UEE Unit 5 - GK

Utilization of Electrical Energy
SUBJECT CODE: EE402
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal-
609 609
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Unit 5
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Refrigeration and air conditioning
Introduction
REFRIGERATION
 It is a method of reducing the temperature of system below that of the
surroundings and maintain it at the lower temperature by continuously
abstracting the heat from it.
AIR CONDITIONING
 Providing a cool indoor atmosphere at all times regardless of weather
conditions needed either for human comfort or industrial purposes by
artificially cooling, humidifying or dehumidifying, cleaning and recirculation
the surrounding air is called air conditioning.
Refrigeration and air conditioning is used to cool products or a building

environment. The refrigeration or air conditioning system (R) transfers heat from
a cooler low-energy reservoir to a warmer high-energy reservoir.
CONCEPTS OF REFRIGERATION
 Heat transfer is possible from a lower

temperature system to higher
temperature surroundings by some High Temperature Reservoir
external means as per the 2nd law of
Heat Rejected
thermodynamics.
 The working fluid changes from liquid
R Work input
phase to vapour phase after heat
absorption and from vapour phase to Heat Absorbed
liquid phase after heat rejection.
 The change of phase of the working fluid Low Temperature Reservoir
from liquid phase to vapour phase
results in cooling effect.
PRINCIPLE OF REFRIGERATION
 It is based on 2nd law of Thermodynamics. As per Clausius

Statement, heat cannot flow from a body at lower temperature to a
body at higher temperature unless assisted by some external means.
 In refrigeration, heat is continuously removed from the system at a

lower temperature and same heat is rejected to the surroundings at a
higher temperature. This is done by using an external source like a
compressor (or) a pump.
 Heat from a system at lower temperature is abstracted by using a

working fluid/medium called refrigerant.
TYPES OF REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
 Ice refrigerator - Ice is kept in cabinet.
 Air refrigerator - Air is used as working medium
 Vapour refrigerator:
 Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR)

 Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR)
Working medium: Ammonia, Co2, So2, Freons
VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION
Centrifugal Compressors, Reciprocating

Compressors, Screw Compressors, Scroll
Compressors and Hermetic Compressors
The superheated vapour

enters the compressor where
its pressure is raised and

comes out at high tempera-
ture and high velocity.
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
The high pressure

superheated gas is cooled in
several stages in the
condenser. The condenser
is in contact with the hot
reservoir of the refrigeration
system.
Liquid passes through

expansion device, which
reduces its pressure and
controls the flow into the
evaporator
Strainer / drier
 Strainer prevents the

plugging flow control device
by dirt, scale and moisture.
Low pressure, low

temperature liquid refrigerant
in evaporator which is in
contact with cold reservoir
absorbs heat and
evaporates
REFRIGERANT
 A chemical used in cooling systems such as refrigerators and air

conditioners.
 It can readily absorb heat at one temperature, and then compressed by a

heat pump to a higher temperature and pressure where it changes phase
and discharges the absorbed heat.
 R-22 (Chlorodifluoromethane), R-410A (mixture of difluoromethane and

pentafluoroethane), R-32 (Difluoromethane), R-134A (1,1,1,2-
Tetrafluoroethane / hydrofluorocarbon and haloalkane refrigerant), R-290
(Propane), R-600A (Isobutane).
 The most environment-friendly refrigerants are “R-290” and “R-600A”

DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS (THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES)
Boiling Point:- It should have Low Boiling Point.

Freezing Point:- It should be below the Evaporator temperature.
Evaporative Pressure:- It should be above Atmospheric pressure.
Condensing Pressure:- It should have LOW Condensing pressure.
Latent Heat of Vapourisation:- It should have HIGH Latent heat of
Vaporisation.
Critical Temperature & Pressure:-It should be above the
condensing Temperature & Pressure.
DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS (CHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
Toxicity :- It should not be Poisonous or injurious . It should not be non-irrit-
ating to eyes.
Corrosiveness :- It should not be corrosive & should not have any effect on
materials used in equipment.
Leak Detection :- It should have less tendency to leak & if it is leaking it
should be easily detectable.
Flammability :- It should not be Inflammable.
Miscibility with Oil :- It should be immiscible with oil & should not have any
effect on the properties of Oil used for Lubrication.
Effect on Foodstuff :- It should not affect on food articles Or make them
poisonous or unportable.
DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS (PHYSICAL PROPERTIES)
Specific Volume :- It should be LOW in Vapour state.
Viscosity :- It should have LOW viscosity.
Thermal Conductivity :- It should have HIGH Thermal Conductivity.
Di-Electric Strength :- It should have High strength.

VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM

In this system, compression process of vapour compression cycle is eliminated.
Instead of that the following three processes are carried out.
 Absorbing ammonia vapour into water.
 Pumping this solution to a high pressure cycle
 Producing ammonia vapours from ammonia solution by heating.
Vapour absorption system
Construction:
 The vapour absorption system
consists of a condenser, an
expansion valve and an evaporator.
 They perform the same as they do
in vapour compression method.
 In addition to these, this system
has an absorber, a heat exchanger,
an analyser and a rectifier.
Working:
 Dry ammonia vapor at low pressure passes
in to the absorber from the evaporator
 In the absorber the dry ammonia
vapor is dissolved in cold water and strong
solution of ammonia is formed.
 Heat evolved during the absorption of
ammonia is removed by circulating
cold water through the coils kept in
the absorber.
 The highly concentrated ammonia
(known as Aqua Ammonia) is then pumped
by a pump to generator through a heat
exchanger.
Working:
 In the heat exchanger the strong ammonia
solution is heated by the hot weak solution
returning from the generator to the absorber
 In the generator the warm solution is further
heated by steam coils, gas or electricity
and the ammonia vapour is driven out of
solution.
 The boiling point of ammonia is less than
that of water.
 Hence the vapours leaving the generator
are mainly of ammonia
Working:
 The weak ammonia solution is left in the
generator is called weak aqua.
 This weak solution is returned to the ab-

sorber through the heat exchanger.
 Ammonia vapours leaving the generator
may contain some water vapour.
 If this water vapour is allowed to the
condenser and expansion valve, it may
freeze resulting in chocked flow.
 Analyser and rectifiers are incorporated in
the system before condenser.
Working:
 The ammonia vapour from the generator
passes through a series of trays in the analyser
and ammonia is separated from water vapour.
 The separated water vapour returned to

generator.
 Then the ammonia vapour passes through a

rectifier.
 The rectifier resembles a condenser and

water vapour still present in ammonia
vapour condenses and the condensate is
returned to analyser.
 The virtually pure ammonia vapour then passes

through the condenser.
Working:
 The latent heat of ammonia vapour is
rejected to the cooling water circulated
through the condenser and the ammonia
vapour is condensed to liquid ammonia.
 The high pressure liquid ammonia is
throttled by an expansion valve or throttle
valve.
 This reduces the high temperature of the
liquid ammonia to a low value and liquid
ammonia partly evaporates.
 Then this is led to the evaporator.
 In the evaporator the liquid fully vaporizes.

Working:
 The latent heat of evaporation is obtained
from the brine or other body which is being
cooled.
 The low pressure ammonia vapour leaving
the evaporator again enters the absorber
and the cycle is completed.
 This cycle is repeated again to provide the
refrigerating effect.

Comparison between Vapour compression & Vapour Absorption refrigeration systems
S.No. Vapour Compression System Vapour Absorption System
1 This system has more wear and Only moving part in this system is an
tear and produces more noise due aqua pump. Hence the quieter in
to the moving parts of the operation and less wear and tear
compressor.
2. Electric power is needed to drive Waste of exhaust steam may be used.
the system No need of electric power
3. COP is more COP is less

4. At partial loads performance is At partial loads performance is not
poor. affected.
5. Mechanical energy is supplied Heat energy is utilised
through compressor
6. Energy supplied is ¼ to ½ of the Energy supplied is about one and half

refrigerating effect (less) times the refrigerating effect (more)
Comparison between Vapour compression & Vapour Absorption refrigeration systems
S.No. Vapour Compression System Vapour Absorption System
7. Charging of the refrigerating to the Charging of refrigerant is difficult

system is easy
8. Preventive measure is needed, Liquid refrigerant has no bad effect on

since liquid refrigerant the system.
accumulated in the cylinder may
damage to the cylinder
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR
 House hold refrigerators use vapor compression cycle
 Less energy: (90 W to 600 W)
 Due to small and high efficiency motors and compressors,
 better insulation materials,
 large coil surface area,
 better door seals
 Designed to maintain:
 Freezer section -18 °C
 Refrigeration section at 3°C
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR
 Insulation materials:
 Fiber glass, k= 0.032 W/m °C
 Urethane foam, k= 0.019 W/m °C
Wall thickness for foam
• For freezer section reduced from 90 to 48 mm
• For refrigeration section reduced from 70 to 40 mm
 Works better up to the environment of 43°C
 Ice maker (2 to 3 kg/day)
 Vapor absorption is more expensive and less efficient
Household Refrigerator
Working
 In the domestic refrigerators, vapour

compression systems of refrigeration is
used.
 A capillary tube or restrictor system is

used in the domestic refrigerators, as it
is simple.
 It replaces the expansion valve of the

conventional vapour compression
system.
Working
 The refrigerant is pushed through the

restrictor, due to the pressure difference
between the condenser and evaporator.
 The pressure drop in the restrictor

depends on the velocity, volume,
viscosity and density of the refrigerant.
 The capillary tubing and the condenser

are both at the back side of the domestic
refrigerator.
Working
 The compressor and motor are sealed in

a single unit called the sealed unit which
is provided at the bottom of the
refrigerator.
 To prevent the chocking of the capillary

tubing by moisture, a silicagel dehydrator
is used.
Layout of Domestic refrigerator
Refrigerator Wiring Diagram
Working
 A set of normally closed (NC) contacts

is in series with the motor start
winding.
 The electromagnetic winding is in

series with the auxiliary winding of
the motor.
 When the contacts close, the motor

starts and the auxiliary winding is
energised.
Working
 Sufficient voltage is induced in the

auxiliary winding when it reaches the
rated speed.
 This voltage causes the current to flow

through the relay coil.
 This causes the relay to open.

