g𝐷4

22. Derive an expression for the torque (T) required to rotate the circular cone shown in the
figure at a rate of (ω), in terms of the related variables (𝜇, ω,𝜃 and R).
Sol.:

dF= 𝜇 𝑈𝑑𝐴
ℎ 𝜇
=𝜇*𝑟ω*2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝜇 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝜃
r 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 β

=𝜇𝑟ω2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟/𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
(𝑟/𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

dF=2𝜋𝜇ω 𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

dT=dF*r 𝜃

=2𝜋𝜇ω 𝑟2𝑑𝑟
β
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

T=∫𝑅 𝑑𝑇
0
=2𝜋ω𝜇𝑅 3

3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟/𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

∴T=2𝜋 ω𝜇𝑅 3 𝜃
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

23. A reservoir of glycerin has a mass

of (1200 kg) and have a volume of (0.952 m3). Find the glycerin weight, density, specific
weight and specific gravity.
Sol.:
W=mg=1200*9.8→W=11770 N
𝜌 = 𝑚=1200 → 𝜌=1261 kg/𝑚3
∀ 0.952
𝗒=w = 11770
∀0.952 oγ = 12360
𝗒
=𝜌𝑔=1261*9.8
s = 𝗒o 12360
𝛾o
w
= → s = 1.26
9810
 24. Convert (15.14 Poise) to kinematic viscosity in (𝑓𝑡2/𝑠𝑒𝑐) if the liquid has a specific
gravity of (0.964).
Sol.:

𝜌=s𝜌w=0.964*1000→ 𝜌=964 kg/𝑚3

𝜇 =15.14P *1 𝑃𝑎.𝑠 → 𝜇 = 1.514 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠

10 𝑃

𝜇 1.514 𝑚2 𝑓𝑡2 𝑓𝑡2

𝑣= = * → 𝑣 = 0.0169
964 𝑠 (0.3048)2 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜌
25.The bulk modules of elasticity of water is (2.2 GPa), what pressure is required to reduce
its volume by (0.5 percent).
Sol.:
𝑑𝑝
k=-
𝑑∀
∀
102−0
2.2*109=− → p = 11 MPa
−0.005 2

26.A small circular jet of mercury (0.1 mm) in diameter issues from an opening. What is
the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the jet? Use (𝜎 =
0.514N/m)
Sol.:

∑ 𝐹=0

p*DL=2𝜎𝐿 Thus
2σ 2*0. → p = 10280 P
p= =
 27.For the system shown in the figure, calculate the manometer reading (H).
Sol.:

60000+0.2 w −13.6 w * H −0.92 w * 0.3=16000

60000+0.2 w−0.0276 w−16000
H=
13.6 w

∴ 𝐻 =0.3242 m= 32.42 cm

28. Determine the pressure difference between the water pipe and the oil pipe shown in the
figure, in Pascals and in meters of water.
Sol.:
𝑝w + 0.15 w − 13.6 w * 0.1 − 0.68 w * 0.2 + 0.86 w * 0.15 =
𝑝0
𝑝w − 𝑝 0 = w (−0.15 + 13.6 + 0.136 − 0.129)
∴𝑝w − 𝑝0 = 11938.77Pa
𝑝w − 𝑝0
ℎw − ℎ0 =
w

ℎw − ℎ0 = 1.217 m H2O
 29. If the weightless quarter cylindrical gate shown in the figure is in equilibrium, what is
the ratio between ( 1) and ( 2)?
Sol.:
2
𝑅 𝑅2
F=
hA= R 2
=
𝑅2
2
2 2
𝑦 =𝑦
𝐼 2
+
𝑝𝐻 v 𝐴v = 𝑅
𝑦v 3

F =
∀= 𝜋
v 1 1
𝑅2
4
4𝑅
𝑎=
3𝜋
∑ 𝑀𝑝𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑡 = 0
F*(R-𝑦p)=𝐹𝐻 * (𝑅 − 𝑦p ) + 𝐹v * 𝑎
𝐻
𝑅3 𝑅 3
𝑅 3
2 = 1 + 1
6 6 3
𝑅3 𝑅3
2 = 1
6 2
1 1 2 3
∴ =
 30. For the two-dimensional weightless solid body shown in the figure, determine the
magnitude and direction of the moment (M) applied at the pivot required to hold the
body in the position shown in the figure.
Sol.:
FH= 𝑦v𝐴v=9810*1*2=19620 N
yp
= + 𝐼 =1.332 m
H
𝐴v𝑦v
𝑦v
𝜋 2
F = ∀= 𝑟 =30819 N
v 4
4𝑟
𝑎= =0.849 m
3𝜋

F= ℎ𝐴=9810*1*2.828=27746.9 N
3
/12
=1.414+1*(2.828) =1.885 m
2.828*1.414

+ ∑ 𝑀𝑝𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑡=0
F*0.47+Fv * 𝑎 − FH * 𝑦p − M = 0
∴M=13078 N.m
 31. A (2cm) diameter cylinder of wood (s=0.5) floats in water with (5
cm) above the water surface. Determine the depth of submergence of
this cylinder when placed in glycerin (s=1.25). Will it float in stable,
unstable or neutral equilibrium in this case?
Sol.:
In water: W=FB
𝑠𝑏 w𝐴ℎ = w𝐴(ℎ − 0.5) Thus ; h=10 cm
In glycerin:
𝑠𝑏 w𝐴ℎ = 𝑠g w𝐴𝑥
∴ x=4 cm
𝑦𝐺 =5cm , 𝑦𝐵=2cm
𝐵𝐺 = 5 − 2 = 3 𝑐𝑚
I00 = 𝜋 4
𝜋
𝐷 = 𝑐𝑚
4

