 

CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. II, © Prof. Shaheen Al-Muhtaseb @ QU, 2020
 Flow work: Is the energy required to push a fluid in
or out of a CV to maintain a continuous flow.

The force applied on the fluid

element equals: F = P.A

While, the work done in pushing

the fluid in or out of a C.V. equals:
Wflow = F.L = P.A.L = P.V

• Like WB  Wflow is expressed in terms of properties.

The total energy consists of three parts for a non-flowing
fluid and four parts for a flowing fluid ( = e + Pv).
Closed systems Open systems

Recall:
h = u + Pv

Then:
 = h + V2/2 + gz

For Open systems: enthalpy (h) replaces internal energy

and flow work (u + P v).
 
Flow state type:
1. Steady state process (e.g., turbine, compressor, Heat Exchangers, .. etc.)
- No properties within CV change with time. Thus, WB is zero for steady
flow systems since volume is constant.

- Uniform properties @ a given CV boundary, i.e., a fluid property is

specified by a single averaged value.

- Heat & work do not change with time.

- For cyclic devices such as Reciprocating engines, the flow at
inlets and exits will be pulsating and not steady. Time-averaged
values of properties will be applied.

2. Unsteady state process (e.g., charging & discharging with emphasis

on uniform flow process)
6
 m• in
Work or
Power
Heat or Heat (+)
transfer rate (+)
m• out

Energy transfer Energy content, DE

• Heat, Q • internal energy, DU
• Work, W • kinetic energy, DKE
• Flow energy, m. • potential energy, DPE
Ein  Eout  DEsystem
  

E in  E out  D E system
 0 (steady state assumption)
• • •
Ein - Eout = Δ Esystem

• •
or  Ein = Eout (for steady state)

Rate of net energy transfer in Rate of net energy transfer out

by heat, work, and mass
= by heat, work, and mass

• • • •
Qin + Win +  mii = Qout + Wout +  mee
• •
 𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 + 𝑾ሶ 𝒊𝒏 + σ 𝒎ሶ 𝒊 𝜽𝒊 = 𝑸ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑾ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 + σ 𝒎ሶ 𝒆 𝜽𝒆

𝑽𝟐𝒊 𝟐
𝑽
𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 + 𝑾ሶ 𝒊𝒏 + σ 𝒎ሶ 𝒊 𝒉𝒊 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒊 = 𝑸ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑾ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 + σ 𝒎ሶ 𝒆 𝒉𝒆 + 𝒆 + 𝒈𝒛𝒆
𝟐 𝟐

𝑽𝟐𝒆 𝑽𝟐𝒊
𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ = ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒆 𝒉𝒆 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒆 − ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒊 𝒉𝒊 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒊
𝟐 𝟐

For single stream systems:

𝑽𝟐𝒆 − 𝑽𝟐𝒊
𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝒆 − 𝒉𝒊 + + 𝒈 𝒛𝒆 − 𝒛𝒊
𝟐
 𝑽𝟐𝒆 𝑽𝟐𝒊
𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ = ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒆 𝒉𝒆 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒆 − ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒊 𝒉𝒊 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒊
𝟐 𝟐

Net rates of Rate at which Rate at which

heat and energy is energy is
work inter- convected out convected into
actions of the CV. the CV.
 The kinetic and potential energy terms have units of:

m2 ft2
or
s2 s2 𝑙𝑏𝑚 . 𝑓𝑡
Recall that: 1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 = 778.17 𝑓𝑡. 𝑙𝑏𝑓 (32.17 2
)
𝑙𝑏𝑓 . 𝑠
m
1 kJ = 1 kN . m = 1000 kg . .m
s2 or

BTU ft2
kJ m2 1 = 25033.7
1 = 1000 lbm s2
kg s2
  

CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. II, © Prof. Shaheen Al-Muhtaseb @ QU, 2020
 Conservation of Mass:
෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 = ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑒

Conservation of Energy:
𝑽𝟐𝒆 𝑽𝟐𝒊
𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ = ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒆 𝒉𝒆 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒆 − ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒊 𝒉𝒊 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒊
𝟐 𝟐

Special Case (For single stream systems):

• •
m e = m i

𝑽𝟐𝒆 − 𝑽𝟐𝒊
𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝒆 − 𝒉𝒊 + + 𝒈 𝒛𝒆 − 𝒛𝒊
𝟐
 Nozzles and Diffusers

 Turbines and Compressors

 Throttling Devices

 Mixing Chambers

 Heat Exchangers

 Pipe Flow and Duct

• Nozzle: a device which accelerates a fluid as the
pressure is decreased.

