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FLOW IN PIPES
DATE OF SUBMISSION :
SIGNATURE………….
MAR 2024
EXPT 10 : FRICTION HEAD LOSS IN PIPES
OBJECTIVE
To confirm the Darcy Weisbach equation and to determine the value of f and n.
THEORY
The friction loss In a uniform, straight sections of pipe, known as "major loss", is caused by the
effects of viscosity, the movement of fluid molecules against each other or against the (possibly
rough) wall of the pipe. The friction loss is greatly affected by whether the flow is laminar (Re <
2000) or turbulent (Re > 4000):
In laminar flow, losses are proportional to fluid velocity, V; that velocity varies smoothly between
the bulk of the fluid and the pipe surface, where it is zero.The roughness of the pipe surface
influences neither the fluid flow nor the friction loss.
For Reynolds numbers 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable, varying with time as vortices within
the flow form and vanish randomly. This domain of flow is not well modeled, nor are the details well
understood.
In turbulent flow, losses are proportional to the square of the fluid velocity, V2; here, a layer of
chaotic eddies and vortices near the pipe surface, called the viscous sub-layer, forms the
transition to the bulk flow. In this domain, the effects of the roughness of the pipe surface must
be considered. It is useful to characterize that roughness as the ratio of the roughness height ε to the
pipe diameter D, the "relative roughness".
The expression to calculate frictional losses is simply;
𝐅𝐋𝐕²
𝑯𝒇 =
𝟐𝒈𝑫
Where ; hf→ frictional head loss in metres
F → frictional factor in pipes
L → length of pipe in metres
V → velocity of flow in m/s
g →gravitational acceleration
D → diameter of the pipe in metres
APPARATUS
i. Technovate fluid circuit system 9009
ii. Inverted U-tube manometer
iii. 1000ml measuring cylinder
iv. Stopwatch
v. Bucket
PROCEDURE
1. Two pipes B and C were chosen and two pressure taps at a distance of 1.5m were connected to the
U-tube manometer ensuring no air is left in the system.
2. The water supply was opened and water allowed in the system and appropriate valves open
ensuring water flowed to the appropriate pipes under concern only.
3. The initial manometer reading was noted before the flow began.
4. While adjusting the flow by increasing it, the rate of flow was measured by measuring the amount
of water per 5 seconds and recorded.
5. The manometer reading was then noted when the levels were steady and respective discharge
measured.
6. The above procedure was repeated for 10 different velocities of flow.
7. Then the clear rubber tubes were shifted to the next pipe of concern. Steps 1-6 were repeated for
this other pipe.
PRESENTATION OF DATA
FOR PIPE C
Left Right Manometric Frictional Volume Ti Discharge Veloci Log hf Log V
reading reading height (h) head loss collected me Q ty
(inch) (inch) (m) hf (m) (M3) sec (M3/sec) m/s
𝛒𝐚𝐢𝐫
𝐡[𝟏 − ]
𝛒𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫
1 24.875 24.875 0 0 0 - 0 0 - -
2 24.875 25.0 0.003175 3.17×10-3 1×10-4 5 2×10-5 0.133 -2.499 -0.876
3 23.875 25.75 0.047625 47.57×10-3 4.3×10-4 5 8.6×10-5 0.572 -1.323 -0.243
4 23.125 26.25 0.079375 79.23×10-3 5.6×10-4 5 11.2×10-5 0.744 -1.101 -0.128
5 22.875 26.5 0.092075 91.96×10-3 6.1×10-4 5 12.2×10-5 0.811 -1.036 -0.091
6 21.25 27.5 0.15875 158.56×10-3 7.9×10-4 5 15.8×10-5 1.05 -0.8 0.021
7 20.25 28.25 0.2032 202.95×10-3 8.6×10-4 5 17.2×10-5 1.143 -0.693 0.058
8 19.625 28.75 0.231775 231.49×10-3 10×10-4 5 20×10-5 1.329 -0.635 0.124
9 18.375 29.625 0.28575 285.4×10-3 11.3×10-4 5 22.6×10-5 1.502 -0.545 0.177
10 18.0 29.875 0.301625 301.26×10-3 11.7×10-4 5 23.4×10-5 1.555 -0.521 0.192
11 17.375 30.375 0.3302 329.8×10-3 12×10-4 5 24×10-5 1.595 -0.482 0.203
OBSERVATIONS
4(2 × 10‾⁵)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 2 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝐦/𝐬
π(13.843 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(8.6 × 10‾⁵)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 3 = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟏𝐦/𝐬
π(13.843 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(11.2 × 10‾⁵)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 4 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟒𝐦/𝐬
π(13.843 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(12.2 × 10‾⁵)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 5 = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟏𝐦/𝐬
π(13.843 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(15.8 × 10‾⁵)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 6 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝐦/𝐬
π(13.843 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(17.2 × 10‾⁵)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 7 = = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝐦/𝐬
π(13.843 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(20 × 10‾⁵)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 8 = = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟗𝐦/𝐬
π(13.843 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(22.6 × 10‾⁵)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 9 = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝟐𝐦/𝐬
π(13.843 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(23.4 × 10‾⁵)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 10 = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝐦/𝐬
π(13.843 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(24 × 10‾⁵)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 11 = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟓𝐦/𝐬