64 4
∀= 𝜋 𝐷2 * 𝑥 = 4𝜋𝑐𝑚3 4
𝜋
MG=I00 − 𝐵𝐺 = 4 − 3 = −2.937cm
∀ 4𝜋

∴ MG < 0 →∴Unstable Equilibrium

 32. Calculate the weight and specific gravity of the object shown in the
figure to float at the water-oil interface as shown.
Sol.:
W=𝐹𝐵w𝑎𝑡𝑒r + 𝐹𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙
= 1 2 2 3
w * 3 𝜋(0.075) * 0.15 + 0.8 w * 3 𝜋(0.075)
= w[8.836 * 10−4 + 0.8 * 8.836 * 10−4]
=9810*0.00159
∴W=15.6 N

−4
s=𝖶⁄∀ = 15.6/(2*8.836*10 ) = 156000
 33. The cylindrical vessel shown in the figure is rotated about its
vertical longitudinal axis. Calculate:
1. The angular velocity at which water will start to spill over the
sides.
2. The angular velocity at which the water depth at the center is
zero, and the volume of water lost for this case.
Sol.:
(a) 𝜋 𝐷2𝑧 = 1 𝜋 𝐷2𝐻
4 24

∴ H = 2z = 150mm
2 2
𝜔2
H= 𝜔𝑟
→ 0.15= 𝐷2
*(2 )
2g 2g
∴ 𝜔 = 34.4 rad/sec
𝜔2 2
(b) H'= 𝐷 → 0.3= *(0. → 𝜔 = 48.5 rad/sec
𝜔
2
*( 1)2
2
)
2g 2*9.81
∀′= 1 𝜋 D2H′=1.178*10-3 m3
24
𝜔2(0.15)2 2𝑔 = 0.9
−

W = 16.16 rad/sec
34. A two-dimensional reducing bend has a linear velocity profile at section
(1). The flow is uniform at sections (2) and (3). The fluid is incompressible and the flow
is steady. Find the magnitude of the uniform velocity at section (3).

Sol.:
𝑉1 3
= → 𝑉1 = 5𝑦
𝑦 0.6
C.E.: 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3
0.6

∫ 5𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 4.5 * 0.3 + 0.45 * 𝑉3

0

5𝑦2 0.6
[ =1.35+0.45𝑉3
2 ]
0
5 * 0.36
= 1.35 + 0.45𝑉3
2
0.9 − 1.35
𝑉3 =
0.45
∴ 𝑉3 = −1 𝑚⁄𝑠 ( -ve sign means inflow at 3 )

35. A meter enters a two- dimensional channel of constant width

 (h), with uniform velocity (U). The channel makes 𝑎 (90𝑜) bend that distorts the flow to
produce the velocity profile shown at the exit. Evaluate the constant
(c) in terms of (U).

Sol.:

C.E.: A1V1=A2V2
ℎ ℎ 𝑥
Uh =∫ v𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑣(3.5 − )𝑑𝑥. 1
1 0
0 ℎ

Uh= ℎ
𝑥2
𝑐 [3.5𝑥 −

Uh=c[3.5ℎ −

Uh=3ch

∴ c=𝑈 m/s
3

36. For the water tank shown in the 3

figure, calculate the exit velocity (V2) required to

 lower the water level in the tank by (10 cm) in
(100 seconds).
Sol.: 2
Q =A V =𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑚3
1 1
1
𝐷1 𝑉1 = (0.05) * 4 → 𝑄1 = 0.00785
4 4 2
General
𝜕𝑚𝑐.𝑣 C.E.:
+ 𝑚. − 𝑚. = 0
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛
𝜕𝑡
𝑚𝑐.𝑣 = 𝜌𝐴ℎ = 𝜌 * 𝜋 (0.95)2 * ℎ
4
Thus;
𝜋 𝑑ℎ
𝜌 * (0.95)2 + 𝜌𝑄
− 𝜌𝑄 − 𝜌𝑄 = 0
2 1 3
4 𝑑𝑡
−0.1
But; 𝑑ℎ
= = −0.001 m/s (level decreasing)
𝑑𝑡 100
Thus; 𝜋 2

𝑄2 = (𝑄1 + 𝑄3) − (−0.001) (0.95)

4
=(0.00785+0.01) +0.001 𝜋
(0.95)2
4

𝑄2 = 0.7267m3/s
𝜋 2
𝑄 =𝐴 𝑉 = 𝐷𝑉
2 2 2
4 2 2 𝑚
0.7267=𝜋 (0.07)2𝑉 → 𝑉 = 188.8
4 2 2 𝑠
37. Neglecting the losses, calculate the required pump shat horsepower.