Vout > Vin

Pout < Pin

• Diffuser: a device which decelerates a fluid

and increases the pressure.

Vout < Vin

Pout > Pin
 𝑄 − 𝑊 + ෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝜃𝑖 − ෍ 𝑚𝑒 𝜃𝑒 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠

Typical assumptions: *

Work: none

Heat transfer: essentially none, since

these devices are small
in size*
Potential energy change: none Exercise: Derive
Analysis after simplifications: this equation
“Enthalpy to kinetic energy” balance 𝑉𝑖2 − 𝑉𝑒2
ℎ𝑒 = ℎ𝑖 +
Single inlet/outlet conservation of mass 2
*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !
An adiabatic diffuser is employed to
reduce the velocity of a stream of air from
250 m/s to 35 m/s. The inlet pressure is
100 kPa and the inlet temperature is
300°C.

Determine the required outlet area in cm2

if the mass flow rate is 7 kg/s and the
final pressure is 167 kPa.
Assumptions
• SSSF (Steady state, steady flow)
• Adiabatic + no work
• potential energy change is zero
• air is ideal gas
INLET
OUTLET
T1 = 300C
P2 = 167 kPa
P1 = 100 kPa Diffuser
V2 = 35 m/s
V1 = 250 m/s
•
m = 7 kg/s
Conservation of mass for a single stream: 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ

𝑉1 𝐴1 𝑉2 𝐴2
Since 𝑚ሶ = =
𝑣1 𝑣2

𝑚ሶ 𝑣2
Solve for A2 𝐴2 =
𝑉2
 Q. How do we get specific volumes?
Since P  RT

or  1  RT1 / P1 and  2  RT2 / P2

We know T1 and P1, so v1 is simple to find.

We know P2, but what about T2?

You Need The ENERGY BALANCE Equation !!!

Energy Balance Equation:
V22  V12
q  w  (h2  h1 )   g ( z 2  z1 )
2
V12  V22 V1 and V2 are given; We
So (h2  h1 ) 
2 need h2 to get T2 and v2.

• If we assumed constant specific heats (Approximate

Solution), we could get T2 directly
V12  V22
c p (T2  T1 ) 
2
 Hence, T2  T1  V 2
 V 2
 (250) 2
 (35) 2

 573     602.3 K
1 2
2c p  2 1045 
where, T1 = 300 + 273 = 573K.

Alternatively, we may use the air tables (A-17) (Exact Solution).

First, we obtain h1 at T1 (T1 = 573K):
kJ
h1  578.73
kg
kJ  (250) 2  (35) 2  m 2  3 kJ s 2  kJ

Hence, h 2  578.73 kg   

 
2 
 10 
2 
 609.4
 2  s  kg m  kg

By interpolation,  this corresponds to an exit temperature of 602.2 K

 RT2 m3
Now we can get the solution:  2   1.0352
P2 kg

 kg  m3 
7  1.0352 
𝑚ሶ 𝑣2  s  kg 
and 𝐴2 = 
𝑉2  m  4 m 
2
 35  10 
2 
 s  cm 

Hence, A2 = 2070 cm2

 mass
flow

Turbine Power ( + )

Heat
Transfer rate
(-)
Gas Turbine
Typical assumptions: *
Work: + for turbine, - for compressors
Heat transfer: none if adiabatic*
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: If inlet / exit velocities referenced,
must be included – otherwise
assume zero

Analysis after simplifications:

V 12 - V 22
• Solution of 1st Law energy balance wT = (h1 - h2) +
2
• Single inlet / single outlet conservation of mass
*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !
 • Machines which do work on a fluid to raise its
pressure, potential, or speed.

• Mathematical analysis proceeds the same as for

turbines, although the signs will differ.
Primary Differences:
• Compressor: used to raise the pressure of a compressible
fluid.

• Pump: used to raise pressure or potential of an

incompressible fluid.

