RAC …making you comfortable

WELCOME RAC INSTRUCTORS

 NNELE EMMANUEL OBINNA
TO  YUSUF YAKUBU
REFRIGERATION  NWAIWU UCHECHUKWU
 CHIDEBE CHUKWUNONSO
AND  UGWUANYI ONYEBUCHI

AIR CONDITIONING  MEIR GIMPLE

PRESENTATION (HOD)
 OBJECTIVES

AT THE END OF THIS PRESENTATION YOU WILL BE

ABLE TO:
 Understand the basic principles of refrigeration and
air-conditioning
 Basic refrigeration cycle
 Identify basic components and their functions
 Perform basic operation of the system
 Perform vacuuming and refilling of refrigerant
 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF REFRIGERATION

 DEFINITION: Refrigeration is the removal and relocation of heat.

 What is heat? Heat is a form of energy
 Heat flows from a substance with more heat to another substance with
less heat

• IN AIR CONDITIONING,WE HAVE TWO FORMS OF HEATS:

 SENSIBLE HEAT: this is a form of heat energy which is commonly
understood because it is sensed by touch or measured directly with a
thermometer
 LATENT HEAT: This is a form of heat energy which cannot be sensed or
measured with a thermometer, it causes an object to change its
properties. If heat is added or removed, it changes the state of the
substance.
 SATURATION
.

 When a substance is in the form of liquid and vapour;

 If heat is added it will change into vapour .
 If heat is removed, it will begin to change back into liquid
 HUMIDITY CONTROL
 Moisture in the air is called humidity
 The ability of air to hold moisture is directly
related to its temperature
 The warmer the air ,the more moisture it is
capable of holding.
 High humidity conditions do not allow sweat
to evaporate as well because the air is at its
maximum capacity.
 Humidity is also a form of latent heat. When
air contains more humidity, it has more
latent heat
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
BASIC COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
COMPRESSOR (HEMERTIC)
The purposes of the compressor are to:

Compress the refrigerant that leaves the

evaporator by raising its temperature
thus creating a temperature difference
that enables heat transfer from the
cooled area, toward the outside.
Circulates the refrigerant in the system
 THE CONDENSER
The purpose of the condenser is to:
Receive the high-pressure and
temperature gas from the
compressor
Converts this gas into liquid
Emits heat to the surroundings.
[The condenser consists of pipes,
usually made of cooper and cooling
fins usually made of aluminum. The
refrigerant in its gaseous state flows
through the condenser pipes, while
the air is forced around the fins].
THE EXPANSION VALVE

The expansion valve performs a triple function in

the cooling system:
It reduces the pressure from the refrigerant in
liquid state, on its way to the evaporator.
It determines the refrigerant flow intensity
through the cooling circuit according to the load
on the evaporator and maintains the desired
pressure difference in the system.
It enables the compressor to accomplish its
compressing action by restricting the refrigerant
flow.

  THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE

It regulates the refrigerant flow according to the
system’s need.

CAPILLARY (ORIFICE) TUBE

It controls refrigerant flow by the size of its diameter.
 
 EVAPORATOR
The evaporator’s function is
the opposite of the
condenser’s function.
Receives wet refrigerant
from the expansion valve.
Absorbs heat from the
system and turns the liquid
refrigerant into vapour.
Returns the refrigerant in
its vapour form to the
compressor
 THE FAN
The fan's purpose is to
move the air through the
evaporator or the
condenser.
When the fan operates
at its higher speed, it
delivers its greatest
volume of air across the
fins and coils for a rapid
evaporation.
 RECEIVER AND FILTER DRIER
The Receiver
The additional amount of refrigerant
that does not take part in the cooling
process are stored here in order to
prevent over floating the system, until
needed by the system.

 
Filter Drier
For moisture absorbance the filter drier
tank is equipped with a desiccant or
drying agent.
Prevents the circulation of moisture
along with the refrigerant in the system.
 THE REFRIGERANT

 The refrigerant refers to the liquid

used in a refrigerating system to Refrigerant Cylinder
produce "" by removing heat from
the air.
 It is the safest liquid available that
remains stable at high and low
temperatures and still gives off or
absorb great quantity of heat.
 It is not toxic, not flammable and
does not harm plastic or metal
components.
 It boils and melts at extremely low
temperatures.
 It brings about cooling through its
compression, condensation,
expansion and evaporation.
 BASIC OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM

The basic unit TPS3950 being the main unit for all the
experiments in RAC laboratory performs various
operations which include:

 Basic refrigeration
 Basic air conditioning
 Advanced refrigeration
 Industrial air conditioning
 TPS3950 BASIC REFRIGERATION

TPS 3950 has these features that enable it

to perform the operation
 Electronically controlled valves
 Fasteners
 LCD display
 BASIC REFRIGERATION EXPERIMENT

The two modes of operation in

basic refrigeration are:
 Thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) mode
 Capillary tube mode
The appropriate keys are selected on the control panel
and the checked at the LCD display for confirmation
 RESULT ANALYSIS
LP=Low pressure
HP= High pressure
T1=Compressor inlet
temperature
T2=compressor outlet
temperature
T3=Condenser air inlet
temperature
T4=Condenser air exit
temperature
T5=Evaporator air exit
temperature (refrigerated
area temperature)
T6=Evaporator air inlet
temperature
 VACUUM OPERATION
Vacuum operation means
emptying the refrigeration or air
conditioning systems.

Vacuum process is performed

with the use of vacuum pump and
manifold gauge whose hoses are
connected to compressor (bottom
blue hose)and vacuum pump(left
yellow hose).the vacuum pump is
allowed to operate for 15 minutes
after which the vacuum pump is
turned off and disconnected
 REFRIGERANT FILLING
Refrigerant filling is a means
of introducing refrigerant into
the refrigeration system after it
has been evacuated.
 Refrigerant filling is done
with the aid of manifold gauge
connecting both the
compressor and refrigerant
cylinder. the system is allowed
to charge until a pressure of
about 3bars is reached.
 LEAK CHECK
Leak check is a device used to
check or detect leakages in:
Valves
Piping
Fasteners
It makes sound at regular
frequency and in resonance
with the indicator light when
there are no leakages, but the
frequency immediately alters
where it encounters leakage.
 SUMMARY
APPLICATIONS OF REFRIGERATION
1. Comfort application
 Commercial buildings
 Institutional buildings
 Residential buildings
2.Process application
 Food cooking and processing areas
 Hospital operation theatre
 Chemical and biological laboratories
 Industrial environment
SUMMARY
In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology
that modifies the condition of the air ( heating, cooling, de-humidification,
ventilation or air movement).however, in construction, such a complete
system of heating, ventilation and air conditioning is referred to as HVACR
THANK
YOU