Sol.: 2
B.E. 1-2: 0+0+0= +
𝑝2 𝑉
+ 2.4......................(1)
2
w 2g

Man. Equ.: P2+0.6 w+0.175*13.6 w=0

𝑝2
= −0.6 – 0.175 * 13.6 = -2.98,
w

Sub. in (1) → V2= 3.372 m/s

C.E.: A2V2=A3V3
V3= 23.98 m/s
2
E.E. 1-3: 0+0+0+hp=0+ (23.98)
+ 2.4 +0
2*9.81

∴hp=31.74 m
𝑄ℎ𝑝
𝜉𝑝
𝐼𝑃
=
∴ 𝐼𝑃 = 36.636 kW =49.1 h.
38. A horizontal axisymmetric jet of air (𝜌 = 1.22 kg/m3) with (10mm) diameter strikes a
stationary vertical disk of (200mm) diameter. The jet speed is (50 m/s) at the nozzle exit. A
manometer is connected to the center of the disk. Neglecting the losses and the difference in
potential head, calculate:
a- The deflection (h) of the manometer.
b- The force exerted by the jet on the disk.
c- The thickness (t) of the air jet at the exit
Sol.:
B.E. 1-2
𝑝 𝑝2
1 𝑉2 𝑉2
1 2
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝑉2 2𝑔
(50)2
1
𝑝2 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.22 * 9.81 *
2𝑔 2 * 9.81
* 50[0 3
𝑝2 =
1525 − 50] :
𝜌
Pa 4
Man.eq ∴𝐹= V
u.: 0.239
1
𝑝2 + 𝑁➛
on =
𝑎𝑖𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟
fluid
− 𝑠 wℎ V
=0 𝐹=
3
0.239
∴ℎ= 𝑁→ Qin= Qout
8.88 cm on 𝜋 2
=0.0888 𝑑 𝑉 = 𝜋𝐷 𝑡𝑉
disk
1 3
m 4
B
∴t=0.125 mm
→ ∑ 𝐹𝑥
.
= 𝑚.
(𝑉𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡 E
− 𝑉𝑥𝑖𝑛) .

-
F=1.22* 1
𝜋
-
(0.01)2
 39. At what speed (u) should the vane shown in the figure travel for maximum Power?
What should be the angle (𝜃) for maximum power?
Sol.:
+
∑
= 𝑚.
𝐹 (𝑉 −𝑉 )
𝑥 𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑛
→
-Fx=𝜌𝐴 𝑉2(𝑉 cos𝜃-𝑉 )
0 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

Thus;
Fx=𝜌𝐴0𝑉2(1-cos𝜃)
𝑟
or
Fx=𝜌𝐴0(𝑉0 − 𝑢)2(1-cos𝜃)

Power P=Fxu= 𝜌𝐴0(𝑉0 − 𝑢)2(1-cos𝜃)𝑢

For maximum Power
𝛛𝑝
= 𝜌𝐴 (1-cos𝜃)[(𝑉 − 𝑢)2. 1 + 𝑢 * 2(𝑉 − 𝑢) * −1]=0 u=𝑉0
𝛛𝑢 0 0 0 3
𝛛𝑝
= 𝜌𝐴 [(𝑉
𝛛𝜃 0 0

40. An air plane traveling (400 km/h) through still air ( = 12 N/m3), discharge
(1000m3/s) through its two (2.25m) diameter propellers . Dertermine;
a- The theoretical efficiency b- the thrust c- The pressure difference across the propeller,
and d- The theoretical power required
Sol.

𝑘𝑚 1000𝑚 1ℎ
a- V 1=400 * * → 𝑉 = 111.1 m/s
ℎ 1𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠 1

V= Q 1000
𝐴r 𝜋 → V = 125.8 m/s
= 4
(2.25)2

𝑉1 111.1
𝑒𝑡 = → 𝑒𝑡 = 88.3%
= 𝑉 125.8
b- F=
𝜌𝑄(𝑉4 − 𝑉1) = 𝑄(𝑉4 − 𝑉1)
g
V= 𝑉1+𝑉4
→ 𝑉 = 2𝑉 − 𝑉 → 𝑉
 = 140.5 𝑚/𝑠
2 4 1 4

Thus; F=12 * 1000 * (140.5 − 111.1) → F = 36kN

9.8
c- F=(𝑝
− 𝑝 )𝐴 → −𝑝 𝐹 36000 → 𝑝 − 𝑝 =4.53 kpa
𝑝 = =𝜋 3 2
3 2 2 (2.25)2
3 𝐴
4
0𝑃 𝐹𝑉𝑡 36000*111.1
d- 𝑒 = ⇒ 𝐼𝑃 = 0𝑃
= = → 𝐼𝑃 = 4.53 Kw

41. Determine the burring time for a rocket that initially has a gravity force of (4.903
MN), of which (70 percent) is propellant. It consumes fuel at constant rate, and its initial
thrust is (10 percent) greater than its gravity force. The exhaust gases velocity is
(Vr=3300 m/s). Considering (g) as constant at (9.8 m/s 2), and the flight to be vertical
without air resistance, find the speed of the rocket at burnout time, its height above the
ground, and the maximum height it will attain.
Sol.:
Fth=1.1Wi=1.1*4.903→ Fth=5.393 MN
F =𝑚.𝑉 𝐹𝑡ℎ 5.393*106
→𝑚 = .
= → 𝑚. = 1634.3 kg/s
th 𝑟 𝑉r
3300
Mass of propellant = 0.7*4.903
→𝑚
= 350214.3 𝑘𝑔
9.8 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙

Hence;
𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 350214.3
The burring time= = → buringtime=214.35 s
𝑚. 1634.3
𝛛𝑣 𝑚.𝑉r−𝑅−(𝑚𝑖−𝑚.𝑡)g
a= =
𝛛𝑡 𝑚𝑖−𝑚.𝑡
𝖶𝑖 4.903*106
𝑚 = = → 𝑚. = 500306.1 kg
𝑖 g 9.8 𝑖

Thus;
𝑑𝑉 1634.3*3300−9.8[500306.1−1634.3 𝑡]
a= =
𝑑𝑡 500306.1−1634.3 𝑡

Simplification gives;
𝑑𝑣 3298.16
𝑑𝑡 = −9.8 + 305.94 − 𝑡
 Thus;
V= −9.8t − 3298.16 ln(305.94 − t) + const.
When t=0, V=0→ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. = 3298.16𝑙𝑛(305.94)
Thus;
𝑡
V= −9.8 − 3298.16 ln(1 − )
305.94

at burnout, t=214.3, thus;

