Basic Thermal Engineering (ME3100)

Pallab Sinha Mahapatra

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai, 600036, India
1st Law for control volume
2 .
mout
mcv Ecv
Turbomachine eout Conservation of mass,
2 . .
dmcv
1 min − mout =
dt

W'

1
ein Q'
.
min
Work transfer
For a turbine, W ' > 0
⎡ in dp 1 2
. ⎤
'
W ≤ m⎢ ∫
t
2
(
+ Vin −Vout + g zin − zout ⎥
⎣out ρ 2 ⎦
) ( )

For a compressor, W ' < 0

⎡ out
.
dp 1 2 ⎤
'
Wc ≥ m⎢ ∫
⎣ in ρ 2
2
(
+ Vout−Vin + g zout − zin ⎥
⎦
) ( )

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras 3

Work transfer
For a turbine, ρ = Constan t

.⎡p −p 1 2 ⎤
Wt ,max = m⎢
⎣
in
ρ
out
(2
) (
+ Vin −Vout + g zin − zout ⎥
2 ⎦
)

Specific work,
Wt ,max
⎡p −p 1 2 ⎤
W = . =⎢
⎣
in
ρ
out
2
2
(
+ Vin −Vout + g zin − zout ⎥
⎦
) ( )
m
Wt ,max
⎡p 1 2 pout 1 2 ⎤
W = . = ⎢ + Vin + gzin −
in

⎣ρ 2
( )
ρ 2
− Vout − zout ⎥
⎦
( )
m
(
W = g H in − H out = gH ) Head utilized by a turbine

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras 4

Work transfer
For a compressor, ρ = Constan t
.⎡p −p 1 2 ⎤
W '
c ,max
= m⎢
⎣
out
ρ
in 2
( ) (
+ Vout−Vin + g zout − zin ⎥
2 ⎦
)

Specific work,

W 'c ,max ⎡p −p 1 2 ⎤
W= .
=⎢
⎣
out
ρ
in
2
(
2
) (
+ Vout−Vin + g zout − zin ⎥
⎦
)
m

(
W = g H out − H in = gH ) Head developed in a
compressor or pump

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras 5

Flow work needs to be calculated when,

•  The system is irreversible in nature

•  Work crosses the boundary
•  The thermodynamic system is an open system e.g. turbines,
compressors, pumps etc.

Work can be calculated as,

2
W= ∫ v dP
1
For a gas in a compression process we can write,

Pv k = constan t
1/ k
k k ⎛ constan t ⎞
Pv = P v
1 1 2 2 v =⎜ ⎟
⎝ P ⎠
Thus, the isentropic work in a compression process we can write,
2
2 P2
Wis = ∫ v dP P1
1 h2
2 ⎛ P vk ⎞
1/ k h1
Wis = ∫ ⎜⎜ 1 1 ⎟⎟ dP 1
1 ⎝ P ⎠ V1 V2
⎡ k−1 ⎤ Air
k ⎛
⎢ P ⎞ k
⎥
Wis = P1v1 ⎢⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ − 1⎥
k −1 ⎢⎣⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎥⎦
 ⎡ k−1 ⎤
⎢⎛ P2 ⎞ k
⎥
Wis = c pT1 ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1⎥
P
⎢⎣⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎥⎦

Similarly, for a turbine,

2
Wis = ∫ v dP
1
1/ k
2 ⎛ P vk ⎞
Wis = ∫ ⎜⎜ 2 2 ⎟⎟ dP
1 ⎝ P ⎠

⎡ k−1 ⎤

k ⎢ ⎛ P1 ⎞ k ⎥ ⎡ k−1 ⎤

Wis = P2 v2 ⎢1− ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥ k ⎢ ⎛ P1 ⎞ k ⎥
k −1 P Wis = P2 v2 ⎢1− ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ k −1 P
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
Properties of steam

Prove that,
The first law of thermodynamics shows that the amount of heat
transferred to a fluid flowing at constant pressure, as it is
evaporated from its saturated liquid state to saturated vapor
state, is
1. Steam at p1 = 6000 kPa and T1 = 400° C expands reversibly
and adiabatically through a steam turbine to pressure p2 = 60
kPa. (a) Find the exit quality and (b) the work delivered if the
change in kinetic energy is neglected.

2. Steam from a steam chest of a single-stage turbine at p1 = 3

bar and T1 = 440°C expands reversibly and adiabatically through
a nozzle to pressure of p = l bar. Find the velocity of the steam at
the exit.
Solution Q1

Since the process is reversible and adiabatic, it takes

place at constant entropy and s2 = s1. The exit state is
in the two-phase region, and steam quality is
calculated from
Solution Q2
Here, h1 = 3358. 7 kJ /kg, and its entropy is s1 = 8.1536kJ/(kg
• K).
For an isentropic process, the exit state is determined by p2 =
1 bar and s2 = 8.1536kJ/(kg · K).
Enthalpy, obtained by interpolating in the tables, is h2 = 3039.2
kJ /kg.
Assuming that the velocity in the steam chest is negligible,
the exit velocity is obtained from
Compressed liquid

Enthalpy can then be obtained from

All the properties are at the saturation temperature