CIVL2611 Introductory Fluid Mechanics

CIVL9611 Introductory Fluid Mechanics

Tutorial 2 Solutions

Question 1:

F = 26.5 MN F = 26.5 MN
Fx
42o

Fy

(a) (b)
(a) The force is directed at right angles towards the surface.

F 26.5 10 6
p= = 4
= 1,743 10 6 N/m 2 = 1,743 MPa
A 152 10

(b) The force is directed at an angle of 42o to the vertical.

Fy F cos 42 o 26.5 10 6 cos 42 o
p= = = 4
= 1,296 10 6 N/m 2 = 1,296 MPa
A A 152 10

(c) The horizontal component of the force will result in a shear stress on the surface. This
shear stress is calculated as
Fx F sin 42 o 26.5 10 6 sin 42 o
= = = 4
= 1,167 10 6 N/m 2 = 1,167 MPa
A A 152 10

Question 2:

15.2 cm 15 cm

1 mm
20 cm

R R1

1
At 400 rpm the velocity at the surface is
400 2
v =R = 0.075 = 3.1416 m/s
60
Since the gap is very small compared with the radius of the cylinder, we can assume a linear
velocity profile in the radial direction. The shear stress is then calculated as
dv 3.1416
= = = 3,141.6
dr 0.001
The torque required to rotate the inner cylinder is related to shear stress as follows
Torque = Equivalent force Moment arm
= (Surface shearstress Area ) Moment arm
T = t (2 RL ) R 0.13 = 3141.6 m (2 0.075 0.2 ) 0.075

The dynamic viscosity of the fluid is then obtained as

0.13
m= = 0.00585 N s/m 2
3141.6 2 0.075 0.2 0.075

Question 3:

(a) The fresh water is on the top since it is less dense than salty water, that is, lighter water
stays on top of heavier water. This is sketched below.

Surface
Fresh water
1m 1 = 998 kg/m3 1 = 998 kg/m3

Salty water
2m 2 = 1,001 kg/m3 2 = 1,001 kg/m3
Depth

(b) Integrate the vertical pressure gradient equation

dp
= g
dz
over the full depth as follows:
3 3
dp
0 d z d z = 0 g d z
1 3
p( 3) p(0 ) = 1 g d z 2 g d z
0 1
1 3
= 998 9.81z 0 1,001 9.81z 1 = 29.430 kN/m 2

The above result represents the gauge pressure at the bottom.

2
(c) If the two layers are mixed, the volume weighted average density is obtained as
r1 ( A 1) + r 2 ( A 2) 998 A + 1,001 2 A
r Average = = = 1,000 kg/m 3
A3 3A
The gauge pressure at the bottom is then calculated as
p gauge = p( 3) p(0 ) = gh = 1,000 9.81 3 = 29.430 kN/m 2

Therefore, the gauge pressure remains the same as before.

(d) With the two-layer structure, the more dense fluid is lower in position, i.e. mass is
distributed so that there is more in the deeper part. Therefore, the center of mass (CM) is
toward the base.

Recall the definition of the center of mass

h 1 3 1 3
z2 z2
z dV z d( Az ) z d z 998 z d z + 1,001 z d z 998
2
+ 1,001
2
zCM = V
= V
= 0
= 0 1
= 0 1

d( Az )
h 1 3 1 3
M 998 z 0 + 1,001 z 1
V dz
0
998 d z + 1,001d z
0 1

= 1.501 m
So the center of mass is 1.501 m below the surface.

After the two fluids are mixed, the center of mass is at the half depth, i.e. a distance of 1.5
m below the surface.

In order to mix the two layers, we need to lift the center of mass from 1.501 m to 1.5 m
below the surface. The work required for this purpose is
Work = Force Distance
W = Mg Dh = r AverageV 9.81 0.001
= 1,000 3 A 9.81 0.001
The work required per unit area is then obtained as
W J N
= 1,000 3 9.81 0.001 = 29.43 2 =
A m m

Discussion:
Think about a reservoir which may have a very salty inflow. Assume an average surface
area of 20 km2 =20106 m2. Work required to mix this water is calculated as:
~ 30 20 10 6 = 6 108 J
If we want to do this by some artificial means (e.g. bubble column, submerged properllers
etc.) in one day, the power required is
W 6 108
P= = = 6.9 kW
t 86,400

3
Question 4:

1 = 998 kg/m3, h1 = 1 m

2 = 0.7998 kg/m3, h2 = 1 m
Pressure at the base must be the same from both sides. Ignoring any hydrostatic pressure in
the air part, we have
p A + 1 gh1 = p B + 1 gl sin
Thus,
p A p B = 1 g (l sin h1 )

p pB 7,000
sin = A + h1 l = + 1 10 = 0.1715
1 g 998 9.81

= 9.875o

Question 5:

Need to pick a reference level, which can be anywhere. Choose level C as shown.

SG = 0.8
B Atmosphere
A 5 cm
5 cm

Water 7 cm 10 cm
C
SG = 13.6

SG = 1.59

Left side:
pC = p A + water g 0.05 + 1.59 water g 0.07
Right side:
pC = p B + 13.6 r water g 0.05 + 0.8 r water g 0.1
Thus,
p A p B = 13.6 r water g 0.05 + 0.8 r water g 0.1 r water g 0.05 1.59 r water g 0.07

p A p B = (13.6 0.05 + 0.8 0.1 1 0.05 1.59 0.07 ) 998 9.81

= 5.86 kPa
Since pB is atmospheric, so (pA pB) is the gauge pressure.