Exersize-III

Q1. A pump is used to transport water to a higher reservoir . If the water

temperature is 20 oC , determine the lowest pressure that can exist in the pump
without cavitation.

S1. Saturation pressure of the water at 20 oC can be taken from Table 2.2( text
book) as, 2.34 kPa. This is lowest pressure without cavitation.

P has to be, P2.34 kPa.

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Q2. Water at 15oC and 1 atm pressure is heated to 100 oC at constant pressure.
Determine the change in density of water.

S2. Density change with the pressure and temparature is given ,

As pressure remains constant, equation becomes

Properties at ;

15+100
T ave = =57. 5o C
2
ρ=999 kg /m3 , β =0 . 484 x10−3 K−1
(Table A 3 Texbook )
Using numerical values,

Δq=−(0. 485 x10−3 )(999 )(100−15 )=−38 kg/m3

ρ2 =ρ1 + Δρ=999−38=960 kg/m3

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Q3. Saturated refrigirant -134a liquid at 20 oC is cooled to 0 oC at constant

pressure. Determine the change in density of the refrigerant.

S3.

Density of Ref. 134a, is 1261 kg/m3 at 10 oC. =0.00269 at

Tave=(10+0)/2=5oC

At constant pressure,

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Q4. Carbon dioxide enters an adiabatic nozzle at 1200 K with a velocity of 50

m/s and leaves at 400 K. Assuming constant specific heats at room
temperature , determine the Mach number a) at inlet and b) at exit of the nozzle
Sol:

Speed of sound

Speed of sound

Velocity at the exit of the nozzle is not known. Appliying steady state energy
equation, given
2
V
h+ =Cons tant
2

If there is no losses, the total energy remains constant along the nozzle.
Flow is subsonic at the inlet section, but supersonic at the exit section.

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Q5. As shown in figure, the V hape body rotates with 200 r/s an a container
filled with SAE Oil at 20 oC ( dynamik viscousity =0.100 Pa.s). If the thickness of
the oil film on all sides is 1.2 mm, determine the power required to maintain
the motion.
Case

D = 12 cm

L = 12 cm
d = 4 cm
SAE 10W oil
z Film kal.=h
r

Sol.
There are three surfaces to consider. Bottom surface, upper surface and
side surface.
 Bottom surface;

Case

D = 12 cm

L = 12 cm
d = 4 cm
SAE 10W oil
z Film kal.=h
r

r
r
h y
u( y)

Velosity profile is ,

ωr
u( y )= y
h
Shear stress at the wall of bottom surface

du ωr
τ w =μ =μ
dy y =h h
Friction force , torque and pover due to the bottom surface;

By integration between r=0 to r=d/2 we get,

 (1)

Upper(top) surface;

Case

D = 12 cm

L = 12 cm
d = 4 cm
SAE 10W oil
z Film kal.=h
r

Same as bottom surface

(2)
Side surface

Case

D = 12 cm

L = 12 cm
d = 4 cm
SAE 10W oil
z Film kal.=h
r

dz

Perpherical surface of the element dz;

There are two variables, r and z in the equation. Using geometric

similarity,( supposing there is linear relation between r and z),

r=C 1 +C 2 z
Using boundary conditions; r=d/2 at z=0 and r=D/2 at z=L C1 and C2 can be
calculated.

Then linear equation becomes

d D−d
r= + z
2 2L

The velocity profile is the same.

 2 D /2
¿
ω
W =μ
h
∫ r 2 dA
d/2

(3)
d/2

Total Power;

Summations of Eqs (1), (2) and (3)

Using the numerical values,

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Q6. The angle is very small, and the gap is filled with test liquid . Assuming a
linear velocity profile, derive a formula for the viscosity  in terms of the torque
M and cone parameters

Sol:

Velocity profile;

r dr

r dr/cos
Ωr y h h=rtan
u( y)= y
h
Effective surface

h=r tan θ
Velocity profile becomes

Ωr
u( y )= y
r tanθ
Friction force acting on the small element and torque about the rotation axis

du dr Ωr dr Ωr dr
dF w =τ w . dA=μ (2 πr . )=μ (2 πr . )=μ (2 πr . )
dy y =h cosθ h cosθ r tan θ cosθ

R R R

∫ dM=∫ r . dF w=0∫ μ Ωr
r tan θ
(2 πr .
dr
cosθ
)r → M=
2π Ω μ 2
∫
sin θ 0
r dr→ μ=
3 M sin θ
2 π ΩR 3
0

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Q6. A 1.2 mm –dimeter glass tube is inserted into an unknown fluid whose density is 960 kg/m3. It
is observed that the liquid rises 5 mm in the tube, and making a contact angle of 15 o. Determine
the surface tension of the liquid.

S.6.

2σ 2σ
h= cosθ →0 .005= cos15 →σ=0. 0147 N /m
ρ gR 960 x10 x 0. 0006
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