• Fan: primary purpose is to move large amounts of gas, but

usually has a small pressure increase.
Solution:
Assumptions:
• Steady-State  DEsys = 0
• Single input, Single output
• Adiabatic  Q = 0
• Negligible DKE and DPE differences between input and output
 Energy Balance Equation:
𝑽𝟐𝒊 𝑽𝟐𝒆
𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ + ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒊 𝒉𝒊 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒊 − ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒆 𝒉𝒆 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒆 = ∆𝑬ሶ 𝒔𝒚𝒔
𝟐 𝟐

Steady state, Single input-single output  𝑚ሶ 𝑖 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 = 𝑚ሶ 

𝟏 𝟐
−𝑾ሶ = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝒆 − 𝒉𝒊 + 𝑽𝒆 − 𝑽𝟐𝒊 + 𝒈 𝒛𝒆 − 𝒛𝒊
𝟐 𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑖 = 3375.1
𝑘𝑔
 −𝑾ሶ = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝒆 − 𝒉𝒊 𝑘𝐽
𝑊ሶ 𝑘𝐽 ℎ𝑒 = 2344.7
5000 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
 𝑚ሶ = = 𝑘𝐽 = 4.852
ℎ𝑖 −ℎ𝑒 3375.1−2344.7 𝑘𝑔
𝑠
Exercise: Find How?
Steam enters a turbine at 7000 kPa and 500
C with a velocity of 6 m/s and leaves as a
saturated vapor at 20 kPa. The turbine inlet
area is 0.1 m2 and the outlet area is 13 m2.
Find the following:
A) the mass flow rate of steam
B) the exit velocity
C) the power of the turbine
 Draw Diagram
STREAM 1 1
P1 = 7000 kPa
T1 = 500C W (+)
Turbine
V1 = 6 m/s
A1=0.1 m2 STREAM 2
P2 = 20 kPa
2
x2 = 1.0
A2=13 m2
Assumptions
• Steady state (dm/dt = 0)
• One inlet/one outlet
• Uniform properties at inlet and outlet
• Adiabatic
• Negligible change of potential energy
Apply conservation of mass (steady state):
𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐴
𝑚ሶ = 𝜌 𝑉 𝐴 1 = 𝜌𝑉𝐴 2 𝑚ሶ = =
𝑣 1 𝑣 2
 Get property data from steam tables:
𝑚3 𝑘𝐽
𝑣1 = 0.048157 ℎ1 = 3411.4
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑚3 𝑘𝐽
𝑣2 = 7.6481 ℎ2 = 2608.9
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

Ans. (A)
Steady state 

𝐴1 𝑉1 0.1 ×6 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 1 = = = 12.46
𝑣1 0.048157 𝑠
Exit Velocity:
𝑉2 𝐴2
Since 𝑚ሶ = 
𝑣2
Ans. (B)

𝑚ሶ 𝑣2 12.46 × 7.6481 𝑚
𝑉2 = = = 7.33
𝐴2 13 𝑠
 C) The Power of the turbine 
Apply first law of thermodynamics…
1 2 ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠
ሶ ሶ
𝑄 − 𝑊 + 𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ2 + 𝑉1 − 𝑉22 + 𝑔 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 =
2 ∆𝑡
1
𝑊ሶ = 𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ2 + 𝑉12 − 𝑉22
2

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 1 2 𝑚 2 𝑘𝐽 𝑠 2
= 12.46 3411.4 − 2608.9 + 6 − 7.332 2
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 2 𝑠 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2

= 9999 𝑘𝑊 Ans. (C)

- Cause major ΔP accompanied by large ΔT.

- Often used for Refrigeration and A/C applications.

mass flow in

mass flow
out
 Typical assumptions: *
Work: none
Heat transfer: none, if adiabatic*
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: none, if inlet and exit areas &
densities are the same

Analysis after simplifications:

Enthalpy at inlet = Enthalpy at outlet

Single inlet / single outlet conservation of mass hinlet = hexit

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

Note that, however, heat transfer might be
significant for throttling devices with large exposed
surface area such as capillary tubes.

