Superpave Laboratory Workshop

SUPERPAVE Workshop – 2011
Prepared and Developed by: Advance Engineering Center (AdEC)
Superpave®
Laboratory Workshop
Sixth Edition - June 2011

SUPERPAVE Workshop – 2011 i
Table of Contents
1.0 Foreward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.0 Test Methods for Quality Tests of Aggregates
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Course Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Coarse Aggregate Angularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Uncompacted Void Content of Fine Aggregates (Fine Aggregate Angularity) . . . . . . . . 10
Flat and Elongated Paricles in Coarse Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Plastic Fines in Graded Aggregates and Soils Using Sand Equivalent Test . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Toughness (Los Angeles Abrasion Test) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Soundness of Aggregate by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Clay Lumps and Friable Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.0 Test Methods for Asphalt Binder
Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viscometer . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Specific Gravity of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.0 Test Methods for Hot Asphalt Mix
Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of Hot Mix Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens
by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture Induced Damage . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.0 Test Forms
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Course Aggregates Test Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse and Fine Aggregates Test Form . . . . . . . . . 43
Coarse Aggregate Angularity Test Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Fine Aggregate Angularity Test Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Flat and Elongated Paricles in Coarse Aggregate Test Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Sand Equivalent Test Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Los Angeles Abrasion Test Form . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Soundness of Aggregate Test Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Clay Lumps and Friable Particles Test Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Viscosity Test Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Specific Gravity of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density Test Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens
by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture Induced Damage . . . . . . . . . . . 56

SUPERPAVE Workshop – 2011 Page 1
Foreword
The aim of this laboratory workshop is to provide engineers and technicians with hands-on
experience, informations and procedures on various laboratory tests required prior to
designing a bituminous mix using Superpave method.

Introduction
I. Tests for Aggregate
Representative samples of the materials from the hot bins are obtained. Sieve analysis and
specific gravity test are performed on each aggregate size.
It is recommended that sieve analysis and specific gravity test should be done in as much
trials as you can so that the data obtained truly represent the materials.
In addition to sieve analysis and specific gravity determinations, Superpave requires certain
consensus and source aggregate tests be performed to assure that the selected aggregates for
the mix are acceptable (see table of tests below).
II. Tests for Bitumen
Prior to its use, the asphalt binder should be checked if it complies with the correct performance
grade (PG) required. The mixing and compacting temperatures shall be determined by the
viscosity test. Refer to the table below for complete PG test.
III. Tests for the Bituminous Mix
Determination of the theoretical maximum specific gravity of the asphalt loose mix (Gmm)
Determination of the bulk specific gravity of the compacted asphalt mix (Gmb)
Preparing and Determining the Density of HMA Specimens by Means of the Superpave
Gyratory Compactor
Moisture Sensitivity Test for compacted asphalt mix.
Name of Test AASHTO ASTM MRDTM

I. Tests for Aggregate
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Course Aggregates T 27 C136 204
S. G. and Absorption of Fine Aggregates T 84 C 128 305
S. G. and Absorption of Coarse Aggregates T 85 C 127 304
Coarse Aggregate Angularity (CAA) TP 61 D 5821 310
Fine Aggregate Angularity (FAA) T 304
Flat and Elongated Paricles in C. A. D 4791
Sand Equivalent Test T 176 313
Toughness (Los Angeles Abrasion Test) T 96 C 131 309
Soundness of Aggregate T 104 311
Clay Lumps and Friable Particles T 112 C 142 312
II. Tests for Bitumen
Viscosity of Asphalt Binder Using R.V. T 316
Specific Gravity of Semi-solid Bituminous Material T 228 D 70
III. Tests for the Bituminous Mix
Theoretical Maximum S. G. and Density of HMA T 209 412
Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted HMA T 166 411
Superpave Gyratory Compactor T 312
Moisture Sensitivity Test T 283

I. Test Methods for Quality Tests of Aggregates
• Test Methods and Procedures
1. Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates AASHTO T 27 ASTM C 136
• Summary of Test Method

A sample of dry aggregate of known mass is separated through series of sieves of progressively
smaller openings for determination of particle size distribution.
• Significance and Use
This method is used primarily to determine the grading of materials proposed for use as
aggregates or being used as aggregates. The results are used to determine compliance of the
particle size distribution with applicable specification requirements and to provide necessary
data for control of the production of various aggregate products and mixtures containing
aggregates.
• Apparatus
Balance - sensitive to 0.1 gram or better
Sieves
Mechanical Sieve Shaker
Oven - an oven of appropriate size capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 ±5˚C.
• Procedure
Dry the sample to constant mass at a temperature of 110 ±5˚C and determine the mass of it to
the nearest 0.1 percent of the total original dry sample mass.
Select sieves with suitable openings to furnish the information required by the specifications
covering the material to be tested.
Nest the sieves in order of decreasing size opening from top to bottom and place the sample on
the top sieve. Agitate the sieves by hand or by mechanical shaker for a sufficient period.
Limit the quantity of material on a given sieve so that all particles have opportunity to reach
sieve openings a number of times during the sieving operation.
After thoroughly sieving, determine the mass of materials on each size increment on a balance.
The total mass after sieving should not differ by more than 0.3 percent of the original dry mass.
Calculate percentages passing, total percentages retained or percentages in various size
fractions to the nearest 0.1 percent on the basis of the total mass of the original dry sample.
Calculate the fineness modulus, when required, by adding the total percentages of material in
the sample that is coarser than each of the following sieves (cumulative percentages retained)
and dividing the sum by 100.
• Report
Depending upon the form of the specifications for use of the material under test, the report
shall include one of the following:
Total percentage of material passing each sieve, or
Total percentage of material retained on each sieve, or
Percentage of material retained between consecutive sieve.
Report the fineness modulus, when required, to the nearest 0.01.

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

2. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates AASHTO T 84 ASTM C 128

This method determines (after 15 hours in water) the bulk specific gravity and apparent specific
gravity as defined in M132, the bulk specific gravity on the basis of mass saturated surface-dry
aggregate and the absoprtion.
Bulk specific gravity (Gsb) is the characteristics generally used for calculation of the volume
occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate including portland cement
concrete, bituminous concrete and other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an
absolute volume basis.
Apparent specific gravity (Gsa) pertains to the relative density of the solid material making up the
constituent particles not including the pore space within the particles that is accessible to water.
Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the mass of aggregate due to water absorbed
in the pore spaces within the constituent particles.
• Apparatus
Pycnometer - a flask or other suitable container into which the fine aggregate test sample can be
readily introduced and in which the volume content can be reproduced with ±100 mm³.
Mold - a metal mold in the form of a frustum of a cone with dimension as follows:
Top: 40 ± 3 mm Ø, Bottom: 90 ± 3 mm Ø and Height: 75 ± 3 mm.
Tamper - a metal tamper having a mass of 340 ± 15 grams and having a circular flat tamping
face 25 ± 3 mm in Ø.
• Preparation of test specimen
Obtain approximately 1 kg of the fine aggregate and dry it to constant mass at a temperature of
110 ±5˚C. Let it cool and immersed it in water for 15 to 19 hours. Dry the sample on a flat
non-absorbent surface exposed on a gently moving current of warm air and stir frequently to.
secure homogenous drying.
Cone test for surface moisture - hold the cone firmly on a smooth non absorbent flat surface and fill
it loosely with the partially dried fine aggregate until overflow occurs and heaping additional materials
above the top of the mold by holding it with the cupped fingers of the hand holding the mold. Lightly
tamp the fine aggregate into the mold with 25 light drops of the tamper. Each drop should start at
about 5 mm above the top surface of the fine aggregate allowing the tamper to fall freely. Adjust the
starting height to the new surface elevation after each drops. Remove loose sand from the base and
move the mold vertically. If surface moisture is present, the fine aggregate will retain the molded
shape. When the sample slumps slightly, it indicates that it has reached a surface dry condition.
• Procedure
Partially fill the pycnometer with water. Immediately pour approximately 500 ± 10 g of saturated
surface dry fine aggregate into it and fill additional water to 90% capacity. Manually roll, invert and
agitate the pycnometer to eliminate all air bubbles (Note 1). Adjust its temperature to 23 ± 1.7 ˚C, if
necessary by immersing in circulating water and bring the water level in the pycnometer into its
calibrated capacity. Determine the total mass of pycnometer, specimen and water.

2. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates AASHTO T 84 ASTM C 128
Note 1: It normally takes about 15 to 20 minutes to eliminate air bubbles by manual method. Dipping
the tip of a paper towel into the pycnometer has been found useful in dispersing the foam that builds
up when eliminating air bubbles.
Remove the fine aggregate from the pycnometer, dry to constant mass at 110 ± 5°C, cool it to room
for 1 ± 0.5 hours and determine the mass.
Note 2: In lieu of drying and determining the mass of sample taken from the pycnometer, a second
portion of the saturated surface dry sample maybe used to determine the oven dry mass. This
sample must be obtained at the same time and be within 0.2 grams of the mass of sample which is
Calculate the Bulk Specific Gravity

A
Bulk Specific Gravity =
(B + S - C)
where:
A - mass of oven dry sample in air , g
B - mass of pycnometer filled with water, g
C - mass of pycnometer + water + sample, g
S - mass of saturated surface dry sample, g
Calculate the Bulk Specific Gravity (Saturated Surface Dry Basis)

S
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) =
(B + S - C)
Calculate the Apparent Specific Gravity

A
Apparent Specific Gravity =
(B + A- C)
Calculate the Percentage of Absorption

S-A
Absorption (%) = X 100
A
• Report
Report specific gravity results to the nearest 0.01 and absorption results to the nearest 0.1 percent.


3. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregates AASHTO T 85 ASTM C 127

A sample of aggregate is immersed in water for approximately 15 hours to essentially fill the pores.
It is then removed from water and dried from the surface of the particles, and weighed. Then, again
weighed while submerged in water. Finally, the sample is ovendried and weighed a third time.
Bulk specific gravity (Gsb) is the characteristics generally used for calculation of the volume
occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate including portland cement
concrete, bituminous concrete and other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an
absolute volume basis.
Apparent specific gravity (Gsa) pertains to the relative density of the solid material making up the
constituent particles not including the pore space within the particles that is accessible to water.
Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the mss of aggregate due to water absorbed
in the pore spaces within the constituent particles.
• Apparatus
Sample Container - A wire basket 3.35 mm (No. 6), or finer mesh, or a bucket of approximately
equal breadth and height, with a capacity of 4 to 7 liters for 37.5 mm nominal maximum size
aggregate or smaller, and a larger container as needed for testing larger maximum size aggregates.
Water Tank - a watertight tank into which the sample and container are placed for complete immer-
sion while suspended below the balance, equipped with an overflow outlet for maintaining a constant
Suspended Apparatus - wire suspending the container shall be of the smallest practical size to
minimize possible effect of variable immersed length.
Sieves - a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sive or other sizes as needed.
Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce it to the approximate quantity needed. Discard all materials
passing a No. 4 sieve by dry sieving and wash to remove dust or other coatings from the surface.
• Procedure
Dry the test sample to constant mass at a temperature of 110 ± 5°C, cool it in air at room temperature
for 1 to 3 hours. Subsequently, immerse the sample in water at room temperature for 15 to 19 hours.
Remove the sample from the water and roll it in a large absorbent cloth until all visible films of water
are removed. A moving stream of air maybe used to assist in dryng operation. Avoid evaporation
of water from aggregate pores when surface drying. Determine the mass at saturated surface dry
condition. Immediately, place the sample in the container and determine its mass in water at 23±1.7°C.
Ensure that all air bubbles are removed by shaking the container while immersed. Dry the sample to
constant mass at a temperature of 110 ± 5°C, cool it in air at room temperature and take the mass.


3. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregates AASHTO T 85 ASTM C 127
Calculate the Bulk Specific Gravity

A
Bulk Specific Gravity =
(B - C)
where: A - mass of oven dry sample in air, g

B - mass of SSD sample in air, g
C - mass of SSD sample in water, g
Calculate the Bulk Specific Gravity (Saturated Surface Dry )

B
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) =
(B - C)
Calculate the Apparent Specific Gravity

A
Apparent Specific Gravity =
(A - C)
Calculate the Percentage of Absorption

B-A
Absorption (%) = X 100
A
• Report
Report specific gravity results to the nearest 0.01 and absorption results to the nearest 0.1 percent.


4. Coarse Aggregate Angularity AASHTO TP 61 ASTM D 5821

This method covers the determination of the percentage, by mass, of a coarse aggregate sample that
consist of fractured particles meeting specified requirements.
A sample is screened on sieve No. 4 separating the coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. Coarse
aggregate are visually evaluated to determine conformance to the specified fractured face. The
percentage of conforming particles, by mass, is calculated for comparison to the specifications.
• Apparatus
Balance - sensitive to 0.1 gram or better meeting requirements of AASHTO M 231
Sieves - meeting requirements of AASHTO M 92
Splitter - meeting requirements of AASHTO M 248
• Terminology
Fractured face - an angular, rough, or broken surface of an aggregate particle created by crushing.
Fractured particle - a particle of aggregate having at least the minimum number of fractured faces
specified. This is usually 1 or 2.
Method 1 - Combined Fractured Determination
Dry the sample sufficiently to obtain a clean separation of CA and FA in sieving operation. Sieve the
sample through sieve #4 and reduce it the appropriate test size using a mechanical sample splitter.
This test size should be slightly larger than shown in Table 1, to account for loss of fines through
washing, if necessary.
Table 1: Sample Size
Nominal Maximum Min.Sample Mass
Size Retained on #4 Sieve
mm inches grams lbs
37.5 1½ 2500 6.0
25.0 1 1500 3.5
19.0 ¾ 1000 2.5
12.5 ½ 700 1.5
9.5 ⅜ 400 0.9
4.75 No. 4 200 0.4
Method 2 - Individual Sieve Fracture Determination

Dry the sample sufficiently to obtain a clean separation of CA and FA in sieving operation. A
washed sample from the gradation determination may be used. If not, sieve the sample in accordance
with the sieve listed in the specifications for this material. Select a representative portion from each
sieve by splitting or quartering.The size of test sample for each sieve should be at least as large as
shown in Table 2.


4. Coarse Aggregate Angularity AASHTO TP 61 ASTM D 5821
Table 2: Sample Size

Minimum Sample
Sieve size
Mass
mm inches grams lbs
31.5 1¼ 1500 3.5
25.0 1 1000 2.2
19.0 ¾ 700 1.5
16.0 ⅝ 500 1.0
12.5 ½ 300 0.7
9.5 ⅜ 200 0.5
6.3 ¼ 100 0.2
4.75 No. 4 100 0.2
2.36 No. 8 25 0.1
2.00 No. 10 25 0.1
• Procedure
After cooling, spread the sample on a clean, flat surface large enough to permit careful inspection of
each particle. To aid in making the fracture determination, separate the sample into 3 categories:
• Fractured particles meeting the criteria
• Particles not meeting the criteria
• Questionable or borderline particles
Determine the dry mass of particles in each category to nearest 0.1 g.
Note : If, on any determination, more than 15 percent of the total mass of the sample is placed in
the questionable category, repeat the sorting procedure until no more than 15 percent is present in
that category.
Calculate the percentages of fractured faces to the nearest 1 percent using the following formula:
[(Q/2) + F]
P= X 100
F+Q+N
where:
P - percent of fracture
F - mass of fractured particles
Q - mass of questionable or borderline particles
N - mass of unfractured particles


5. Uncompacted Void Content of Fine Aggregates (Fine Aggregate Angularity) AASHTO T 304

A nominal 100 ml calibrated cylinder measure is filled with fine aggregate of prescribed grading by
allowing the sample to flow through a funnel from a fixed height into the measure. The fine aggregate
is struck off, and its mass is determined by weighing. Uncompacted void content is calculated as the
difference between the volume of the cylindrical measure and the absolute volume of the fine
aggregate collected in the measure. Uncompacted void content is calculated using the bulk specific
gravity of fine aggregate. Two runs are made on each sample and the results are averaged.
Standard Graded Sample (Method A) - this method uses a standard fine aggregate grading that is
obtained by combining individual sieve fractions from a typical fine aggregate sieve analysis.
Individual Size Fractions (Method B) - this method uses each of three fine aggregate size fractions:
(a) 2.36 mm (No. 8) to 1.18 mm (No. 16); (b) 1.18 mm (No. 16) to 600 μm (No. 30) and
(c) 600 μm (No. 30) to 300 μm (No. 50). Fo this method, each size is tested separately.
As Received Grading (Method C) - this method uses that portion of fine aggregate passing #4 sieve.
Methods A and B provide percent void content determined under standardized conditions which
depend on the particle shape and texture of a fine aggregate. An increase in void content by these
procedures indicates grater angularity, less sphericity, or rougher surface texture, or some
combination of the three factors.
Method C measures the uncompacted void content of the minus 4.75 mm (#4) portion of as-receive
material. This void content depends on grading as well as particle shape and texture.
• Apparatus
Cylindrical Measure - a right cylinder of approximately 100 ml capacity having an inside diameter
of approximately 39 mm and an inside height of 86 mm made of drawn copper. The bottom of the
measure shall be metal at least 6 mm thick.
Funnel - The lateral surface of the right frustum of a cone sloped 60 ±4° from the horizontal with
with an opening of 12.7 ±0.6 mm diameter.
Funnel Stand - a three or four legged support capable of holding the funnel firmly in position with
• Sampling
For Method A and B, the sample is washed over a 150 μm (No.100) or 75 μm (No. 200) sieve and
then dried and sieved into seperate size fractions. For Method C, dry a split of the as-receive sample
with the drying procedure in ASTM C 136.
• Calibration of Cylindrical Measure
Apply a light coat of grease to the top edge of the dry, empty cylindrical measure. Weigh the
measure, grease and glass plate. Fill the measure with deionized water at a temperature of 18 to 24°C.
Place the glass plate on the measure, being sure that no air bubbles are trapped. Dry the outer
surfaces of the measure and take the combined mass of measure, glass plate, grease, and water.
Following the final weighing, remove the grease, and determine the mass of the clean, dry, empty
measure for subsequent tests.


• Calculate the volume of the measure as follows:

M
V = 100
D
where:
V - volume of cylinder, ml
M - net mass of water, g
D - density of water, kg/m³
Determine the volume to the nearest 0.1 ml
• Preparation of Test Samples
Method A (Standard Graded Sample) - weigh out and combine the following quantities of fine
aggregate which has been dried and sieved in accordance with ASTM 136.
Individual Fractions Mass, g

2.36 mm (No.8) to 1.18 mm (No. 16) 44
1.18 mm (No. 16) to 600 μm (No. 30) 57  the tolerance on each of these
600 μm (No. 30) to 300 μm (No. 50) 72 amounts is ±0.2 g
300 μm (No. 50) to 150 μm (No. 100) 17
Total 100
Method B (Individual Size Fractions) - Prepare a separate 190 g sample of fine aggregate, dried
and sieved in accordance with ASTM 136, for each of the following size fractions.
Individual Fractions Mass, g

2.36 mm (No.8) to 1.18 mm (No. 16) 190  the tolerance on each of these
1.18 mm (No. 16) to 600 μm (No. 30) 190 amounts is ± 1 g
600 μm (No. 30) to 300 μm (No. 50) 190  each size is tested separately
Method C (As-Received Grading) - pass the dried and sieved sample through a 4.75mm (#4) sieve.
Obtain a 190 ± 1 g sample of the material passing 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve for test.
• Procedure
Mix each test sample with the spatula until it appears to be homogenous. Position the jar and funnel
section in the stand and center the cylindrical measure. Use a finger to block the opening of the
funnel. Pour the test sample into the funnel. Level the material in the funnel with spatula. Remove the
finger and allow the sample to fall freely into the cylindrical measure.
After the funnel empties, strike off excess heaped fine aggregate from the cylindrical measure by a
single pass of the spatula with the with of the blade vertical in light contact with the rim of the
measure. Brush adhering grains outside the container and take the mass of the measure with contents
to the nearest 0.1 g. Retain all the aggregate particles for the second run.


• Calculate the uncompacted voids for each determination as follows:

V - (F/G)
U= X 100
V
where:
V - volume of cylinder, ml
F- net mass of fine aggregate in measure, g (gross mass - mass of empty measure)
G - bulk dry specific gravity of the fine aggregate, g/cm³
U - uncompacted voids present in the material.


6. Flat & Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregate (F&E) ASTM D 4791

Individual particles of aggregate of specific sieve sizes are measured to determine the ratios of width
to thickness, length to width, or length to thickness.
• Apparatus
Proportional Caliper Device
Balance - sensitive to 0.5 % of the sample
• Sampling
Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce it to an amount suitable for testing. The sample for test shall
be approximately the mass desired when dry and shall be the end result of the reduction. Reduction
to an exact predetermined mass shall not be permitted. The mass of test sample shall conform to
the following:
Nominal Max. Size Minimum Mass of
Square Openings Test Sample
mm in kg lbs
9.5 3/8 1 2
12.5 1/2 2 4
19.0 3/4 5 11
25.0 1 10 22
37.5 1 1/2 15 33
50.0 2 20 44
63.0 2 1/2 35 77
75.0 3 60 130
90.0 3 1/2 100 220
100.0 4 150 330
112.0 4 1/2 200 440
125.0 5 300 660
150.0 6 500 1100
• Procedure
If determination by mass is required, oven dry the sample to constant mass at a temperature of
110 ± 5°C. If determination is by particle count, dryng is not necessary.
Sieve the sample. Using the material retained on sieve as required by the specificaton being used,
reduce each size fraction present in the amount of 10% or more of the original sample by splitting
until approximately 100 particles are obtained from each size fraction required.
Flat Particle Test and Elongated Particle Test - test each of the particle in each size fractions, and
place in one of three groups: (1) flat, (2) elongated, (3) neither flat nor elongated
Flat Particle Test - set the larger opening equal to the particle width. The particle is flat if the
thickness can be placed in the smaller opening.
Elongated Particle Test - set the larger opening to the particle length. The particle is elongated if
the width can be placed in the smaller opening.


