VAPOUR ABSORPTION
REFRIGERATION
SYSTEM
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
REFRIGERATION
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SIMPLE REFRIGERATION
SYSTEM
PRACTICAL REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
DOMESTIC ELECTROLUX(AMMONIA
HYDROGEN)REFRIGERATOR
COP OF VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
The vapour absorption refrigeration system is
one of the method of producing refrigerating
effect.
Uses heat energy instead of mechanical
energy as in vapour compression system.
In the vapour absorption system the compressor
is replaced by an absorber, a pump, a
generator, and a pressure reducing valve.
These component in vapour absorption system
perform the same function as that of a
compressor in vapour compression system.
REFRIGERATION
The term ‘refrigeration’may be defined as the process of
removing heat from a substance under controlled condition.
In other words the refrigeration means a continued
extraction of heat from a body whose temperature is already
below the temperature of its surrounding.
UNITS OF REFRIGERATION-
The practical unit of refrigertion is expressed in terms of
“tonne of refrigeration.
REFRIGERANT-
Refrigerant is a heat carrying medium in the refrigeration
system, which absorb heat from the low temp system and
discard heat so absorb to a higher temperature system.
In the vapour absorption refrigeration system we use
ammonia as the refrigernt.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
In this system the low pressure ammonia vapour leaving the
evaporator enters the absorber where it is absorbed by the cold
water in the absorber.
The water has ability to absorb very large quantities of of
ammonia vapour and the solution thus is formed, is known as
aqua-ammonia.
The absorption of ammonia vapour in water lowers the pressure
in the absorber which in turns draws more ammonia vapour from
the evaporator and thus rises the the temperature of solution.
Some form of cooling arrangement ( usually water cooling)is
employed in the absorber to remove the heat of the solution
evolved here.
This is necessary in order to increase the absorbing capacity of
water because higher temperature water absorbs less ammonia
vapour.
PRACTICAL VAPOUR
ABSORPTION SYSTM
Its mainly consists of three parts
ANALYSER
RECTIFIER
HEAT EXCHANGER
ANALYSER-When ammonia is vapourised in the
generator some water is also vapourised,and flow
into the condenser along with ammonia .
if these unwanted particle are not removed before
entering into the condenser,they will enter into the
expansion valve where they freeze and choke the
pipe line,so in order to remove the unwanted
particle flowing in the condeser the analyser is used.
RECTIFIER- In case the water vapour are not
completely removed in the analyaer,a closed
type of vapour cooler called rectifier is also
known as dehydrator is used,it may be of
water cooled.
HEAT EXCHANGER-The heat exchanger
provided between the pump and the
generator which is use to cool the weak hot
solution returnig from the generator to
absorber.
DOMESTIC ELECTROLUX(AMMONIA
HYDROGEN) REFRIGERATOR
BASIC COMPONET OF DOMESTIC
REFRIGERATOR
1-Generator
2-Separator
3-Analyser
4-Rectifier
5-Main condenser
6-Helping condenser
7-Liquid heat exchanger
8-Absorber
A-High temperature evaporator
B-low temperature evaporator
9-Hydrogen-Reservoir
This type of refrigerator is also called a three fluid
absorption system.
It is called three fluid absorption system because it
uses 3 fluids such as ammonia,hydrogen and water.
Here in this refrigeration system the movable part
that is the pump is not used,there fore it produces
less noise and less wear and tear property.
In the generator ,the ammonia vapour is formed due
to heating of strong ammonia solution.
This formed ammonia vapour is passed through
separator, analyser, rectifier to remove the water
particles and water vapour is carried out by
ammonia.
The dehydrated ammonia vapour is passed to the main-
condenser,where 90% vapour is condensed here and the
remaining 10% is further condensed in the helping-
condenser.
This condensed high pressure ammonia liquid is passed
to the evaporator of section A and B
and it is evaporated in the presence of hydrogen
atmoshpere.
The mixture of ammonia vapour and hydrogen is passed
to the absorver through the gas heat exchanger,the hot
hydrogen coming from absorver is cooled by cold
mixture of hydrogen and ammonia coming from
evaporator.
The weak liquid absorb ammonia vapour in
the absorber liberating the hydrogen free
and become strong solution.
During the absorption,the heat liberated is
given to the hydrogen and hydrogen become
hot. This hot hydrogen is cooled in the gas
heat exchanger.
The strong solution from the absorber is
passed to the generator through liquid heat
exchanger, where the strong solution is
heated and weak solution is cooled.