Also, note that:

since h2  h1  u2  P2 2  u1  P11

If P2 2  P11 then u2  u1 , i.e., T2  T1

For an ideal gases: h  h(T )  T2  T1

Solution:
Assumptions:
• Steady-State  DEsys = 0
• Single input, Single output
• Adiabatic  Q = 0
• No work  W = 0
• Negligible DKE and DPE differences between input and output
 Energy Balance Equation:
𝑽𝟐𝒊 𝑽𝟐𝒆
𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ + ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒊 𝒉𝒊 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒊 − ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒆 𝒉𝒆 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒆 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔
𝟐 𝟐

Steady state, Single input-single output  𝑚ሶ 𝑖 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 = 𝑚ሶ 

𝟏 𝟐
𝟎 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝒆 − 𝒉𝒊 + 𝑽𝒆 − 𝑽𝟐𝒊 + 𝒈 𝒛𝒆 − 𝒛𝒊
𝟐

 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝒆 − 𝒉𝒊 = 𝟎  𝒉𝒆 = 𝒉𝒊
 At inlet stream conditions (8 MPa and 500 oC) 
𝒌𝑱
From Table A-6: 𝒉𝒊 = 𝟑𝟑𝟗𝟗. 𝟓
𝒌𝒈
𝒌𝑱
Exit stream at 6 MPa; Energy Balance  𝒉𝒆 = 𝒉𝒊 = 𝟑𝟑𝟗𝟗. 𝟓
𝒌𝒈
 Phase is superheated vapor (How do we know?)

interpolation  𝑻𝒆 = 𝟒𝟗𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 ℃
 Moderate fluid flow velocity to
give good mixing: Δ ke =~ 0
Negligible Change in potential
energy: Δ pe = 0
m• 1 Negligible heat losses to
~
surroundings: Q=0

m• 3
m• 3 = m
•
1 + •
m 2

m• 2
 Typical assumptions: *
Work: none
Heat transfer: none, if adiabatic*
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: none, since fluid velocities are
usually not high to give good
mixing

Analysis after simplifications:

• •
∑ mexit hexit = ∑ m inlet hinlet
• •
∑ mexit = ∑ minlet

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

Solution:
Assumptions:
• Steady-State  DEsys = 0
• Adiabatic  Q = 0
• No work  W = 0
• Negligible DKE and DPE differences between input and output
• Constant pressure (300 kPa) throughout the system
 Energy Balance Equation:
𝑽𝟐𝒊 𝑽𝟐𝒆
𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ + ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒊 𝒉𝒊 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒊 − ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒆 𝒉𝒆 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒆 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔
𝟐 𝟐

Let (1 = cold water, 2 = steam, 3 = warm water)

 𝒎ሶ 𝟏 𝒉𝟏 + 𝒎ሶ 𝟐 𝒉𝟐 = 𝒎ሶ 𝟏 + 𝒎ሶ 𝟐 𝒉𝟑
𝒉𝟑 −𝒉𝟏
 𝒎ሶ 𝟐 = 𝒎ሶ 𝟏
𝒉𝟐 −𝒉𝟑
𝟐𝟓𝟏.𝟒𝟔−𝟖𝟒.𝟐𝟏
Exercise: Find enthalpy 𝒎ሶ 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟖
𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟗.𝟔 −𝟐𝟓𝟏.𝟒𝟔
values from steam tables
= 0.107 kg/s
A/C systems & Heat pumps: Condenser/evaporator

Cooling towers
are a type of heat
exchangers
 3
Surroundings

mhot 1 2

mcold
Heat Exchangers Analysis
Typical assumptions: *

Work:
Heat transfer:
Potential energy change:
Kinetic energy change:
none
none – no losses to surroundings
none
none, since fluid velocities are
not high to permit good heat
transfer

Analysis after simplifications:

Single inlet / single outlet conservation of mass for

hot and cold fluids separately.
*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !
• • •
Q - W = m• hot h2 + m• cold h4 – mhot h1 + m• cold h3

Flow Energy Flow Energy

leaving Entering
• •
• hot (h1 – h2) = mcold (h4 – h3)
m
 Heat ( + / - )

Work ( - )

Pipe flow: liquids

ΔKE: Negligible for moderate flows & fixed diameter
ΔPE: Can be significant if vertically oriented
 Typical assumptions* :
Work: Welectric , Wpump or Wfan ( - )
Heat transfer: gains or losses possible
Potential energy change: Possible – vertical liquid flow
Kinetic energy change: possible, but fluid velocities are not
high enough to make this
significant in most cases

Analysis after simplifications:

1st Law energy balance

Single inlet / single outlet conservation of mass

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

  

CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. II, © Prof. Shaheen Al-Muhtaseb @ QU, 2020
• Charging of rigid vessels from supply lines.
• Discharging a fluid from a pressurized vessel.
• Inflating tires or balloons.
Features
 Some what similar to a closed system,
except that the mass within the system
boundaries does not remain constant
during a process.
 It may involve moving boundaries and
thus boundary work.
 Conservation of Mass Equation:

mi – me = Dmsystem
OR  mi –  me = (m2-m1)system

Many times one or more terms are zero. For example:

mi = 0 if no mass enters the CV during the process
me = 0 if no mass leaves the CV during the process
m1 = 0 if the CV is initially evacuated
m2 = 0 if the CV is finally evacuated
 We will consider uniform flow systems, i.e., the fluid at
inlet or exit section is uniform and steady. Since,
Ein - Eout = Δ Esystem

Net energy
Change in internal,
transfer by
potential and
heat, work,
kinetic energies
and mass
The general energy balance for a uniform flow system:

(Qin + Win +  mii) – (Qout + Wout +  mee) = (m2e2-m1e1)sys

 where,

 = h + ke + pe  the energy of flowing fluid.

e = u + ke + pe  the energy of non-flowing fluid.

If kinetic and potential energy changes are

negligible:

(Qin + Win +  mihi) – (Qout + Wout +  mehe) = (m2u2-m1u1)sys

Solution:
Assumptions:
• No work  W = 0
• Stationary fluid inside the system  DKE = DPE = 0
• Negligible KE and PE differences in output
 Energy Balance Equation:
𝑽𝟐𝒊 𝑽𝟐𝒆
𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ + ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒊 𝒉𝒊 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒊 − ෍ 𝒎ሶ 𝒆 𝒉𝒆 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒆 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔
𝟐 𝟐

 𝑄 − 𝑚𝑒 ℎ𝑒 = 𝑚2 𝑢2 + 𝑘𝑒2 + 𝑝𝑒2 − 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑘𝑒1 + 𝑝𝑒1

Material Balance  𝑚𝑖 − 𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚2 − 𝑚1
1 1
Substitute 𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚 … 𝑚2 = 𝑚
2 1 2 1

ℎ𝑒 𝑢2
𝑄 = 𝑚1 + − 𝑢1 (Eq. 1)
2 2
State 1: “saturated liquid” water at 200 oC 
𝑘𝐽
𝑢1 = 850.46
𝑘𝑔
m3 𝑉 0.3
𝑣1 = 0.001157  𝑚1 = = = 259.291 𝑘𝑔
kg 𝑣1 0.001157

State 2: half initial mass at 200 oC 

1 𝑉 m3
𝑚2 = 𝑚 = 129.646 𝑘𝑔  𝑣2 = = 0.002314
2 1 𝑚2 kg
 phase is “saturated liquid-vapor mixture” (How?)
𝑣−𝑣𝑓 0.002314−0.001157
 𝑥2 = = = 0.009179 
𝑣𝑔 −𝑣𝑓 0.12721−0.001157
𝑘𝐽
𝑢2 = 𝑢𝑓 + 𝑥2 𝑢𝑓𝑔 = 850.46 + 0.009179 × 1743.7 = 866.46
𝑘𝑔
Exit Stream: Assume “saturated liquid” water at 200 oC 
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑒 = 852.26
𝑘𝑔
1
𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚1 = 129.646 𝑘𝑔
2

From Equation 1 
ℎ 𝑢
𝑄 = 𝑚1 𝑒 + 2 − 𝑢1 =
2 2
852.26 866.46
= 259.291 + − 850.46
2 2
= 2308.32 kJ
A rigid, insulated tank that is initially evacuated is
connected through a valve to a supply line that carries
steam at 1 MPa and 300°C. Now the valve is opened, and
steam is allowed to flow slowly into the tank until the
pressure reaches 1 MPa, at which point the valve is closed.
Determine the final temperature of the steam in the tank.
Material Balance:
mi – me = m2 – m1  mi = m2 = m

Assume:
- Initially evacuated tank  m1 = 0
- No exit stream  me = 0
Energy Balance:

Q – W + mii – mee = (m2e2-m1e1)sys

Assume:
- Insulated  Assume Adiabatic  Q = 0
- Rigid tank  Wb = 0
 Simplified Energy Balance:
m i = m e2  i = e2
Assume:
- Negligible change of kinetic & potential energies Dke = Dpe = 0
 hi = u2
Inlet Stream:
Pi = 1 MPa, Ti = 300 oC Final State:
 hi = 3051.6 kJ/kg P2 = 1 MPa, u2 = 3051.6 kJ/kg 
(From Table A-6) By interpolation from Table A-6:
Ans. T2=456.2 oC