214.3 𝑚
V= −9.8 * 214.3 − 3298.16 ln(1 − ) → V = 1873.24
305.94 𝑠

The height at t= 214.3; (yb) is

𝑡=214.3 214.3 t
y =∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑡 = ∫ [−9.8𝑡 − 3298.16 ln(1 −
)] 𝑑𝑡 →
b
𝑡=0 0 305.94

yb = 117.2 km
The rocket will glide (V2/2g) higher after burnout, thus
2
y =y+ 𝑉

max b
2g
2
=117.2*103+1873.24 → y
2*9.8

42. The drag force (FD) on a sphere moving in a fluid depends on the sphere diameter (D)
and velocity (V), and the fluid density (P) and viscosity (M). Find the functional
relationship for the drag force (FD).
Sol.
F (FD, V, D, p, μ) = 0

-1
LT ML ML
-3 -
-2
MLT
1 -1
T
L
n=5
No. of 𝜋,s = n-m = 5-3 = 2
m=3
Dependent variable = FD
Repeating variable = m = 3 = ( p, V, D)

𝜋1: px1 Vy1 Dz1 FD

 x2
𝜋2 :p V D μ
y2 z2 Properties Geometry
Kinematics & Dynamic Aspects

𝜋1 : Mº Lº Tº = (ML-3)x1 (LT-1)y1 (L)z1 MLT-2

M: 0 = x1 + 1
x1 = -1
L: 0 = -3 x1 +y1 +z1 + 1
T: 0 = -y1– 2 y1 = -2

z1 = -2
Thus;

𝜋1 𝐹𝐷
-1
= p V D FD
-2 -2 𝜋1 Drag Coefficient
= 𝜌𝑉2𝐷2 = CD

𝜋2 : Mº Lº Tº = (ML-3)x2 (LT-1)y2 (L)z2 ML-1T-1

M: 0 = x2 + 1
x2 = -1
L: 0 = -3 x2 +y2 +z2- 1
T: 0 = -y1 – 1 y2 = -1
Thus;
z2 = -1
𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝜋2 = = 𝑅𝑒 Reynolds Number
2= -1 -1
𝜋 p V 1 𝜌𝑉𝐷
= =
𝜋2 𝜇 𝜇
-1
D μ
𝜋2

𝜇
=
𝜌𝑉𝐷

Or; 𝜋2
Thus;
f (𝜋1, 𝜋2) = 0 f (CD, Re) = 0
CD = f (Re) The function (f) is found from experiments
 43. A (1/5) scale model automobile is tested in a wind tunnel with the same air properties
as the prototype. The air velocity in the tunnel is (350 km/h), and the measured model
drag is (350 N). Determine the drag of the prototype automobile and the power required
to overcome this drag.
Sol.:

Use Re-criterion (equs. 4.22 and 44.23).

Rem = Rep
𝜆𝜇
Equ. (4.22): 𝜆𝑣 =
𝜆𝜌𝜆𝑙

Since the same air is used (𝜆𝜇 = 1 & 𝜆𝜌 = 1 ), thus;

1 1 1
𝜆𝑣 =
𝜆𝑙 → 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑣𝑚 = 350 * → 𝑣𝑝 = 70 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝜆𝑙 5
Equ. (4.23):
𝜆2
𝜇
𝜆𝐹 =1 → = = 350 𝑁
𝜆𝜌 𝐹𝑝 𝐹𝑚

Power = Fpvp 1000

= 350 * 70 * → Power = 6805.6 W
3600

44. The wave resistance of a model of a ship at (1:25) scale is (7 N) at a model speed of
(1.5 m/s). What are the corresponding velocity and wave resistance of the prototype ?
Assume the model is tested in fresh water (p = 1000 kg/m 3) and the ship will operate in
the ocean where (s = 1.03) for the water.
Sol.:

Use Fr-criterion (equs. 4.24 and 44.25).

Frm = Frp

Equ. (4.24): 𝜆𝑣 = √𝜆g √𝜆𝑙 → Vp = 1.5√1 √25 → Vp = 7.5 m/s

Equ. (4.25): 𝜆𝐹 = 𝜆𝜌𝜆g𝜆3 → Fp = 7 * 1.03 * 1 * 253 → Fp = 112656 N
𝑙
 45. A (10 m) model of an ocean tanker (500 m) long is dragged through fresh water at (3
m/s) with a total measured resistance of (103 N). The surface drag coefficient ( c f ) for
model and prototype are (0.245) and (0.0147) respectively, in the equation ( F = c f A V2 ).
The wetted surface area of the model is (20 m 2). Find the total drag on the tanker and the
power required at the propeller shaft assuming an efficiency of (90 %) for the propeller.
Sol.:
FDVm = cfm Am V 2 = 0.245 * 20 * 32 → FDVm = 44.1 N
m
FDWm = FDTm – FDVm = 103 – 44.1 → FDWm = 58.9 N
Using Fr-criterion;
Vp = Vm√𝜆g √𝜆𝑙 = 3 √1 √500/10 → Vp = 21.2 m/s
FDWp = FDWp 𝜆𝜌𝜆g𝜆3 → FDWp = 58.9 * 1 * 1 * (500/10)3 → FDWp = 7362500 N
𝑙