6. Flat & Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregate (F&E) ASTM D 4791
After the particles have been classified into the group mentioned, determine the proportion of the
sample in each group by either by countor by mass, as required.
Flat and Elongated Particle Test - Test each of the particles in each size fraction and place in one
of the two groups: (1) flat and elongated or (2) not flat or elongated.
Use the proportional caliper device, set at the desired ratio.
Measurement:
Set the larger opening equal to the length of the particle. The particle is flat and elongated if when
oriented to measure its thickness, can pass completely through the smaller opening of the caliper.
After the particles have been classified into the group mentioned, determine the proportion of the
sample in each group by either by countor by mass, as required.
Calculation:
Calculate the percentage of flat and elongated particles to the nearest 1% for each sieve size
greater than 9.5 mm (3/8") or 4.75 mm (#4), as required.


7. Plastic Fines in Graded Aggregates and Soils Using Sand Equivalent Test AASHTO T176
• Scope
This test is intended to serve as rapid field test to show the relative proportions of fine dust or
claylike material in soils or graded aggregates.
• Apparatus
A graduated plastic cylinder, rubber stopper, irrigator tube, weighted foot assembly, and siphon
assembly , all conforming to their respective specifications and dimensions.
Fit the siphon assembly to a 4 liter (1 gal) of working calcium chloride solution placed on a shelf
915 ± 25 mm (36 ± 1 in) above the work surface.
A tinned measure , having a capacity of 85 ± 5 ml.
A wide-mouth funnel approximately 100 mm in the mouth.
A stop watch
A mechanical shaker having a throw of 203.2 ± 1 mm and operating at 175 ± 2 cycles per minute.
A manually operated shaker , capable of producing an ocillating motion at the rate of 100 complete
cycles in 45 ± 5 seconds, with a hand assisted half stroke length of 127 ± mm.
A Stock Solution:
(a) Stock solution with formaldehyde
Anhydrous Calcium Chloride, 454 g of technical grade
USP Glycerine, 2050 g
Formaldehyde, (40 volume percent solution) 47 g
Dissolve the 454 g of calcium chloride in 1.89 L (1/2 gal) of distilled water. Cool and filter it through
ready pleated rapid filtering paper. Add the 2050 g of glycerine and the 47 g of formaldehyde to
the filtered solution, mix well and dillute to 3.78 L (1 gal).
(b) Stock solution with glutaraldehyde
Calcium Chloride Dihydrate, 577 g of A.C.S grade
USP Glycerine, 2050 g
1.5-Pentanedial (Glutaraldehyde), 50% solution in water, 59 g (53 ml)
Dissolve the 577 g of calcium chloride dihydrate in 1.89 L (1/2 gal) of distilled water. Cool and add
2050 g of glycerine and the 59 g of glutaraldehyde to the solution, mix well and dillute to 3.78 L.
Working Calcium Chloride Solution:
Prepare the working calcium cloride by dilluting 1 measuring tin full 85 ± 5 ml of the stock calcium
chloride solution to 3.8 L (1gal) of distilled water. Working solutions more than 30 days old should
be discarded.
A straight edge or spatula , suitable for striking off the excess soil from the measure.
A quartering or splitting canvas, approximately 600 mm (2 ft) square, non absorbent like plastic.


• Sample Preparation
The sand equivalent test shall be performed on soils or graded aggregate materials passing 4.75 mm
sieve. All aggregattions of fine-grained soil shall be pulverized to pass the 4.75 mm sieve, and all
fines shall be cleaned from the particles retained on 4.75 mm sieve and included with the material
passing the 4.75 sieve.
Split or quarter enough of the original sample to yield slightly more than four 85 ml tin measures of
material passing the 4.75 mm sieve.
Alternate Method No. 1 - Air Dry
Split or quarter enough material from the portion passing 4.75 mm to fill the 85 ml tin measure so it
is slightly rounded above the brim. While filling the measure, tap the bottom edge of the tin on the
work table to cause consolidation of the material. Strike off the tin measure level full with a spatula.
• Procedure
Siphon 101.6 ± 2.5 mm of working calcium chloride solution into the plastic cylinder. Pour the
prepared test sample from the measuring tin into the plastic cylinder with the aid of the funnel. Tap
the bottom of the cylinder sharply on the heel of the hand several times to release air bubbles and
to promote thorough wetting of the sample.
Allow the wetted sample to stand undisturbed for 10 ± 1 minutes. At the end of the 10 minute
soaking period, stopper the cylinder, then loosen the material from the bottom by partially inverting
the cylinder and shaking it simultaneously.
After loosening the sample, shake the cylinder by one of the following methods:
Mechanical Shaker - place the stoppered cylinder in the shaker and allow the machine to shake the
cylinder and contents for 45 ± 1 seconds.
Manual Shaker - secure the stoppered cylinder in the spring clamps on the carriage of the shaker
and reset the stroke counter to zero. Apply abrupt horizontal thrust moving the cylinder towards the
stroke limit marker at the left side of the board. The proper shaking action is accomplished only
when the tip of the pointer reverses direction within the marker limits. Continue the shaking action
for 100 strokes.
Hand Method - hold the cylinder in a horizontal position. Shake it vigorously in a horizontal linear
motion from end to end. Shake the cylinder 90 cycles in approximately 30 seconds using a throw
of 229 ± 5 mm. To shake it at this speed, the operator should use his forearms only, relaxing the
body and shoulders.
Following the shaking operation, set the cylinder upright on the work table and remove the stopper.
Insert the irrigator tube and rinse materials from the cylinder walls. Force the irrigator through the
material to the bottom of the cylinder by applying gentle stabbing and twisting action to flush the
fine material into suspension above the coarser sand particles. It is essential that as many fines be
flushed upward untill the cylinder is filled to the 381 mm mark.
Allow the cylinder and content to stand undisturbed 20 minutes. Start the timing immediately after
withdrawing the tube.


At the end of 20 minutes sedimentation period, read and record the level of the top of the clay
suspension. This is referred to as the "clay reading". If no clear line of demarcation at the end of
the specified 20 minutes, allow the sample to stand undisturbed until a clay reading can be obtained.
If the total sedimentation time exceeds 30 minutes, rerun the test using three individual samples of
the same material. Read and record the clay collumn height of that sample requiring the shortest
sedimentation period only.
After the clay reading has been taken, the "sand reading" shall be obtain. Place the weighted foot
assembly over the cylinder and gently lower it towards the sand. As the weighted foot comes to
rest on the sand, tip the assembly toward the graduations on the cylinder until the indicator is visible.
Subtract 254 mm (10 in) from the level indicated by the extreme top edge of the indicator and
record this value as "sand reading".
• Calculations
Calculate the sand equivalent to the nearest 0.1 using the following formula:
Sand Reading
SE = X 100
Clay reading
If the calculated sand equivalent is not a whole number, report is as the next higher whole number.


8. Toughness (L.A. Abrasion Test) AASHTO T96 ASTM C131

This test is a measure of degradation of mineral aggregates of standard gradings resulting from a
combination of actions including abrasion, impact and grinding in a steel drum containing a specified
number of steel spheres, the number depending upon the grading of the test sample. After the
prescribed number of revolutions, the sample is retrieved from the drum, the aggregate portion is
sieved to measure the degradation as percent loss.
• Apparatus
Los Angeles Machine - the machine shall consist of a hollow steel cylinder, having an inside
diameter of 711 ± 5 mm and an inside length of 508 ± 5 mm.
Sieves
Balance - sensitive to 0.1 g
Charge - the charge shall consist of steel spheres with 46.8 mm diameter approximately and each
having a mass between 390 and 445 g.
The charge, depending upon the grading of test sample shall be as follows:
Number Mass of
Grading
of Spheres Charge, g
A 12 5000 ± 25
B 11 4584 ± 25
C 8 3330 ± 20
D 6 2500 ± 15
Table 1: Gradings of Test Samples
Sieve Size Mass of Indicated Sizes , g

Passing Retained on Grading
mm in mm in A B C D
37.5 1½ 25.0 1 1250 ± 25 - - -
25.0 1 19.0 3/4 1250 ± 25 - - -
19.0 3/4 12.5 1/2 1250 ± 10 2500 ± 10 - -
12.5 1/2 9.5 3/8 1250 ± 10 2500 ± 10 - -
9.5 3/8 6.3 1/4 - - 2500 ± 10 -
6.3 1/4 4.75 #4 - - 2500 ± 10 -
4.75 #4 2.36 #8 - - - 5000
Total 5000 5000 5000 5000


8. Toughness (L.A. Abrasion Test) AASHTO T96 ASTM C131
Wash and oven dry the reduced sample at 110 ± 5°C to constant mass. Separate into individual size
fractions, and recombine to the grading of Table 1.
• Procedure
Place the test sample and the charge in the Los Angeles testing machine and rotate the machine at a
speed of 30 to 33 rpm for 500 revolutions. After the prescribednumber of revolutions, discharge the
material from the machine and make a preliminary separation of the sample on a sieve coarser than
the 1.70 mm (No.12). Sieve the finer portion on a 1.70 mm sieve.
• Calculation
Calculate the loss as a percentage of the mass of the original sample. Report this value as the
percent loss.