Working
 Thermostat is a thermal switch.
 As soon as the temperature reaches

threshold value of the fridge, the
thermostat automatically cuts off the
supply to the machine.
 After some time, when the

temperature rises in the refrigerator, it
again receives the supply to the
machine automatically.
REFRIGERATION EFFECT (N)
 In a refrigeration system, the rate at which the heat is absorbed in a

cycle from the interior space to be cooled is called refrigerating effect
Heat extracted from the cold space
N = ---------------------------------------------------------------
Time taken
TON OF REFRIGERATION
 Capacity of refrigeration system is expressed in ton of refrigeration
A ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat absorbed in

order to form one ton of ice in 24 hours when the initial temperature of
the water is 0°
1 ton of refrigeration = 210 KJ/min = 3.5 KW
Ton of Refrigeration
Heat extracted from water at 0C = latent heat of ice

Latent heat of ice = 336 kJ/kg
i.e., 336 kJ of heat should be extracted from one kg of water at 0C to
convert it into ice.
One ton of refrigeration = 336x907 kJ/24 hrs.

= 336x907 kJ/min
24x60
One ton of refrigeration = 211.63 kJ/min
= 3.527 kJ/sec
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP)

 The performance of a refrigeration system is expressed by a factor
known as the co-efficient of performance
 It is the ratio of heat absorbed in a system to the work supplied
N = Heat absorbed or removed (KW) The COP is always greater than 1 and
W = Work supplied (KW) known as theoretical coefficient of
Co efficient of performance performance.in evaporator
= Heat extracted
Work Input
Co efficient of performance = Refrigerating Effect
Work Input
COP = N/W
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
 Air Conditioning is the process of conditioning the air according to the human
comfort, irrespective of external conditions.
Applications of Air Conditioning

 Used in offices, hotels, buses, cars, etc
 Used in industries having tool room machines.
 Used in textile industries to control moisture.
 Used in printing press.
 Used in Food industries, Chemical plants

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Types of Air conditioners

a) Room Air conditioners
b) Winter Air conditioners
c) Central Air conditioners
Functions of Air conditioners
 Cleaning air.
 Controlling the temp of air.
 Controlling the moisture content.
 Circulating the air.
Window Type Air Conditioner
The air circulation system of the window air conditioner comprises of the following
parts
Blower:
 This is the small blower that is fitted behind the evaporator or cooling coil
inside the assembly of the window air conditioner system.
 The blower sucks the air from the room which first passes over the air filter and
gets filtered. The air then passes over the cooling coil and gets chilled.
 The blower then blows this filtered and chilled air, which passes through the
supply air compartment inside the window air conditioner assembly.
 This air is then delivered into the room from the supply air grill of the front panel.
Propeller fan or the condenser fan:

 The condenser fan is the forced draft type of propeller fan that sucks the atmospheric
air and blows it over the condenser.
 The hot refrigerant inside the condenser gives up the heat to the atmospheric air and
its temperature reduces.
Fan motor:
 The motor inside the window air conditioner assembly is located between the
condenser and the evaporator coil.
 It has double shaft on one side of which the blower is fitted and on the other side the
condenser fan is fitted.
 This makes the whole assembly of the blower, the condenser fan and the motor highly
compact.
Working
 The low pressure vapour refrigerant from the
evaporator is sucked by compressor through the
open inlet valve.
 The compressor compresses the vapour refrigerant.
 The high pressure and high temperature vapour
refrigerant then flows to the condenser through the
open outlet valve.
 In the condenser, the outside atmospheric
temperature in summer being around 42 oC, air is
circulated by fan.
 After condensation, the high pressure liquid
refrigerant formed passes through an expansion
valve which reduces its pressure
 The low pressure refrigerant then enters the

evaporator and evaporates, thus absorbing latent
heat of vaporisation from the room air.
 The equipment which is used for evaporating the
refrigerant is called evaporator.
 After evaporation, the refrigerant becomes vapour
 The low pressure vapour is again passed to the

compressor. Thus the cycle is repeated.
 A partition separates high temperature side of
condenser, compressor and low temperature side
of evaporator
Merits :
 A separate temperature control is provided in
each
 room.
 Ducts are not required for distribution.
 Cost is less.
 Skilled technician is required for installation.
Demerits:
 It makes noise.
 Large hole is made in the external wall or a
large opening to be created in the window
panel. This leads to insecurity to inmates.
 Air quantity cannot be varied.
Split Type Air Conditioner
Split AC
Split AC
In split air type air conditioner, noise

making components like compressor
and condenser are mounted outside or
away from room.
 Split type air conditioning system
has two main components.
(i) Outdoor Unit (ii) Indoor unit.