π(13.843 × 10‾ᵌ)²
A GRAPH OF LOG hf AGAINST LOG V FOR PIPE C
4
y = 2.01x - 0.8582
2
1
Log hf
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-1
-2
-3
Log v
Δy 2−1
𝑛 = gradient = = =𝟐
Δx 1.5 − 1
y intercept = - 0.8582
thus k = antilog (- 0.8582)
k = 0.1386
4fl
𝑘=
2𝑔𝐷
4 × f × 1.5
0.1386 =
2 × 9.81 × 13.843 × 10‾ᵌ
f = 0.00627
FOR PIPE B
Left Right Manometric Frictional Volume Ti Discharge Veloc Log hf Log V
reading reading height (h) head loss collected me Q ity
(inch) (inch) (m) hf (m) (M3) sec (M3/sec) m/s
𝛒𝐚𝐢𝐫
𝐡[𝟏 − ]
𝛒𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫
A 20.875 20.875 0 0 0 - 0 0 - -
B 20.375 21.0 0.015875 15.86×10-3 5.2×10-4 5 1.04×10-4 0.333 -1.80 -0.478
C 19.75 21.125 0.034925 34.88×10-3 8.7×10-4 5 1.74×10-4 0.557 -1.457 -0.254
D 19.0 21.25 0.05715 57.08×10-3 12.3×10-4 5 2.46×10-4 0.788 -1.244 -0.103
E 18.5 21.375 0.073025 72.94×10-3 13.3×10-4 5 2.66×10-4 0.852 -1.137 -0.070
F 17.625 21.5 0.098425 98.30×10-3 16.5×10-4 5 3.3×10-4 1.057 -1.007 0.024
G 17.125 21.5 0.111125 110.99×10-3 17.3×10-4 5 3.46×10-4 1.108 -0.955 0.045
H 16.5 21.625 0.130175 130.12×10-3 18.3×10-4 5 3.66×10-4 1.172 -0.886 0.069
I 16.0 21.625 0.142875 142.70×10-3 20.1×10-4 5 4.02×10-4 1.287 -0.846 0.110
J 15.75 21.625 0.149225 149.04×10-3 20.3×10-4 5 4.06×10-4 1.3 -0.823 0.114
K 15.5 21.625 0.155575 155.38×10-3 22.2×10-4 5 4.44×10-4 1.422 -0.809 0.153
L 15.375 21.625 0.15875 158.56×10-3 23×10-4 5 4.6×10-4 1.473 -0.80 0.168
OBSERVATIONS
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
𝟒𝐐
𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝛑𝐃²
4(1.04 × 10‾⁴)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐵 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝐦/𝐬
π(19.939 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(1.74 × 10‾⁴)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐶 = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟕𝐦/𝐬
π(19.939 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(2.46 × 10‾⁴)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐷 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝐦/𝐬
π(19.939 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(2.66 × 10‾⁴)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐸 = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟐𝐦/𝐬
π(19.939 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(3.3 × 10‾⁴)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟕𝐦/𝐬
π(19.939 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(3.46 × 10‾⁴)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐺 = = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝐦/𝐬
π(19.939 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(3.66 × 10‾⁴)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐻 = = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝐦/𝐬
π(19.939 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(4.02 × 10‾⁴)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼 = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖𝟕𝐦/𝐬
π(19.939 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(4.06 × 10‾⁴)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐽 = = 𝟏. 𝟑𝐦/𝐬
π(19.939 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(4.44 × 10‾⁴)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐾 = = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝟐𝐦/𝐬
π(19.939 × 10‾ᵌ)²
4(4.6 × 10‾⁴)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐿 = = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟑𝐦/𝐬
π(19.939 × 10‾ᵌ)²
A GRAPH OF LOG hf AGAINST LOG V FOR PIPE B
3
2.5
y = 2.007x - 1.0368
2
1.5
0.5
LOG hf
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
LOG V
Δy 𝟏. 𝟓 − 𝟏
𝑛 = gradient = = =𝟐
Δx 𝟏. 𝟔 − 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓
y intercept = - 1.0368
thus k = antilog (- 1.0368)
k = 0.0919
4fl
𝑘=
2𝑔𝐷
4 × f × 1.5
0.0919 =
2 × 9.81 × 19.939 × 10‾ᵌ
f = 0.00599
SOURCES OF ERRORS
Air bubbles that are entrapped in the system or in the manomenters can lead to erroneous results.
Probable leakages in the system altered the flow rate and pressure distribution thus affectin head
loss measurements.
Parallax error in reading the volume collected in the measuring cylinder.
Wrong timing of the stopwatch during discharge determination.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to attain more accurate data and results in this experiment, the following recommendations
were made;
Ensure the system in run first and all air bubbles are eliminated before starting the experiment.
Conduct at least 15 measurements and then average them to improve the accuracy of the results.
Ensure all leakages are eliminated.
REFERENCES
i. Alawee, W. H., Almolhem, Y. A., Yusuf, B., Mohammad, T. A., & Dhahad, H. A. (2020).
Variation of coefficient of friction and friction head losses along a pipe with multiple outlets.
Water, 12(3), 844.
ii. Matoušek, V., Visintainer, R., Furlan, J., & Sellgren, A. (2019, July). Frictional head loss of
various bimodal settling slurry flows in pipe. In Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting
(Vol. 59087, p. V005T05A062). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
iii. Hashemi, S., Filion, Y., Speight, V., & Long, A. (2020). Effect of pipe size and location on
water-main head loss in water distribution systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and
Management, 146(6), 06020006.
iv. Wichowski, P., Siwiec, T., & Kalenik, M. (2019). Effect of the concentration of sand in a mixture
of water and sand flowing through PP and PVC elbows on the minor head loss coefficient. Water,
11(4), 828.