9. Soundness of Aggregate by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate AASHTO T104

• Scope
This method covers the procedure to be follewed in testing aggregates to determine their resistance
to disintegration by saturated solutions of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate. The sample is
repeatedly immersed in saturated solutions of either sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate followed
by oven dryng to partially or completely dehydrate the salt precipitated in permeable pore spaces.
The internal expansive force, derived from the rehydration of the salt upon reimmersion, simulates
the expansion of water on freezing. Attention is called to the fact that test results by the use of the
the two salts differ considerably and care must be exercised in fixing proper limits in any
specifications that may nclude requirements for this test.
• Apparatus
Sieves - with square openings of the following sizes
4.75 mm No. 4 63.0 mm 2 1/2" 12.5 mm 1/2"
4.00 mm No. 5 50.0 mm 2" 9.5 mm 3/8"
2.36 mm No. 8 37.5 mm 1 1/2" 8.0 mm 5/16"
1.18 mm No. 16 31.5 mm 1 1/4"
600 μm No. 30 25.0 mm 1"
300 μm No. 50 19.0 mm 3/4"
150 μm No. 100 16.0 mm 5/8"
Containers for Samples - sieves (8" diameter) for each separate size fractions of aggregate.
Use 2.36 mm (N0.8) sieve for coarse aggregate, use 250 μm (No.60) sieve for fine aggregate.
Temperature Regulation - suitable means for regulating the temperature of the samples during
immersion in the solution shall be provided.
Thermometer - a thermometer covering the recommended temperature range for solutions during
the test and readable to 0.1°C.
Temperature Recorder - a unit capable of recording solution temperature a minimum of once every
10 minutes for the duration of the test with an accuracy of 0.3°C.
Balance - the balance shall have sufficient capacity, be readable to 0.1 percent of the sample mass.
Drying oven
Specific Gravity Measurement - hydrometers conforming to the requirements of ASTM E100, or
suitable combination of graduated glasswares and balance capable of measuring the solution's
specific gravity within ± 0.001.
Sodium Sulfate Solution - prepare a saturated solution of sodium sulfate by dissolving a reagent
grade of the salt at a temperature of 25°C. Add sufficient salt of the anhydrous (NA₂SO₄) to ensure
not only saturation but also the presence of excess fresh crystals when the solution is ready for use
in the test. Thoroughly stirr the solution and let it cool to 20.3 to 21.9°C. Allow the solution at this
temperature for 48 hours before use. The solution shall have a specific gravity of 1.154 to 1.171.
Note: For the solution, 215 g of anhydrous salt per liter of water is sufficient for saturation at 22°C.
However, since this salt is not completely stable, and since it is desireable that an excess of crystals
be present, the use of not less than 225 g of the anhydrous salt per liter of water is recommended.



Magnesium Sulfate Solution - prepare a saturated solution of magnesium sulfate by dissolving a
reagent grade of the salt at a temperature of 25°C minimum. Add sufficient salt of either the
anhydrous (MGSO₄) or the crystalline (MGSO₄7H₂O) form, to ensure saturation and the presence
of excess crystal when the solution is ready for the test.
Thoroughly stirr the solution and let it cool to 20.3 to 21.9°C. Allow the solution at this
temperature for 48 hours before use. The solution shall have a specific gravity of 1.297 to 1.306.
Barium Chloride Solution - a 0.2 molar solution of barium chloride (41.6 g of BaCl₂ per liter of
solution) to determine the presence of sodium or magnesium sulfate in the wash water.
• Samples
Fine Aggregate - fine aggregate for the test should pass through a 9.5 mm (3/8") sieve. The sample
shall be of size that it will yield not less than 100 g of each of the following sizes, expressed in terms
of the following seives:
Sieve Size
Passing Retained on
mm in mm in
9.5 3/8 4.75 No 4
4.75 No 4 2.36 N0. 8
2.36 N0. 8 1.18 No. 16
1.18 No. 16 600μm No. 30
600μm N0. 30 300μm No. 50
Should the sample contain less than 5 percent of any of the sizes specified, that size shall not
be tested.
Coarse Aggregate - shall consist of material from which the sizes finer than 4.75 mm have been
removed. The sample shall be of such a size that it will yield the amount the amounts indicated in
Table 1 - Coarse Aggregate Sample
Sieve Size Passing Retained Mass, g
63.0 mm 2 1/2" 37.5 mm 1 1/2" 5000±300
50.0 mm 2" 37.5 mm 1 1/2" 2000±300
Consisting of:
63.0 mm 2 1/2" 50.0 mm 2" 3000±300
37.5 mm 1 1/2" 19.0 mm 3/4" 1500±50
25.0 mm 1" 19.0 mm 3/4" 500±30
Consisting of:
37.5 mm 1 1/2" 25.0 mm 1" 1000±50
19.0 mm 3/4" 9.5 mm 3/8" 1000±10
12.5 mm 1/2" 9.5 mm 3/8" 330±5
Consisting of:
19.0 mm 3/4" 12.5 mm 1/2" 670±10
9.5 mm 3/8" 4.75 mm No. 4 300±5



• Preparation of Test Sample
Fine Aggregate - thoroughly wash the sample of fine aggregate on a 300 μm (No.50) sieve, dry to
constant mass at 110 ± 5°C, and separate into different sieve sizes. Take 100 ± 1g from each of the
seperated fractions, record the weights and place in separate containers for the test.
Coarse Aggregate - thoroughly wash and dry the sample of coarse aggregate to constant mass at
110 ± 5°C, and separate into different sizes. Weigh out quantities of different sizes according to
Table 1 (Coarse Aggregate Sample), record the weights and place in separate containers for the test.
• Procedure
Storage of Samples in Solution - immerse the samples in the prepared solution of sodium sulfate
or magnesium sulfate for not less than 16 hours nor more than 18 hours in such a manner that the
solution covers them to a depth for at least 12.5 cm. Maintain the samples immersed in the solution
Drying Samples After Immersion - after the immersion period, remove the aggregate samples from
the solution, permit it to drain for 15 ± 5 minutes and place in the drying oven. Dry the samples to
constant mass and establish the time to attain the constant mass as follows: check the mass losses
of test samples by removing and weighing them without cooling at interval of two to four hours;
make enough checks to establish the required drying time for the least favorable oven location and
sample condition. Constant mass will be considered to have been achieved when mass loss is less
than 0.1 percent of the sample mass in four hours drying. After constant mass have been achieved,
allow the sample to cool at temperature of 20 to 25°C.
Number of Cycles - repeat the process of alternate immersion and drying until the required number
of cycles is obtained. Preferably, the test shall be performed continously, however, if the test must
be interrupted, leave the samples in the oven at 110 ± 5°C until the testing can be resumed.
• Quantitative Examination
After the completion of the final cycle, and the sample has cooled, wash the sample free from
sodium or magnesium sulfate. Wash by circulating water at 43 ± 6°C through the samples in their
containers by introducing hot water near the bottom and allowing the water to pass through the
samples and overflow. The thoroughness of washing shall be checked by obtaining a sample of
rinse water and check with 0.2 molar barium chloride. Further washing is required if sample
becomes cloudy upon addition of barium chloride solution.
After the sodium or magnesium sulfate have been removed, dry each fraction of the sample to
Sieve the fine aggregate on the same sieve it was retained before the test. Sieve the coarse aggregate
over the sieve shown below for the appropriate size of the particle.
Sieve Used to
Size of Aggregate
Determine Loss
63.0 mm 2 1/2" 37.5 mm 1 1/2" 31.5 mm 1 1/4"
37.5 mm 1 1/2" 19.0 mm 3/4" 16.0 mm 5/8"
19.0 mm 3/4" 9.5 mm 3/8" 8.0 mm 5/16"
9.5 mm 3/8" 4.75 mm No. 4 4.0 mm No. 5



• Quantitative Examination (Continued)
For fine aggregate, the method and duration of sieving shall be the same as were used in preparing
the test samples. For coarse aggregate, sieving shall be by hand, with aggitation sufficient only to
assure that all undersize materials passes the designated sieve.
Determine the mass of the material retain on each sieve and record. The difference between of these
amounts and the initial mass of each fraction of the sample is the loss in the test expressed as
percentage of the initial mass.
• Qualitative Examination
Make a qualitative examination of test sample coarser than 19 mm (3/4") as follows.
Separate the particles of test samples into groups according to action produced by the test.
Record the number of particles showing each type of distress.


10. Clay Lumps & Friable Particles AASHTO T112 ASTM C142
• Scope
This method covers the approximate method of determination of clay lumps and friable particles
in natural aggregates.
This method of test is of primary significance in determining the acceptability of aggregate with
respect to the requirements of M6 and M 80.
• Apparatus
Balance - should have sufficient capacity and readable to 0.1 g or better.
Containers - rust resistant of size and shape that will permit the spreading of the sample on the
bottom in a thin layer.
Sieves - conforming to M92.
Oven - capable of maintaining a temperature of 110 ± 5°C.
• Samples
Aggregate for this test shall consist of the material remaining after completion of T11 (Test for the
Amount of Material Finer Than 0.075 mm sieve).
Test samples of fine aggregate shall consist of the particles coarser than 1.18 mm (No.16) sieve
and shall have a mass not less than 25 g.
Separate the test samples of coarse aggregate using below sieves with specified sample weights.
Table 1
Minimum Weight of
Size of Particle Making Up Test Sample
Test Sample, g
4.75 mm No. 4 9.5 mm 3/8" 1000
9.5 mm 3/8" 19.0 mm 3/4" 2000
19.0 mm 3/4" 37.5 mm 1 1/2" 3000
over 37.5 mm 1 1/2" 5000
If the grading of the original sample provides less than 5 percent of any of the sizes indicated above,
do not test that size.
•Note:
In most cases, only the plus 4.75 mm fraction of coarse aggregate needs to be evaluated by this
method., regardless of the amount of minus 4.75 mm material present. However, the amount of
1.18 mm (No.16) material present shall be included in the weight of the test sample when calculating
the percent of clay lumps and friable particles.
•Procedure
Determine the mass of test sample and spread it in a thin layer on the bottom of the container and
cover it with water soaking it for 24 ± 4 hours. Classify any particle that can be broken with the
fingers into fines removable by wet sieving as clay lumps and friable particles. After all clay lumps
and friable particles have been broken, separate the undersized material from the remainder of the
sample by wet sieving over the sieve prescribed in Table 2.


10. Clay Lumps & Friable Particles AASHTO T112 ASTM C142
• Table 2 Size of Sieve for

Removing Residue of Clay
Size of Particle Making Up Test Sample
Lumps & Friable Particles
Fine aggregate retained on 1.18 mm (No.16) 850 μm No. 20
4.75 mm No. 4 9.5 mm 3/8" 2.36 mm No. 8
9.5 mm 3/8" 19.0 mm 3/4" 4.75 mm No. 4
19.0 mm 3/4" 37.5 mm 1 1/2" 4.75 mm No. 4
over 37.5 mm 1 1/2" 4.75 mm No. 4
•Calculation
M-R
P= X 100
M
where:
P - percent of clay lumps and friable particles
M - mass of test sample (for fine aggregate, the mass of the portion coarser than 1.18 mm sieve.
R - mass of particles retained on designated sieve from Table 2

II. Test Methods for Asphalt Binder

1. Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viscometer AASHTO T 316
• Scope
This test method outlines the procedure for measuring the viscosity of asphalt binders at elevated
temperature from from 60 to over 200°C using a Rotational Viscometer.
• Summary of Method
This test method can be used to measure the viscosity of asphalt at application temperatures. The
torque required to maintain a constant rotational speed of a cylindrical spindle while submerged in
an asphalt sample at a constant temperature is used to measure the relative resistance to rotation.
The torque and speed are used to determine the viscosity of the binder in Pascal seconds.
The measured viscosity at elevated temperatures can be used to determine wether the asphalt binder
can be handled and pumped at the refinery, terminal or hot mix plant facility. Measured viscosity
can be used to develop temperature viscosity charts for estimating mixing and compacting
temperatures for use in hot mix asphalt mix design.
• Apparatus
Oven - an oven capable of maintaining any desired setting from room temperature to 260 ± 3°C.
Thermometer - thermometers having a range from 60 to over 200°C and readable to 0.2°C.
Cylindrical Spindles
Rotational Viscometer
Temperature Controller
• Preparation of Samples and Test Specimens
Anneal the asphalt binder from which the specimen is obtained by heating until sufficiently fluid to
pour. Annealing prior to testing removes reversible molecular associations (steric hardening) that
may occur during normal storage at ambient temperature.
• Procedure
Read and understand the information in the rotational viscometer manufacturer's operating manual
before proceeding.
Turn on the rotational viscometer and proportional temperature controller unit.
Preheat the sample holder with the sample chamber and the selected cylindrical spindle according to
the manufacturer's recommendation.
Set the proportional controller to desired test temperature.
Heat the required amount of asphalt binder as recommended by the manufacturer for testing.
When the proportional temperature controller reads the desired test temperature, remove the sample
holder, and add the required amount of asphalt into the sample chamber.
Insert the sample chamber into the proportional temperature controller unit.
Insert a preheated spindle and attach it to the viscometer using the necessary coupling, gently lower
the spindle into the asphalt so that the asphalt covers the upper conical portion of the spindle.
Bring the asphalt sample to the desired temperature within approximately 30 minutes. Set the
viscometer speed at 20 rpm and set the display to read the viscosity in Pascal seconds (Pa∙s).


1. Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viscometer AASHTO T 316
• Procedure (continued)
Allow the asphalt sample to equilibrate at the desired test temperature for a minimum of 10 minutes.
Begin the spindle rotation during the 10 minute temperature equilibration period. Allow the readings
to stabilize before recording any viscosity measurements. If the observed torque is out of range for
the selected spindle and speed, change the spindle and speed based on the manufacturer's
recommendations for the anicipated viscosity. Restart the test with a new sample.
Measure the viscosity at 1 minute interval for a total of 3 minutes.
• Calculations and Results
The viscosity is reported as the average of three readings. If the digital output of the rotational
viscometer viscosity is in units of centipoise (cP), the following factor is used to convert to Pascal
seconds (Pa∙s):
10 P = 1 Pa∙s
1 cP = 1mPa∙s
Multiply viscosity in centipoise by 0.001 to obtain the viscosity in Pa∙s.
• Report
Report the time and date of test; the test temperature to nearest 1°C: speed in rpm; size of spindle
used; torque in percent and the average viscosity in Pascal seconds.


2. Specific Gravity of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials AASHTO T 228 ASTM D 70
• Scope
This test method covers the determination of the specific gravity and density of semi-solid
bituminous materials, asphalt cements and soft tars by use of a pycnometer.
• Summary of Test
The Sample is placed in a calibrated pycnometer. The pycnometer and sample are weighed, then
the remaining volume is filled with water. The filled pycnometer is brought to the test temperature,
and weighed. The density of the sample is calculated from its mass and the mass of water
displaced by the sample in the filled pycnometer.
Values of density are used for converting volumes to units of mass, and for correcting measured
volumes from the temperature of measurement to a standard temperature using Practice D 4311.
• Apparatus
Pycnometer - glass consisting of cylindrical or conical vessel carefully ground to receive an
accurately fitting glass stopper 22 - 26 mm in diameter. The stopper shall be provided with a hole
1.0 to 2.0 mm in diameter centrally located in reference to the vertical axis. The stoppered
pycnometer shall have a capacity of 24 to 30 ml and shall not weigh more than 40 grams.
Water Bath - shall be capable of maintaining the temperature within 0.1°C of the test temperature.
Thermometers - with graduation at least every 0.1°C.
•Materials
Water - freshly boiled and cooled or distilled water
•Sampling
Take sample in accordance with Practice D 140. The sample shall be free of foreign substances.
Thoroughly mix the sample before taking a representative portion for testing.
•Preparation of Apparatus
Partially fill a 600-ml Griffin low-form beaker with distilled water to a level that will allow the top of
the pycnometer to be immersed to a depth of not less than 40 mm.
Partially immerse the beaker in the water bath to a depth sufficient to allow the bottom of the beaker
to be immersed to a depth of not less than 100 mm while the top of the beaker is above the water
level of the bath. Clamp the beaker in place.
Maintain the temperature of the water bath within 0.1°C of the test temperature.
•Calibration of the Pycnometer
Thoroughly clean, dry and weigh the pycnometer to the nearest 1 mg. Designate this as mass A.
Remove the beaker from the water bath. Fill the pycnometer with distilled water placing the stopper
loosely. Place the pycnometer in the beaker and press the stopper firmly in place. Return the beaker
to the water bath.
Note 1: Calibration must be done at test temperature. A pycnometer calibrated at one temperature
cannot be used at a different temperature without recalibration at that temperature.


2. Specific Gravity of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials AASHTO T 228 ASTM D 70
• Calibration of Pycnometer (continued)
Allow the pycnometer to remain in the water for a period of not less than 30 min. Remove the
pycnometer, immediately dry the top of the stopper with one stroke of a dry towel (Note 2), then
quickly dry the remaining outside area of the pycnometer and weigh to the nearest 1 mg. Designate
the mass of pycnometer plus water as mass B.
Note 2: Do not redry the top of the stopper even if a small droplet of water forms as a result of
expansion. If the top is dried at the instant of removing the pycnometer from the water, the proper
mass of the contents at the test temperature will be recorded. If the moisture condenses on the
pycnometer during weighing, quickly redry the outside of the pycnometer (excluding the top)
before recording the mass.
• Procedure
Heat the sample with care, stirring to prevent local overheating, until the sample has become
sufficiently fluid to pour. In no case should the temperature be raised to more than 55°C above the
expected softening point for tar, or more than 110°C above the softening point for asphalt. Do not
heat for more than 60 min. And avoid incorporating bubbles in the sample.
Pour enough sample into the clean, dry, warmed pycnometer to fill it about three fourths of its
capacity. Take precautions to keep the material from touching the sides of the pycnometer above
the final level and prevent the inclusion of air bubbles (Note 3). Allow the pycnometer and its
content to cool to room temperature for a period of not less than 40 min and weigh the stopper
to the nearest 1 mg. Designate the mass of the pycnometer and sample as C
Note 3: If any air bubbles are inadvertently occluded, remove by brushing the surface of the
asphalt with a high "soft" flame of a bitumen burner. Do not allow the flame to touch the asphalt
more than a few seconds at any one time.
Remove the beaker from the water bath. Fill the pycnometer containing the asphalt with deionozed
water, placing the stopper loosely in the pycnometer. Place the pycnometer in the beaker and press
the stopper firmly in place. Return the beaker in the water bath.
Allow the pycnometer to remain in the water for a period of not less than 30 min. Remove the
pycnometer from the bath. Dry and weigh and designate this mass of pycnometer plus sample plus
water as D.
• Calculation
Calculate the relative density to the nearest 0.001 as follows:
Relative Density = (C - A) / {(B - A) - (D - C)}
where: A = mass of pycnometer (plus stopper)
B = mass of pycnometer filled with water
C = mass of pycnometer partially filled with asphalt
D = mass of pycnometer + asphalt + water
Calculate density to the nearest 0.001 as follows: Temperature Density of
Density = specific gravity X W T °C Water, kg/m³
where: W T = density of water at the test temperature 15.0 999.1
Report density to the nearest 1 kg/m³ 25.0 997.0

III. Test Methods for Hot Asphalt Mix

1. Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of

Hot Mix Asphalt Paving Mixtures AASHTO T 209
• Scope
This test method covers the determination of theoretical maximum specific gravity and density of
uncompacted hot mix asphalt paving mixtures at 25°C.
A weighed sample of oven-dried paving mixture in the loose condition is placed in a tared vacuum
vessel. Sufficient water at 25 ± 0.5°C is added to completely submerge the sample. Vacuum is
applied for 15 ± 2 minutes to gradually reduce the residual pressure in the vacuum vessel to
3.7 ± 0.3 kPa (27.5 ± 2.5 mm Hg). At the end of the vacuum period, the vacuum is gradually
released. The volume o
sample into a water bath and weighing or by filling the vacuum container level ful of water and
weighing in air. At the time of weighing, the temperature is measured as well as the mass.
• Apparatus
Vacuum Container - must be capable of withstanding the vacuum applied, ant the opening leading
to the vacuum pump shall be covered by a piece of 75 μm (#200) wire mess to minimize the loss of
fine materials.
Vacuum Bowl - either a metal or a plastic bowl with a diameter of approximately 180 to 260 mm
and a height of 160 mm.
Vacuum Flask for Weighing in air only - a thick walled volumetric glass flask and a rubber
stopper with a connection for a vacuum line.
Pycnometer for Weighing in air only
Balance - sensitive to 0.001 g
Vacuum Pump or Air Aspirator - capable of evacuating air from the vacuum container to a
residual pressure of 4 kPa (30 mm Hg).
Residual Pressure Manometer - a vacuum gauge to be connected directly to the vacuum vessel.
Manometer or Vacuum Gauge - directly connected to the vacuum source.
Thermometer
Water Bath
Bleeder Valve - attached to the vacuum train to facilitate the adjustment of vacuum applied
• Sampling
Obtain the sample in accordance with T 168 (Sampling Hot Mix Asphalt Paving Mixtures)


1. Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of

Hot Mix Asphalt Paving Mixtures AASHTO T 209
The size of sample shall conform Size of Largest

Minimum
to the following requirements: Particle in Mixture
Sample, g
mm in
50.0 2 6000
37.5 1 1/2 4000
25.0 1 2500
19.0 3/4 2000
12.5 1/2 1500
9.5 3/8 1000
4.75 No. 4 500
• Procedure
Separate the sample of paving mixture by hand. If the sample is not sufficiently soft to separate
manually, place it in a flat pan and warm it in an oven until it can be separated as described.
Cool the sample to room temperature and place it in a tared calibrated flask, bowl or pycnometer.
Weigh and designate the net mass as A . Add sufficient water at a temperature of approximately
25°C to cover the sample completely.
Remove air trapped in the sample by applying gradually increased vacuum until the residual pressure
manometer reads 3.7 ± 0.3 kPa (27.5 ± 2.5 mm Hg). Maintain this residual pressure for 15 ± 2 min.
Agitate the container and contents during the vacuum period either by a mechanical device or by
shaking vigorously at intervals of about 2 minutes.
Glass vessels should be shaken on a resilient surface such as rubber or plastic mat, not on a hard
surface, so as to avoid excessive impact while under vacuum.
Weighing in water - suspend the container and contents in the water bath and determine the mass
after 10 ± 1 min immersion. Designate the mass of sample in water at 25°C as C .
Weighing in Air - fill the flask or any one of the pycnometers with water and adjust the contents to
a temperature of 25 ± 1°C. Determine the mass of the container and contents, completely filled,
within 10 ± 1 min after completely removing the trapped air in the sample. Designate this mass as E .
• Calculation
Weighing in Water: Weighing in Air:
A A
Gmm = Gmm =
A-C A+D-E
where: where:
A - mass of oven-dry sample in air, g A - mass of oven-dry sample in air, g
C - mass of water displaced by sample D - mass of container filled with water
at 25°C, g at 25°C, g
E - mass of container + sample + water
at 25°C, g


2. Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)

Using Saturated Surface Dry Specimens AASHTO T 166
• Scope
This method of test covers the determination of bulk specific gravity of compacted hot mix
asphalt (HMA).
This method should not be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb
more than 2% of water by volume.
• Test Specimens
Test specimens maybe either laboratory-compacted HMA or sampled from HMA pavements.
• Apparatus
Weighing Device - a balance with sufficient capacity and readable to 0.01 g, equipped with a
suitable suspension apparatus and holder to permit weighing the specimen while suspended from the
center center of the scale pan of the weighing device.
Suspension Apparatus - the wire suspending the container shall be the smallest practical size to
minimizeany possible effects of variable immersed length.
Water Bath - any suitable bucket equipped with an overflow outlet for maintaining constant
water level.
• Procedure
Dry the specimen to constant mass at a temperature of 52 ± 3°C. Sample saturated with water
shall be initially dried overnight. Recently laboratory compacted samples, which have not been
exposed to moisture, do not require drying.
Cool the specimens to room temperature at 25 ± 1°C, and record the dry mass as A.
Immerse each specimen in water bath at 25 ± 1°C for 4 ± 1 min, record the immersed mass as C.
Remove the specimen from the water, damp-dry the specimen by blotting with damp towel as
quickly as possible (not to exceed 5 s), and determine the surface dry mass as B. Any water that
seeps from the specimen during weighing operation is considered part of the saturated specimen.
• Calculation
Calculate the bulk specific gravity of the specimens as follows:
A
Bulk Specific Gravity (Gmb) =
B-C
where:
A - mass of the specimen in air, g
B - mass of the saturated-surface dry specimen in air, g
C - mass of the specimen in water , g


3. Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) AASHTO T 312
Specimens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor
• Scope
This standard is used to prepare specimens for determining the mechanical and volumetric
properties of HMA. The specimens simulate the density, aggregate orientation and structural
characteristics obtained in the actual roadway when proper construction procedure is used in
the placement of the paving mix.
The test method may be used to monitor the density of test specimens during their preparation.
It may also be used for field control of an HMA production process.
•Apparatus
Superpave Gyratory Compactor (Figure 1), including a device for measuring and recording the
height of the specimen throughout the compaction process. The compactor may also include a
printer or a computer and software for collecting and printing the data.
Specimen molds
Thermometer , armored, glass, or dial-type with metal stems and a range of 50 to 450°F (10 to
232°C)
Balance , general purpose class G5 (AASHTO M 231)
Oven , thermostatically controlled to ± 5°F (± 3°C)
Calibration equipment recommended by compactor manufacturer
Safety equipment : insulated gloves, long sleeves, etc.
Miscellaneous equipment: paper disks, lubricating materials, scoop and funnel
Calibration
The means of calibrating the gyratory compactor varies with different manufacturers. Refer to
the operation manual of the particular brand and model of gryatory available for use. ITM 910
should be followed for the proper recordation of calibration data.
The internal angle of the specimen mold shall be calibrated at an internal angle of 1.16 ± 0.02º
(20.2 ± 0.35 mrad) as determined in accordance with AASHTO TP 71.
Figure 1: Gyratory Compactor


Samples for compaction in the gyratory may be obtained in one of two ways; mixture may be
prepared in the laboratory or plant-mixed material may be obtained from the pavement or trucks.
For the determination of volumetric properties for mix design or quality control, a finished
specimen height of 115 ± 5 mm is required. If a target air void level is required, the batch weights
must be varied to provide the desired specimen height at a specified air void content. Samples are
then compacted to the specified height rather than a fixed number of gyrations.
•Laboratory Prepared Materials
Preparing samples of mixture in the laboratory requires batching the aggregates, mixing in the
proper amount of binder, conditioning the prepared mixture, heating the mixture to compaction
temperature and compacting the specimen. The steps involved in preparing the mixture in the
laboratory are as follows:
1. Weigh out the appropriate amounts of the required aggregate size fractions and combine in a
bowl to the proper batch weight. Typically, a batch weight of 4500 - 4700 grams of aggregate will
provide enough material for a finished specimen height of 115 ± 5 mm, if the combined aggregate
specific gravity is between 2.55 - 2.70.
2. Heat the binder and the combined aggregate in an oven to the appropriate mixing temperature
for the binder to be used. This temperature can be determined from an equiviscous temperature
chart or may be provided by the binder supplier. The appropriate temperarure range for mixing is
defined as the range of temperatures that produces a viscosity of 0.17 ± 0.02 Pa s for the unaged
binder. This ensures that the binder is fluid enough to coat the aggregate particles. Some modified
binders do not follow these temperature-viscosity relationships and the manufacturer's
recommendations should be followed.
3. Place the heated aggregate in the mixing bowl and thoroughly dry mix the sample. Make a crater
in the center of the aggregate in the bowl and weigh in the required amount of binder. Begin mixing
immediately. A mechanical mixer may be used.
4. Determine the proper compaction temperature range for the binder used. This is defined as the
range of temperatures that yields a binder viscosity of approximately 0.28 ± 0.3 Pa s.
5. After mixing, spread the loose mixture in a flat, shallow pan and short term condition the
mixture as detailed in AASHTO R 30.
6. Place the compaction mold and base plate in an oven to preheat at the required compaction
temperature for a period of 30 to 60 minutes prior to the start of compaction.
7. Following the short term conditioning period, bring the mixture to the proper compaction
temperature, if different from the conditioning temperature, by placing it in another oven at the
compaction temperature for up to 30 minutes.
8. After the mixture comes to the proper compaction temperature, proceed with compaction
in the gyratory compactor.


• Plant-Mixed Materials
When plant-mixed materials are sampled from the roadway or truck, no short term aging is required.
Place the material in an oven at the compaction temperature and bring the mixture to the proper
temperature by careful, uniform heating. The mix should be stirred periodically. In general, the
shortest heating time that will bring the mixture to the compaction temperature is preferred. When
the compaction temperature has been reached, proceed with specimen compaction
• Compaction Procedure
Once the mixture sample has reached the proper compaction temperature, the sample is compacted
in the gyratory compactor. For most purposes, the finished specimens will be used to calculate
volumetric properties and the specimens will be compacted to a fixed number of gyrations. When
When preparing specimens for testing by AASHTO T 283 or in Superpave mix analysis, specimens
may be compacted to a fixed height to produce a specified air void content.
The procedure to compact to a fixed number of gyrations is as follows:
1. Ensure that the gyratory compactor has been turned on and allowed to warm up for the time
recommended by the manufacturer. Verify all settings for angle, pressure and number of gyrations.
2. Verify the height recording device is turned on and is reading in the proper units.
3. When the compaction temperature has been reached, remove the mold and base plate from the
Put the base plate in position in the bold and place a paper disk in the bottom of the mold.
4. Charge the mixture into the mold in one lift. A funnel or other device may be used to place the
mixture into the mold. Take care to avoid segregating the mix in the mold, but work quickly so that
the mixture does not cool excessively during loading. Level the mix and place a paper disk on top.
5. Place the charged mold in the gyratory compactor and center the loading ram.
6. Apply a pressure of 600 ± 18 kPa.
7. Apply 22.0 ± 0.35 mrad (1.25 ± 0.02°) external angle or 20.2 ± mrad (1.16 ± 0.02°) average
internal angle and begin the gyratory compaction.
8. Allow the compaction to proceed until the desired number of gyrations is reached and the
mechanism shuts off.
9. Remove the mold from the compactor, and extrude the specimen from the mold. Take care not
to distort the specimen when removing the specimen from the mold. A cooling 5 to 10 minutes may
be necessary with some mixtures; a fan may help speed the cooling process. Remove the paper
disks while the specimen is still warm to avoid excessive sticking.


• Density Procedure
Determine the maximum specific gravity (Gmm) in accordance with T 209 using a companion
sample. The companion sample shall be conditoned to the same extent as the compaction sample.
Determine the bulk specific gravity (Gmb) of the specimen in accordance with T 166 or T 275 as
appropriate.
When the specimen height is to be monitored, record the specimen height to the nearest 0.1 mm
after each revolution.
• Density Calculations
Calculate the density of the extruded specimen (%Gmm) at any number of gyrations (x) to
the following equation:
Gmbx
%Gmm = x 100
Gmm
where:
% Gmm - density of the extruded specimen at any number of gyrations (x)
expressed as percent of the maximum theoretical specific gravity
Gmbx - bulk specific gravity of the extruded sample compacted at any number of gyrations
Gmm - theoretical maximum specific gravity of the mix
At the completion of the bulk specific gravity test (Gmb), determine the relative density (%Gmmx)
at any point in the compaction process as follows:
Gmb hm
%Gmmx = x 100
Gmm hx
where:
% Gmmx - relative density
Gmb - bulk specific gravity of the extruded sample
hm - height in mm of the extruded specimen
hx - height of the specimen after x gyration


4. Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture Induced Damage AASHTO T 283
• Glossary
Tensile strength -- a measure of the force required to pull apart a material.
• Scope
HMA made from certain materials may be sensitive to the presence of water in the finished
pavement. Water will cause the binder to not adhere to the aggregate. Since the binder is the
glue that holds the pavement together, rapid failure of the pavement can be expected if the
binder cannot adhere to the aggregate. This is often referred to as stripping. To help prevent
stripping, additives such as hydrated lime or liquid anti-stripping chemicals may be required.
AASHTO T 283 is a test method that can be used to determine if the materials may be subject to
stripping and also to measure the effectiveness of additives.
The test is performed by compacting specimens to an air void level of six to eight percent. Three
specimens are selected as a control and tested without moisture conditioning, and three more
specimens are selected to be conditioned by saturating with water undergoing a freeze cycle, and
subsequently having a warm-water soaking cycle. The specimens are then tested for indirect
tensile strength by loading the specimens at a constant rate and measuring the force required to
break the specimen. The tensile strength of the conditioned specimens is compared to the control
specimens to determine the tensile strength ratio (TSR). This test may also be performed on
cores taken from the finished pavement.
• Summary of Test
• Apparatus
Vacuum container for saturating specimens
Balance , general purpose class G2 (AASHTO M 231)
Water bath , capable of maintaining a temperature of 140 ± 2°F (60 ± 1°C)
Pans , having a surface area of 75-200 in2 (48,400 – 129,000) mm2 in the bottom and a depth of
approximately 1 in. (25 mm)
Loading jack and force measuring device
Loading strips with a curved face to match the side of the specimen
Forced-draft oven , capable of maintaining a temperature from room temperature to 350 ± 15°F
(176 ± 3°C)
Freezer , capable of maintaining a temperature of 0 ± 5°F (-18 ± 3°C)
Plastic wrap and heavy-duty leak proof plastic bags
10 mL graduated cylinder
For laboratory-batched mixtures, 6 in. (150 mm) diameter and 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) thick specimens
are normally used. Enough material is mixed to produce at least eight specimens at the binder
content recommended for the mixture. Extra mixture will be needed for trials to establish the
compaction required and for determining the maximum specific gravity of the mixture, if these
values are not known.


4. Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture Induced Damage AASHTO T283
After mixing, the mixture is placed in the pans and spread to about 1 in. (25 mm) thick. The mix
is then cooled to room temperature for 2 ± 0.5 hours. The mixture is placed in the oven for
2 hours at 275 ± 5°F (135 ± 3°C), and stirred every 60 ± 5 minutes to maintain conditioning.
Some experimentation will be needed to find the correct compactive effort that will yield 7 ± 0.5
percent air voids. The specimens are required to be compacted in accordance with AASHTO T312.
After the specimens are removed from the molds, they are stored at room temperature for 24±3 hrs.
Evaluating and Grouping of Specimens

After curing, the following tests and measurements of each specimen are done:
1. The maximum specific gravity (Gmm) in accordance with AASHTO T 209
2. The thickness (t) and diameter (D)
3. The bulk specific gravity (Gmb) in accordance with AASHTOT 166. The volume (E) of
the specimens is determined by subtracting the specimen weight in water from the
saturated, surface-dry weight.
The percentage of air voids (Pa) is determined in accordance with AASHTO T 269. Once
determined, the specimens are separated into two subsets, of at least three specimens each, so
that the average air voids of the two subsets are approximately equal.
For those specimens to be subjected to vacuum saturation, a freeze cycle, and a warm-water
soaking cycle, the volume of the air voids (Va) in cubic centimeters is calculated as follows:
Pa E where: Va = volume of air voids, cubic centimeters

Va =
100 Pa = air voids, percent
E = volume of the specimen, cubic centimeters
Reconditioning of Specimens
At the end of the curing period, the dry subset is wrapped with plastic in a heavy duty, leak proof
plastic bag. The specimens are then placed in a 77 ± 1op (25 ± 0.5°C) water bath for 2 hours ±
10 minutes with a minimum of 1 in. (25 mm) of water above their surface. (Figure 1)


The other subset is conditioned as follows:

1. The specimens are placed in a vacuum container supported a minimum of 1 in. (25 mm)
above the container bottom (figure 2
2. The container is filled with potable water at room temperature so that the specimens have
at least 1 in. (25 mm) of water above their surface.
3. A vacuum of 10-26 in. Hg partial pressure (13-67 kPa absolute pressure) is applied for
approximately 5 to 10 minutes.
4. The vacuum is removed and the specimen is left submerged in water for approximately 5
to 10 minutes. (Figure 2)
Figure 2: Specimens in Vacuum Container
The weight of the saturated, surface-dry specimen after partial vacuum saturation (B¹) is
determined by Method A of AASHTO T 166.
The volume of absorbed water (J¹) in cubic centimeters is determined by the following equation
J¹ = B¹ – A
where: J¹ = volume of absorbed water, cubic centimeters

B¹ = weight of the saturated, surface-dry specimen after partial vacuum saturation, g
A = weight of the dry specimen in air, g


The degree of saturation (S¹) is determined by comparing the volume of absorbed water (J¹) with
the volume of air voids (Va) using the following equation:
100 J¹
S¹ =
Va
where: S¹ = degree of saturation, percent
If the degree of saturation is between 70 and 80 percent, the conditioning by freezing may
continue. If the degree of saturation is less than 70 percent, the vacuum procedure using more
vacuum and/or time is repeated. If the degree of saturation is more than 80 percent, the
specimen is considered damaged and is discarded.
For specimens with 70 to 80 percent saturation, the samples are each wrapped with a plastic film
such as Saran Wrap and placed in a plastic bag containing 10 ± 0.5 mL of water and sealed. The
plastic bags are placed in a freezer at a temperature of 0 ± 5°F (-18 ± 3°C) for 24 ± 1 hours. The
specimens should have a minimum of 1 in. (25 mm) of water above their surface. As soon as the
specimens are placed in the water bath, the plastic bag and film is removed from each specimen.
After 24 ± 1 hours in the water bath, the specimens are removed and placed in a water bath at 77
± 1°F (25 ± 0.5°C) for 2 hours ± 10 minutes. The specimens should have a minimum of 1 in. (25
mm) of water above their surface.
• Testing
The specimen is removed from the bath, the thickness (t1) determined, and then placed on its side
between the bearing plates of the testing machine (Figure 3). Steel loading strips are placed
between the specimen and the bearing plates. A load is applied to the specimen by forcing the
bearing plates together at a constant rate of 2 in. (50 mm) per minute.
Figure 3: Specimen in Testing Machine


4. Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture Induced Damage AASHTO T283
The maximum load is recorded, and the load continued until the specimen cracks. The machine
is stopped and the specimen broken apart at the crack for observation (Figure 4). The
approximate degree of moisture damage is estimated on a scale from 0 to 5, with 5 being the
most stripped.
Figure 4: Specimen Broken for Observation
Calculations
The tensile strength is calculated using the following equation:
English units:
2P where: St = tensile strength, psi
St
πtD P = maximum load, lbs
t = specimen thickness, in.
D = specimen diameter, in.
SI units:
2000P where: St = tensile strength, kPa
St
πtD P = maximum load, Newtons
t = specimen thickness, mm
D = specimen diameter, mm
The tensile strength ratio is calculated as follows:
S₂
Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) =
S₁
where: S₁ = average tensile strength of the dry subset, psi (kPa)

S₂ = average tensile strength of the conditioned subset, psi (kPa)

Page 42
CONTRACTOR: CONSULTANT:
PROJECT:
SIEVE ANALYSIS of Fine and Course Aggregate (AASTO T 27) MRDTM 204
Description: Request No. :
(‫)ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬ (‫)ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬ Sampled By:
(Kind of Material) (Sampled @) Date Sampled:
Weight of Sample (grams): ‫ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺭﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬Sample No.: Sta. Rep.:
Original Wt. : ‫ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ ﻏﻡ‬Tested By: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺣﺹ‬
(Name & Designation ‫)ﺍﻷﺳﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻅﻳﻔﺔ‬
Oven Dry : ‫ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺟﻔﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺭﻥ ﻏﻡ‬Computed By: ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﺏ‬
(Name & Designation ‫)ﺍﻷﺳﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻅﻳﻔﺔ‬ Date (‫)ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
Wash O. Dry: ‫ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﻐﺳﻭﻝ ﻭﻣﺟﻔﻑ ﻏﻡ‬Checked By: ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻗﻕ‬
(Name & Designation ‫)ﺍﻷﺳﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻅﻳﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺭ‬ % ‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺭ‬ % ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻰ‬ % ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺎﺕ‬
Cum.Wt. Cum. Wt.
Sieve Size Wt. Retained Cum. Passing Retained Specs. Remarks
Retained Passing
grams grams grams % % %
3"
2 1/2 "
2"
1 1/2 "
1"
3/4 "
1/2 "
3/8 "
No. 4 4 ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
No. 8 8 ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
No. 10 10 ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
No. 16 16 ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
No. 30 30 ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
No. 40 40 ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
No. 50 50 ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
No. 60 60 ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
No. 80 80 ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
No. 100 100 ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
No. 200 200 ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
Pan ‫ﺍﻟﻛﻔﺔ‬
Wash Passing No. 200
Total ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ‬
Contractor - M. E. Consultant - M. E. Resident Engineer

Page 43
CONTRACTOR : CONSULTANT :
PROJECT:
SPECIFIC GRAVITY & ABSORPTION

of Coarse and Fine Aggregates
Sampled by: Tested by :
Date Sampled: Date Tested :
Sampled at : Checked by :
Material: Quantity Rep.:
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregates (AASHTO T85) MRDTM 304
TRIAL 1 2 Average
A. Mass of Oven-Dry Sample ( grams )
B. Mass of Saturated Surface Dry Sample in Air ( grams )
C. Mass of Saturated Surface Dry Sample in Water ( grams )
Bulk Specific Gravity A / (B - C)
Bulk Specific Gravity.(SSD) B / (B - C)
Apparent Specific Gravity A / (A - C)
Absorption % (B - A) / A x 100
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates (AASHTO T84) MRDTM 305
TRIAL 1 2 Average
A. Mass of Oven-Dry Sample ( grams )
B. Mass of Pycnometer Filled with Water ( grams )
C. Mass of Pycometer Bottle + Water + Sample ( grams )
D. Mass of Saturated Surface Dry Sample ( grams )
Bulk Specific Gravity A / (B + S - C)
Bulk Specific Gravity.(SSD) S / (B + S - C)
Apparent Specific Gravity A / (B + A - C)
Absorption % ((S - A) / A) x 100
REMARKS: ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺎﺕ‬
CONTRACTOR - M. E. CONSULTANT - M. E. RESIDENT ENGINEER

Page 44
PROJECT:
DETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE OF CRUSHED AGGREGATE

TEST FOR COARSE AGGREGATE ANGULARITY , C.A.A (AASHTO TP61), ( ASTM D 5821), MRDTM 310
Date Sampled: Date Tested: Lab. No.
Sample by: Tested by: Sampled @
Material Checked by: Original Source
SIEVE SIZE Mass Cum. Mass Cum. Percent Percent
mm. ( Alt.) Retained ( ind.) Retained Retained Passing
50.0 2"
37.5 1 1/2"
25.0 1"
19.0 3/4"
9.5 3/8"
4.75 No. 4
2.36 No. 8
0.425 No. 40
0.075 No. 200
Wash Passing #200
TOTAL
CRUSHED FRACTION DETERMINATION
SIEVE SIZE Mass A Mass B
Percent Crushed
mm. ( Alt.) Test Portion (grams) Crushed (grams)
50.0 - 37.5 2" - 1 1/2"
37.5 - 25 1 1/2" - 1"
25.0 - 19.0 1" - 3/4"
19.0 - 9.5 3/4" - 3/8"
9.5 - 4.75 3/8" - No. 4
CALCULATION
SIEVE SIZE Test Portion Percent Weighted
Passing Retained Percent Crushed Percent Crushed
2" 1 1/2"
1 1/2" 1"
1" 3/4"
3/4" 3/8"
3/8" No. 4
Totals (C) (D)
Weighted Average Percent Crushed Particles (%) = D / C x 100 =

Page 45
CONTRACTOR: CONSULTANT:
PROJECT:
Uncompacted Void Content of Fine Aggregates (AASHTO 304)
Sampled by: Tested by :
Sampled at : Checked by :
Material: Quantity Rep.:
METHOD A: Standard Graded Sample
Specific Gravity of Individual Fractions Mass, g