 The outdoor unit consists of
compressor and condenser.
 The indoor unit consists of power
cables, refrigerant tube and an
evaporator mounted inside the room
Split AC
 Compressor is used to compress the

refrigerant.
 The refrigerant moves between the
evaporator and condenser through the
circuit of tubing and fins in the coils.
 The evaporator and condenser are
usually made of coil of copper tubes
and surrounded by aluminium fins.
 The liquid refrigerant coming from the
condenser evaporates in the indoor
evaporator coil.
 During this process the heat is
removed from the indoor unit air and
thus, the room is cooled.
Split AC
 Air return grid takes in the indoor

air.
 Water is dehumidified out of air is
drained through the drain pipe.
 The hot refrigerant vapour is
passed to the compressor and
then to the condenser where it
becomes liquid.
 Thus the cycle is repeated.
 A thermostat is used to keep the
room at a constant, comfortable
temperature avoiding the frequent
turning on off.
Split AC
DeMerits:
Merits:
 Initial cost is higher than window
 It is compact air conditioner
 It is energy and money saving.  Skilled technician is required for installation.
 Duct is not used.  Each zone or room requires thermostat to

control the air cooling.
 Easier to install.
Uses:
 It is noiseless, because rotary air
 Used in houses, hospitals, offices, computer
compressor used is, kept outside.
centres, theatres, departmental stores etc.,
 It is more efficient and powerful.
 Air-conditioning of transport media such as
 It has the flexibility for zoning. buses, cars trains, aeroplanes and ships.
 Wide application in food processing, printing,
chemical, pharmaceutical and machine tool,
etc.,
CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Self Study
Thank you

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Utilization of Electrical Energy

SUBJECT CODE: EE402

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Refrigeration and air conditioning is used to cool products or a building

 Heat transfer is possible from a lower

 It is based on 2nd law of Thermodynamics. As per Clausius

 In refrigeration, heat is continuously removed from the system at a

 Heat from a system at lower temperature is abstracted by using a

 Ice refrigerator - Ice is kept in cabinet.

 Air refrigerator - Air is used as working medium

 Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR)

Centrifugal Compressors, Reciprocating

The superheated vapour

its pressure is raised and

The high pressure

Liquid passes through

 Strainer prevents the

Low pressure, low

 A chemical used in cooling systems such as refrigerators and air

 It can readily absorb heat at one temperature, and then compressed by a

 R-22 (Chlorodifluoromethane), R-410A (mixture of difluoromethane and

 The most environment-friendly refrigerants are “R-290” and “R-600A”

DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS (THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES)

Boiling Point:- It should have Low Boiling Point.

DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS (PHYSICAL PROPERTIES)

Specific Volume :- It should be LOW in Vapour state.

Viscosity :- It should have LOW viscosity.

Thermal Conductivity :- It should have HIGH Thermal Conductivity.

Di-Electric Strength :- It should have High strength.

VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM

 This weak solution is returned to the ab-

 The separated water vapour returned to

 Then the ammonia vapour passes through a

 The rectifier resembles a condenser and

 The virtually pure ammonia vapour then passes

 In the evaporator the liquid fully vaporizes.

Vapour absorption system

S.No. Vapour Compression System Vapour Absorption System

3. COP is more COP is less

6. Energy supplied is ¼ to ½ of the Energy supplied is about one and half

S.No. Vapour Compression System Vapour Absorption System

7. Charging of the refrigerating to the Charging of refrigerant is difficult

8. Preventive measure is needed, Liquid refrigerant has no bad effect on

 In the domestic refrigerators, vapour

 A capillary tube or restrictor system is

 It replaces the expansion valve of the

 The refrigerant is pushed through the

 The pressure drop in the restrictor

 The capillary tubing and the condenser

 The compressor and motor are sealed in

 To prevent the chocking of the capillary

 A set of normally closed (NC) contacts

 The electromagnetic winding is in

 When the contacts close, the motor

 Sufficient voltage is induced in the

 This voltage causes the current to flow

 This causes the relay to open.

 Thermostat is a thermal switch.

 As soon as the temperature reaches

 After some time, when the

REFRIGERATION EFFECT (N)

 In a refrigeration system, the rate at which the heat is absorbed in a

 Capacity of refrigeration system is expressed in ton of refrigeration