𝜆𝐴 = 𝐴𝑝
= 𝑙2 = 𝜆2 = ( 500 )2 → Ap = 20 * 502 → Ap = 50000 m2
2𝑝
𝑙𝑚 10
𝐴𝑚 𝑙

FDVp = cfp Ap Vp2 = 0.0147 * 50000 * 21.22 → FDVp = 330338.4 N

𝐹𝐷𝑇𝑝 = 𝐹𝐷𝑉𝑝 + 𝐹𝐷𝖶𝑝 → 𝐹𝐷𝑇𝑝= 7692838.4 N
Shaft Power = 𝐹𝐷𝑇𝑝 * 𝑉𝑝 / 𝜂𝑝 → Shaft Power = 181.2 MW = 243 * 104 hp
 46. The upper plate shown in the figure is moving to the right with (Vu=80 cm/s) and the
lower plate is free to move laterally under the action of the viscous forces applied to it.
After steady –state conditions have been established, what velocity (V𝓁) will the lower
plate have? Take:(t1=2mm, t2=1mm, 𝜇1 = 0.1 Pa.s, 𝜇2 = 0.04 Pa.s). Assume constant
pressure for the two plates.
Sol.: Upper
plate
Since p= constant
𝜇𝑈
& θ = 0, then:
u= &𝜏=
𝑈𝑦
Vu
t1
t2 S1=0.9
𝑎 𝑎
Lower Plate t1 Oil
μ1
𝜏1 = 𝜏2
V𝓁˙

𝑉𝑢 − 𝑉𝑙 Oli μ2 S2=0.9
𝑉𝑙 t2
𝜇 =𝜇
1
𝑡1 2
𝑡2
𝜇1
𝜇2 𝜇1
+
𝑉𝑙 [ ] = 𝑉𝑢
𝑡2 𝑡1 𝑡1
𝜇1
𝑉𝑙 = 𝑡1

𝑉𝑢 [𝜇 𝜇1
2]
+ τ
𝑡2 𝑡1 1

0.1 τ2
2*10−3
= 0.8[ ]
0.04 0.1
+
1*10−3 2*10−3

∴ 𝑉𝑙 = 0.444 cm/s
 47. Determine the direction of flow through the tube shown in the figure, in which (o =
8000N/m3) and (𝜇 = 0.04Pa.s). Find the quantity flowing in liters per second and
calculate the Reynolds number for the flow.
Sol.: 1 p1 = 200 KPa

Let the elevation datum be taken at section2; 10 mm

ɸ
p1+ o h1=200000+8000*5=240 kPa
5m
p2+ o h2=300000+8000*0=300000 kPa 2 p2 = 300 KPa

Since (p2+ o h2)>( p1+ o h1)

∴ Flow from (2) to (1)
𝑑 (𝑝 + oℎ)2 − (𝑝 + oℎ)1
300000 − 240000 𝑑 𝑁
(𝑝 + oℎ) =
= ⇒ (𝑝 + oℎ) = 6000
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 10 𝑑𝑥 𝑚3
𝜋𝑎4
𝑄=− 𝑑
(𝑝 + oℎ)
8𝜇 𝑑𝑥

= − 𝜋(0.005)
4

8 * 0.04 -ve
𝑚3
* 6000 ⇒ Q=-0.00036 flow upward
𝑠
=-0.0368L/s
V= =
Q 0.0000368
𝜋 ⇒ 𝑉 = 0.4686 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴 4(0.01)2

8000

𝑉𝐷𝜌 0.4686*0.01*
9.8 ⇒ 𝑅𝑒 = 95.6
Re= 𝜇 = 0.04

Since (Re<2000), the flow is laminar.

48. For the hypothetical boundary –layer on the flat plate shown in the figure,
calculate:
a. The skin-frictional drag force on the top side per meter of width.
 b. The drag coefficient of the top side.
c. The wall shear stress on the plate at the trailing edge.
d. The displacement thickness (𝛿1)of the boundary –layer at the trailing edge.
e. The displacement thickness (𝛿1)of the boundary –layer at the trailing
edge. Given constants:𝜌 = 1.2 kg/m3 ,𝜇=1.8*10-5 Pa.s

U=40m/s

B.L.edge
2
3

4 3 mm

L=30 cm

Sol.:

a- At section (3):
𝑢 𝑦
=
𝑈 ẟ
U
. . .
M.E.: -Fx=(𝑚 𝑢)34 + (𝑚 𝑢)23 − (𝑚 𝑢)12 u

δ y
C.S. 𝑚. (𝑚.𝑢)

12 𝜌𝑈𝛿 𝜌𝑈2𝛿
34 ẟ
𝜌 𝑢𝑑𝑦 ẟ
∫0 𝜌 𝑢2𝑑𝑦
∫0
23 ẟ
𝜌𝑈𝛿-𝜌 𝑢𝑑𝑦 ẟ
∫ 𝜌𝑈2𝛿- 𝜌𝑈 𝑢𝑑𝑦
0 ∫
0

-Fx = 𝜌 𝛿
𝑢𝑑𝑦 +𝜌𝑈2𝛿 − 𝜌𝑈 𝛿
𝑢𝑑𝑦 − 𝜌𝑈2𝛿
∫0 ∫0

Fx=𝜌𝑈 𝛿 ∫0 𝑢𝑑𝑦 − 𝜌
 𝛿 ∫
𝑢2𝑑𝑦 0
1 ẟ 1 ẟ
= 𝜌𝑈2 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝜌𝑈2 ∫ 𝑦2𝑑𝑦
2 0
𝛿

49. A smooth flat plate (3m) wide and (30m) long is towed through still water at (20 ˚c) with
a speed of (6m/s). Determine the drag on one side of the plate and the drag on the first (3m)
of the plate.
Sol.: 2
For water at (20 ˚c), from Table (c.1): (𝜌= 998.2 kg/m3) and (v = 1.007 * 10-6 𝑚
). For
𝑠
the whole plate;
𝑅 𝑉𝐿 6×30 Re = 1.787 *108 ; turbulent
𝑒 = = 1.007×10−6
𝑣