G=
Aggregate: 2.36 mm (No.8) to 1.18 mm (No. 16) 44
1.18 mm (No. 16) to 600 μm (No. 30) 57
600 μm (No. 30) to 300 μm (No. 50) 72
Calibrated Volume of 300 μm (No. 50) to 150 μm (No. 100) 17
V=
Cylinder: Total 100
Weight of Loose Uncompacted Void

Weight of Cylinder Content, % (U)
Sample Weight of Empty
with Loose Aggregate, g (F)
No. Cylinder, g (W1)
Aggregate, g (W2) (V - F / G)
W2 - W1 x 100
V
1
2
3
Average
Remarks: Specification - 45% minimum

Page 46
PROJECT:
FLAT & ELONGATED PARTICLES IN COARSE AGGREGATE
ASTM D4791
Sampled by: Tested by:
Sampled at : Checked by:
Material: Qty. Represented:
Weighted
Sieve Size Original Weight of
% of Flat & Average of
Grading of Weight of Flat &
Elongated Flat &
Sample Material Elongated
Particles Elongated
Retained Tested (B) Particles
Passing Retained (D) Particles
(A) (C)
(E)
mm in mm in (%) (grams) (grams) (%) (%)
62.5 2 1/2 50 2
50.0 2 37.5 1 1/2
37.5 1 1/2 25 1
25.0 1 19.0 3/4
19.0 3/4 12.5 1/2
12.5 1/2 9.5 3/8
9.50 3/8 4.75 No. 4
TOTAL
Computation: D = (C / B) x 100
E = (D x A) / 100
Remarks:
Specification = 10 maximum

Page 47
PROJECT:
SAND EQUIVALENT TEST

( MRDTM 313 , AASHTO T176 )
TRIAL NO. 1 2 3
SAND HEIGHT ( mm. ) S
CLAY FLOC HEIGHT ( MM. ) C
CALCULATED SAND EQUIVALENT (S/C) x 100
ADJUSTED SAND EQUIVALENT
AVERAGE SAND EQUIVALENT
ADJUSTED AVE. SAND EQUIVALENT
REMARKS : MOC SPECIFICATION = 45 Minimum

Page 48
PROJECT :
LOS ANGELES ABRASION TEST

MRDTM 309 (Adaptation of AASHTO T96-77)
Material: Qty. Rep.:
DESCRIPTION NO. OF ABRASSIVE CHARGES

SIEVE SIZE 12 11 8 6
PASSING RETAINED Grading and Weight (grams) of Test Sample
mm. alt. mm. alt. A B C D
37.5 1 1/2 " 25 1" 1250
25 1" 19 3/4 " 1250
19 3/4 " 12.5 1/2 " 1250 2500
12.5 1/2 " 9.5 3/8 " 1250 2500
9.5 3/8 " 6.3 1/4 " 2500
6.3 1/4 " 2.36 No.4 2500
4.75 No.4 No.8 5000
TOTAL 5000 5000 5000 5000
A - Mass of Sample Before Test, g
B - Mass of Sample After Test
(Retained on Sieve No.12), g
C - Wear ( A - B ), g
D - Percent Wear ( C/A X 100 )
REMARKS: M.O.T. Specification Requirement : 45 % max.

Page 49
PROJECT:
SOUNDNESS TEST OF AGGREGATE
AASHTO T 104 ( MRDTM 311 )
Sampled at : Date Finished:
Material: Checked by:
Mass Mass Loss in Loss in
Sieve Size Original After Test Sieve
Fraction Fraction Mass Mass Mass
Grading (
Before After Test After Test After Test %age Loss
%)
Passing Retained Test (g) mm alternate (g) (g) (%)
mm alternate mm alternate A B C D E F G
COARSE AGGREGATE
63.0 2 1/2" 37.5 1 1/2" 3.1 31.5 1 1/4"
37.5 1 1/2" 19.0 3/4" 34.7 16.0 5/8"
19.0 3/4" 9.5 3/8" 11.2 8.0 5/16"
9.5 3/8" 4.75 No. 4 10.1 4.0 No. 5
Total
FINE AGGREGATE
9.50 3/8" 4.75 No. 4 10.1
4.75 No. 4 2.36 No. 8 9.8
2.36 No. 8 1.18 No. 16 5.6
1.18 No. 16 0.60 No.30 5.2
0.60 No. 30 0.30 No. 50 4.2
Total
Note : E = B - D *63 mm to 37.5 mm consists of 50% 50 mm (2") to 63 mm (2 1/2") and 50% 37.5 mm (1 1/2") to 50 mm (2")
F = ( E / B ) X 100 **37.5 mm to 19.0 consists of 67% 37.5 mm to 25.0 mm (1" ) and 33% 25.0 mm to 19.0 mm
G = ( A X F ) / 100 ***19.0 mm to 9.5 mm consists of 67% 19.0 mm to 12.5 mm ( 1/2" ) and 33% 12.5 mm to 9.5 mm
REMARKS : Percent Loss = 12 % Maximum

Page 50
PROJECT:
CLAY LUMPS AND FRIABLE PARTICLES IN AGGREGATES
( MRDTM 312, AASHTO T112 )

Original
Sieve Size Test Weighted
Grading, Retained Percent
Fraction After Test Sieves Percent
% Each Mass (g) Clay, Etc.
Mass (g) Clay, Etc.
Passing Retained Size
mm alternate mm alternate G W mm alternate R P GXP/100
37.5 1 1/2" 4.75 No. 4
37.5 1 1/2" 19 3/4" 4.75 No. 4
19.0 3/4" 9.5 3/8" 4.75 No. 4
9.5 3/8" 4.75 No. 4 2.36 No. 8
4.75 No. 4 1.18 No. 16 0.85 No. 20
Total
Remarks: Specification = 1 % Maximum

Page 51
PROJECT:
Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viscometer
AASTHO 316
VISCOSITY TEST @ 135°C , Spindle # 27
Time (min) Reading (cP) Viscosity ( Pa s ) Remarks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 < 3.0 Pa s max.

Page 52
PROJECT:
Specific Gravity of Semi-solid Bituminous Materials

AASHTO T 228, ASTM D 70
Density of Water
Temperature °C Temperature °C
(WT), kg/m³
15.0 999.1
25.0 997.0
A = mass of pycnometer (plus stopper)
B = mass of pycnometer filled with water
C = mass of pycnometer partially filled with asphalt
D = mass of pycnometer + asphalt + water
Relative Density = (C - A) / {(B - A) - (D - C)}
Density = specific gravity X W T, kg/m³

Page 53
PROJECT:
Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of Hot Mix Asphalt

Paving Mixtures (AASHTO T 209)
Gmm Worksheet
Asphalt Content UNIT 1 2
A. Net Mass of Loose Mix gram
B. Mass of Pycnometer + Water gram
C. Mass of Pycnometer + Water + Sample gram

A
Theoretical Max. Specific Gravity ( Gmm )
(A+B) - C
AVERAGE

Page 54
PROJECT:
Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Hot Mix Using Saturated Surface

Dry Specimens ( AASHTO T 166)
Gmb WORKSHEET
Gmm 1 2 3 4 5 6
a. Pb ( % Asphalt Content )
b. Weight (Dry)
c. Weight (SSD)
d. Weight in Water
e. Gmb @ N- design b ÷ (c - d)
f. Height of Specimen @ - initial
g. % Gmm N- initial (h ÷ f) x i
h. Ht. of Specimen @ N- design
i. % GMM N-design (e / Gmm)x100

Page 55
PROJECT:
Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens by Means of
the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (AASHTO T 312)
% Gmm at Any Number of Gyrations 1 2

Gmbx - bulk specific gravity of extruded sample gyrated at x
%Gmm = (Gmbx / Gmm) x 100
Relative Density 1 2
Gmb - bulk specific gravity of the extruded sample
hm - height in mm of the extruded specimen
hx - height of the specimen after x gyration
%Gmmx = (Gmb)(hm) ⁄ (Gmm)(hx) x 100
Page 56
PROJECT:
Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture Induced Damage (AASHTO
T 283)
Mix Type : Gyratory Compacted Specimen at Optimum Asphalt Content

Sample Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6
D. Diameter, mm
t. Thickness, mm
A. Dry Mass in Air, g
B. Mass in Water, g
C. Mass in SSD, g
E. Volume , cm³ ( C - B )
F. Bulk Specific Gravity (Gmb) ( A ÷ E )
G. Maximum Specific Gravity (Gmm)
H. % Air Voids (( G - F ) / G) x 100
I. Volume of Air Voids, cm³ ( E x H ) / 100
J. Load, kN
Conditioned Samples for 24 hours in 60°C Water Bath
t'. Thickness, mm
C'. Mass in SSD, g
K. Volume of Absorbed Water, cm³ (C' - A)
L. % Saturation ( K / I ) x 100
J'. Load (kN)
M. Dry Strength, kPa (2000 J) / (π t D)
N. Wet Strength, kPa (2000 J') / (π t' D)
O. Visual Moisture Damage (0 to 5 rating)
P. Cracked / Broken Aggregate?
Q. Tensile Strength Ratio, kPa ( N ÷ M )

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SUPERPAVE Workshop – 2011

Prepared and Developed by: Advance Engineering Center (AdEC)

Sixth Edition - June 2011

Sixth Edition - June 2011

Sixth Edition - June 2011

Name of Test AASHTO ASTM MRDTM

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Tests of Aggregates

• Test Methods and Procedures

1. Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates AASHTO T 27 ASTM C 136

• Summary of Test Method

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

2. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates AASHTO T 84 ASTM C 128

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

2. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates AASHTO T 84 ASTM C 128

Calculate the Bulk Specific Gravity

Calculate the Bulk Specific Gravity (Saturated Surface Dry Basis)

Calculate the Apparent Specific Gravity

Calculate the Percentage of Absorption

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

3. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregates AASHTO T 85 ASTM C 127

• Summary of Test Method

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

3. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregates AASHTO T 85 ASTM C 127

Calculate the Bulk Specific Gravity

where: A - mass of oven dry sample in air, g

Calculate the Bulk Specific Gravity (Saturated Surface Dry )

Calculate the Apparent Specific Gravity

Calculate the Percentage of Absorption

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

4. Coarse Aggregate Angularity AASHTO TP 61 ASTM D 5821

• Summary of Test Method

Method 2 - Individual Sieve Fracture Determination

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

4. Coarse Aggregate Angularity AASHTO TP 61 ASTM D 5821

Table 2: Sample Size

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

• Summary of Test Method

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

• Calculate the volume of the measure as follows:

Individual Fractions Mass, g

Individual Fractions Mass, g

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

• Calculate the uncompacted voids for each determination as follows:

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

6. Flat & Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregate (F&E) ASTM D 4791

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

6. Flat & Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregate (F&E) ASTM D 4791

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates

Sixth Edition - June 2011

I. Test Methods for Quality Test of Aggregates