COMPARISION BETWEEN ABSORPTION
SYSTEM AND COMPRESSION SYSTEM
ABSORPTION SYSTEM- COMPRESSION SYSTEM-
1-Use low grade energy like heat 1-Use high grade energy
there fore ,may be worked on
mechanical work.
exhaust system from I.C engine
etc. 2-Moving parts are in the
2-Moving part are only in the compressor there fore
pump, which is small element more wear, tear and noise
of the system, Hence the is produced.
operation is smooth. 3-The cop decreases
3-The system can work on lower considerably with decrease
evaporator pressure also
in evaporator pressure.
without affecting the cop.
4-No effect of reducing the load 4-Performance is adversely
on performance. affected at partial load.
COP OF AN IDEAL VAPOUR
ABSORPTON REFRIGERATION SYSTEM-
C.O.P=Heat absorbed in evaporator/(work done by
pump+heat supplied in generator)
According to first law of thermodynamics
Qc=Qg+Qe
Qc=The heat is discharged to the atmoshpere or cooling
water from the condenser and absorber.
Qg=heat is given to the refrigerant in the generator.
Qe=heat is absorbed by the refigerant in the evaporator.
Tg=temperature at which heat(Qg) is given to the generator.
Tc=Temperature at which heat (Qc) is discharged to
atmoshpere
Te=Temperature at which heat (Qe) is absorved in the
evaporator.
COP OF THE SYSTEM
C.O.P=Qe/Qg=Qe/Qe[Tc-Te]Te*[TG]/[Tg-Tc]
= [Te]/[Tc-Te]*[Tg-Tc]/Tg
ADVANTAGE
As there is no moving part in the entire system, the
operation is essentially quite and subjected to a very
little wear.
The load variations does not effect the performance of
a vapour absorption system.
Absorption system may be designed to use any readily
available source of thermal energy such as process
steam ,hot exhaust from furnaces and solar energy,
there fore they can be used in places where electric
power is hard to obtain or is very expensive.
Here pump is used for pumping refrigerant absorbent
solution, which consume less power.
Maintenance cost is low as because of absence of
moving part.
DISADVANTAGES
Set up is too large as it consists of three
more equipment those are absorber,
generator ,and pump.
Initial cost is high.
Corrosive in nature.
Low working pressure.
Due to low working pressure the cop of
vapour refrigeraton is low,it is about 1.1
High heat rejection system is required,as
heat is being rejected from
condenser,analyser,rectifier and absorber.
STEAM JET REFRIGERATION
SYSTEM
This system uses the principle of boiling the
water below 100C.
If the pressure on the surface of the water is
reduced below atmospheric pressure, water can
be made boil at low temperatures. Water boils at
60C, when the pressure on the surface is 5 cm of
Hg and at 100C, when the pressure is 6.5 cms of
Hg.
The very low pressure or high vacuum on the
surface of the water can be maintained by
throttling the steam through jets or nozzles.
Consider a flash chamber contains 100 kg of
water. If suddenly 1 kg of water is removed
by boiling, as pressure is reduced due to
throttling of steam through nozzles.
Approximately 2385 kJ of heat will be
removed from the water, which is equivalent
to heat of evaporation of water. The fall in
temperature of the remaining water will be
Evaporating one more kg of water reduces
the remaining water temperature by 5.70C
further. Thus by continuing this process, the
remaining water can be made to freeze.
Water is the refrigerant used in the steam
jet refrigeration system.
As water freezes at 0C, then either
refrigeration has to be stopped or some
device is required to pump the ice.
ADVANTAGES
a) It is flexible in operation; cooling capacity can be easily and
quickly changed.
b) It has no moving parts as such it is vibration free.
c) It can be installed out of doors.
d) The weight of the system per ton of refrigerating capacity is
less.
e) The system is very reliable and maintenance cost is less.
f) The system is particularly adapted to the processing of cold
water used in
rubber mills,, distilleries, paper mills, food processing plants,
etc.
g) This system is particularly used in air-conditioning
installations, because of the complete safety of water as
refrigerant and ability to adjust quickly to load variations and
no hazard from the leakage of the refrigerant.
DISADVANTAGES
a) The use of direct evaporation to produce
chilled water is usually limited as
tremendous volume of vapor is to be
handled.
b) About twice as much heat must be removed
in the condenser of steam jet per
ton of refrigeration compared with the vapor
compression system.
c) The system is useful for comfort air-
conditioning, but it is not practically
feasible for water temperature below 40C.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion we conclude that
vapour absorption refrigeration system is one
of the important refrigeration system which
can work in the absence of electric current.
And during the operation it produces less
noise,because due to the absence of moving
part,so it is more preferable than the
compression refrigeration system.
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