𝐶𝐷 0.072 CD= 0.0016

=
𝑅𝑒0.2

Drag force FD
= CD * PU * L * b
1 2
2
= 0.0016 * 1 * 998.2 * 62 * 30 * 3 F = 2587.3 N
D
2
Let (Retr = 5 * 105) at which transition to turbulent b.l. occurs;
Thus:
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑟 𝑉𝐿𝑡r
=
𝑣
6*𝐿𝑡r
5 * 105 =
1.007*10−1

𝐿𝑡𝑟 = 0.084 m
 50. How many (30m) diameter parachutes (CD = 1.2) should be used to drop a bulldozer
weighing (45kN) at a terminal speed of (10m/s) through still air at (100kPa) and (20 ˚C).
Sol.:

Pair
𝑝 100000 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.19 kg/m3
= = 287*(20+273)
𝑅𝑇

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

W = FD + FB
1
2 𝜋 𝜋
𝑤 = 𝑛[𝐶𝐷 * 𝜌𝑈
2 * 𝐷2 + 𝜌𝑔 * 𝐷 3 ]
4 6

45000 = 𝑛[1.2 * 1 1.19 * 102

302 + 1.19 * 9.8 * 30 ]
𝜋 3
n = 0.4
2 *� 6
�
4

51. A jet aircraft discharges solid particles of matter (d = 10 mm) and (s = 2.5) at the
base of stratosphere at (11000m). Assume the viscosity (𝜇) of air to vary with
(y) from see level as (𝜇 = 1.78*10-5-3.06*10-10y). Estimate the time for these particles to
reach the see level. Neglect air currents and wind effects.
Sol.:
2
Using Stokes law; 𝑈 = 𝑟2
9 (o𝑠 − ); and assuming o𝑓 o𝑠
𝑚 o𝑓 <<
Thus; 𝑑𝑦
𝑈=− =
2
𝑟2o𝑠
 52. Determine the discharge for a trapezoidal channel (see the figure),with a bottom
width (b = 3m) and side slopes (1 on 1). The depth is (2m), and the slope of the bottom is
(0.0009). the channel has a finished concrete linins.
Sol:

From table (5.2) p.p.

2×2 (230); text book, n = 0.012
𝐴 = 3*2+2*[ A = 10 m2
]
2

𝑃 = 3 + 2 * 2√2 = 8.66 𝑚
𝐴
𝑅 =
10 𝑅 = 1.1547
ℎ = 8.66 ℎ
𝑃
Thus;
𝐶𝑚
𝑄= 𝐴𝑅ℎ2/3𝑆1/2

53. Determine the head loss for flow of (140 L/s) of oil (v= 0.00001 m2/s) through
(400m) of (200mm) diameter cast iron pipe.
Sol:
4Q
𝑅𝑒 =
4*0.14 Re = 89127
𝜋𝐷𝑣 =
𝜋*0.2*0.00001

From Moody diagram, Fig (5.32) p.p. 237 in your textbook, (∈ = 0.25mm)
0.25
Thus; =
∈
= 0.00125
𝐷 200

With (Re = 89127) and (∈ = 0.00125), from Moody diagram f = 0.023

𝐷
𝐿
ℎ =𝑓 2
𝑉2 𝐿 8Q
=𝑓
𝑓 𝐷 2g
54. Estimate the cost per month required to treat and circulate the water of the swimming
pool shown in the figure. The circulation rate is (0.1 m 3/s) through (100mm) diameter
smooth pipe. The pump efficiency is (80%) and (1kwh = 65 fils). Include all losses and also
take (V = 10-6m2/s).

Sol.:
𝑉=Q= 0.1
𝐴𝜋(0.1)2
4

∴ 𝑉 = 12.73 𝑚/𝑠
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑉𝐷 = 12.73*0.1
𝑣 10−6

∴ 𝑅𝑒 = 12.73 * 105
𝑓 = 0.316 = 0.316
𝑅𝑒1/4 (1273000)0.25

∴ 𝑓 = 0.009407
Apply the E.E. between two points on the free surface of the
pool: 0 + 0 + 0 + hp = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + h 𝓁
2 2
hp = h 𝓁 = ℎ 𝑓+ ∑ 𝑘 2𝑔
𝑉
= [𝑓 𝐿𝐷 + ∑ 𝑘] 𝑉2g
2
= [0.009407*30 + 0.5 + 5 +10+10+20+10+20*0.9+10]*
(12.73) 0.1 2*9.81

∴ ℎ𝑝 = 712.98𝑚
oQℎ𝑝 9810*0.1*712.98
IP = =
𝑝 0.8
55. The pump of the piping system shown in the figure is used to supply (1m 3/s) of water
to the uphill station. Take (f = 0.014) and include all minor losses. Calculate:
a. The required pump shaft power knowing that its efficiency is (80%).
b. The operational cost (in I.D.) of pumping (10000m 3) of water to the upper reservoir,
knowing that: (1kwh = 300fils).

Sol.:
𝑉 = Q = 4Q
a- 𝐴𝜋𝐷2

∴ 𝑉1 = 3.536 𝑚/𝑠 , 𝑉2 = 7.96 m/s , 𝑉3 = 14.15

m/s
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 𝐿𝑉=
2 𝐷2g

∴ ℎ𝑓1 = 0.1487 𝑚 , ℎ𝑓2 = 45.21 𝑚 , ℎ𝑓3 = 95.2 𝑚

E. E.:
𝑉12 𝑉3 2 𝑉3 2 𝑉3 2
ℎ𝑝 = 40 + ℎ𝑓1+ ℎ𝑓 2+ ℎ𝑓 +
3 𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 2g + 𝑘𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 2g + 2𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑜w 2g𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑜w
+𝑘2g +
2
( 1 − 1) 2
𝑉3
𝐶𝑐 2g
2 2 2
(3.536) (14.15) (14.15)
= 40 + 0.1487 + 45.21 + 95.2 + 1 * +1* + 2 * 0.8 * +
2*9.81 2*9.81 2*9.81
(3.536)2
0.8
1 * +(
(14.15)2
− 1)2 *
2*9.81 0.7 2*9.81

∴ ℎ𝑝 = 210.11𝑚
𝑜𝑝 oQℎ𝑝
𝐼𝑝 = =
 56. A (75mm) diameter orifice under a haed of (4.88 m) discharges (907.6 kg) of water in
(32.6s). The trajectory was determined by measuring (X0=4.76m) for a drop of (1.22
m).Determine Cv,Cc,Cd, the head loss per unit gravity force, and the power loss.
Sol.:

V2t = √2gH=√2 * 9.8 * 4.88 ⇒ V2t = 9.783 m/s

t=√2𝑦 /𝑔 = √2*1.22 ⇒t=0.499s

0 9.8

𝑥0 4.76
V2a = = ⇒ V2a = 9.539 m/s
𝑡 0.499
V2a 9.539
𝑐𝑣 =
V = 9.783 ⇒ 𝑐𝑣 = 0.975
2t
∀

𝑄𝑎 = = 907.6⁄1000 ⇒ 𝑄𝑎 = 0.0278 m3/s

𝑡 𝑚⁄𝜌
=
32.6
𝑡 𝜋
𝑚3
𝑄𝑡 = 𝐴0V2t = 𝐴0√2𝑔𝐻 (0.075) * 9.783 ⇒ 𝑄𝑡 = 0.04322
2

= 4 𝑠
𝑄𝑎 0.0278
𝑐𝑑 = = ⇒ 𝑐𝑑 = 0.643
𝑄 0.04322
𝑡 0.643
𝑐𝑑 = ⇒ 𝑐𝑐 = 0.659
0.975
𝑐𝑐 =
𝑐
𝑣
The head 2 𝑣
loss=H(1-𝑐 ) 𝑁
=4.88(1-
0.9752)⇒ 𝑁.𝑚 Power loss=oQ* Loss =9810*0.0278*0.241⇒ Power loss=65.7 W
loss=0.241

57. The figure shown air is flowing, for which (p=101 kpa and T=5 °C) and mercury is in
the monometer. For (R'=200 mm), calculate the velocity (V)
Sol.:
𝑠
V=√2𝑔𝑅′( 0 − 1)
𝑠

𝑝
𝜌= 101000 ⇒ 𝜌 = 1.266 kg/m3
𝑅𝑇
= 287*278
𝑠0 13.6 * 1000 𝑠0
= ⇒
𝑠 = 10742
1.266 𝑠
Thus; V=√2 * 9.8 * 0.2(1074 –

58. determine the elevation of hydraulic and energy grade lines at points A,
2
B, C, D, and E shown in the figure Take (z=3m), and losses due to nozzle as (0.1 VE ).
zg

Sol.

E.E. 0-E
2
0+0+23 =0+ VE
2
+3 +1 V +0.02 60

2g 1 2g 0.15
2 2 2
V
+10 V
+ 0.1 VE -------1
2g 2g 2g
C.E.: π
(0.15) v = π(0.075)2 v
2
E
4 4

Thus; vE=4 v--- -2

2 2 2
1 & 2 gives; V
= 0.554 and VE
=16 V

2g 2g zg

E.E. O-A
2 2
23= (p + V +z) + 0.5 V
A
2g 2g

Thus; H.G.L. A = ( +z) A =23-1.5V

p
A =22.17m
2g =23 -1.5 *0.554 → H.G.L.
2 2
E.G.L. = ( +z+ p V
) =23-0.5 V
=23 -0.5 *0.554 → E.G.L. =22.72m
A A A
2g 2g

E.E.O-B
2
23= ( + p V
+z) + + 0.02 24
Thus; H.G.L.B
= 23-(1.5 +0.02 24
V2 → H.G.L.B =20.4 m
0.15 )
2g

E.G.L. 2
=20.95 m
=H.G.L. + V = 20.4 +0.55 → E.G.L.
B B B
2g
2
Across the valve, the H.G.L. drops by (10 V ), or (5.54m). Hence at (c);
2g

H.G.L.C=H.G.L.B-5.54 → H.G.L.C=14.86m
E.G.L.C=E.G.L.B-5.54 → E.G.L.C=15.41m
E.E.O-D 2
23= (p + V +z)
2g D 2
+(10.5+0.02 60
) V

0.15 2g

Thus; H.G.L.D=23-19.5*0.554 → H.G.L.D=12.2m

E.G.L. 2
=H.G.L. +V → E.G.L. =12.75m
D D D
2g

At point E
H.G.L. =pE +Z =0+3 → H.G.L.
=3m
E E E

2 2
E.G.L. =pE + V + Z =0+16 V +3 → E.G.L. =11.86m
E E E
2g 2g
 59. in the figure shown;

K =0.5, L =300m,
D 2
=600mm, ϵ =2mm, L =240m, D =1m, ϵ =0.3mm, v=3*10 -6m
and
i 1 1 1 2 2 2
s
H=6m.
Determine the discharge through the system.
Sol.:

Applying E.E. from A to B, using

C.E(v =v (D1)2=v *0.62);
2 1 1
2 D2
6=V1 [0.5 +f 300 +(1-0.62)2 +f 240
0.64 +0.64]
2g 1 2
0.6 1

Thus;
2
6=V1 (1.0392+500f +31.104f )..................................1
2g

1 2

60. In the figure shown, L1=900m, D1=300mm, 𝜖 1=0.3 mm, L2=600m, D2=200mm,
𝜖2=0.03mm, L3=1200m, D3=400mm, 𝜖3=0.24mm, 𝜌=1028kg/m3, v=2.8*10- 6
m2/s,
pA=560kpa, ZA=30m, ZB=24m.
For a total flow of (340 L/s), determine the flow
through each pipe and the pressure at (B).
Sol.
Assume Q'
=85 L/s → v′ =4 Q′1 → v′ =1.2 m/s
1
1 πD1 1
v′1 D1
Re' =
=129000
1
𝑣
𝜖1
=0.001 → Moody Diagram→ f ′ =0.022
D1 1
→ hf ′=4.85m
hf'
L 1
=f ′
V′1 900 1.2 2

=0.022
61. In the figure shown; find the dis charges for water at (20˚ c) with the following pipes data and reservoir elevations:
L =3000 m D =1m 𝜖1
=0.0002
1 1
D1
L = 600m D = 0.45m 𝛜2
= 0.002
2 1
→ hf 1000 f =0.014 V
2
=7=f
V1 =1.75
m/s
L3 = 1000m
Sol.
E.E. 1-J → 30=23+hf
1 1 1 1 1
1 2g
Q1=1.38m3/s
E.E. J-2 → 5=f
600 V22 f =0.024 V =1.75 m/s Q =0.278m3/s
2 2 2 2
0.45 2g
E.E. J-3 → 14=f
1000 V32 f =0.02 V =2.87 m/s Q =0.811m3/s
3 3 3 3
0.6 2g
So that; (Inflow =Q1=1.38 m3/s) is greater than the out flow (Q2+ Q3= 0.278 + 0.811=
1.089) by amount (0.291m3/s).
Assume ((p +Z) J =24.6 m; and similarly);

E.E. 1-J 5.4= f

3000 V12 f =0.015 V =1.534 m/s Q =1.205m3/s
1 1 1 2
1 2g
E.E. J-2 6.6= f
600 V22 f =0.024 V =2.011 m/s Q =0.32m3/s
2 2 2 2
0.45 2g

E.E. J-3 15.6= f

1000 V32 f =0.02 V =3.029 m/s Q =0.856m3/s
3 3
3 Inflow is still greater by (0.029 m /s). By extrapolating linearly,
3
0.6 3
2g (p +Z) =24.8m → Q =1.183m3/s Q =0.325m3/s Q =0.856m3/s
J 1 2 3
 62. Determine the head loss, in millimeters of water, required for flow of (300 m3/min)
of air at (20˚c) and (100 kpa) through a rectangular galvanized-iron section (700 mm)
wide, (350mm) high, and (70m) long.
Sol.:

A 0.7*0.35
R h= = → R =0.117 m
h
P 2(0.7+0.35)

Dh=2 Rh → Dh=0.468m
𝜖 𝛜 𝛜
= 0.00015 → = 0.00032
=
D Dh 0.468 D

V=Q
A 300/60 → v=20.41 m/s
= 0.7*0.35

p = RT
p
100000 → 𝜌.=1.189 kg/m3
= 287*293

From Fig. (c.1); 𝜇=2.2*10-5 Pa. s

VDh𝞀 20.41*0.468*1.189
Re= = → Re=516200
𝜇 2.2*10−5

From Moody Diagram; f=0.0165

Thus;
h=f L V
2
f
Dh 2g

= 0.0165 70
2
0.468 20.41 → hf=52.42 m air
2*9.8
 63. A pump characteristics are given by; (hp
=31.12000Q2) and (ƺp =-190000Q2+8590Q),
where (hp) is in (m) and (Q) in (m3/s) and (ƺp) is the
efficiency (%).
a. Find the characteristics of three identical
pumps connected in parallel

Sol.:

(a) Qe=3Q1=3Q2=3Q3=3Q
hp =hp =hp =hp → hp =31-12000 (Qe )2
e 1 2 3 e
3
Qe
ƺp = ƺp ƺp ƺp → ƺp =-190000( ) +8590(
Qe 2
)
e 1= 2= 3 e
3 3
64. In the piston-cylinder apparatus for pressure gage tester shown in the figure, the piston is
loaded to develop pressure of known magnitude. Calculate the mass
(M) required to produce (1.5 MPa(gage) in the cylinder, when
M
the piston moves with (0.02mm/s). Calculate also the leakage
flow rate of oil for these conditions. Assume steady uniform
flow and neglect the weight of the piston. a
Sol.:

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 = 0
p*𝜋 D
4 𝐷2 + 𝐹𝑣 = 𝑀𝑔 S2=0.92
p*𝜋 𝐷2 + 𝜏| * 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 𝑀 ………(1)
4 𝑦=𝑎 g

𝜇𝑈 (𝑎 − 2 * 𝑎) 𝑑𝑝
[ − o]
𝜏|𝑦=𝑎 = − 2
𝛼 𝑑𝑥
 0.5*0.02*10−3 0.005*10−3 1.5*10−6
= + [ − 0.92 * 9810]
0.005*10−3 2 25*10−3

𝜏|𝑦=𝑎 = 152Pa sub. In (1)

1.5*106*𝜋 * (0.006)2 + 152 * 𝜋 * 0.006 * 0.025 = M * 9.81
4

∴ 𝑀 = 4.335𝑘𝑔
𝑈𝑎 𝑎3 𝑑𝑝
Q=( − [ − o]) * 𝜋D
2 12𝜇 𝑑𝑥

0.02*10−3*0.005*10−3 (0.005*10−3)3
=( − [59990974.8]) * 𝜋 * 0.006
2 12*0.5

∴ 𝑄 = −2.26 * 10−11 𝑚3⁄𝑠 = 2.26 * 10−11 𝑚3⁄𝑠 ↑= 0.0226 𝑚3⁄𝑠