UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CEWB121 MECHANICS OF FLUID LABORATORY

Experiment 2: HB 019 ORIFICE AND JET FLOW

GROUP MEMBERS: 1. Al Mohammed Karrar CE01082998

2. Mohamed Osama CE01083235

3. Al Awlaqi Abdullah CE01083274

INTRODUCTION:
The coefficient of velocity of a small orifice is calculated by measuring the trajectory of a jet
issued from the orifice in the side of a reservoir under steady flow conditions. Two
interchangeable orifices are available to calculate the drag coefficient.

Fig 2.1: Orifice and jet flow Equipment

This equipment is used for the study of flow through an orifice. i.e., velocity coefficient and
discharge coefficient jet profile may be compared with that of theory. The equipment consists
of
1. Clear acrylic tank 20 cm diameter x 48 cm high. The water inlet is at the bottom of the
tank which has stilling materials to smoothen the flow. Level scale is attached to the
side of the tank.
2. An overflow pipe can adjust water level in the tank to as high as 42 cm from the
center of orifice. Water from overflow should be directed to the storage tank.
3. The sharp-edged orifice is attached to and flushing with the side of the tank. Two
orifices are provided 4 mm and 8 mm diameter.
4. A white board with 8 probes is attached next and vertically parallel to the tank wall
and perpendicular to the jet path. The probes are at a distance of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 35
and 40 cm from the orifice. A graph paper can be attached to the top of the board to
record the level of tip of the probe. (All probe lengths are equal). Hence tips of probes
at top or bottom provide the same projectile.
5. This equipment is used in conjunction with Hydraulics bench for measurement of
flow rate.
THEORY:
Coefficient of velocity

At a level H above the orifice, velocity of water discharge through the orifice is V=Sqrt(2gh).
This velocity consists of 2 components horizontal and vertical. As air resistance is negligible,
velocity V can be considered as constant. 2gH at the same time the jet path is dropping due to
gravity starting from 0 velocities at the orifice.
If U = Vertical velocity m/sec
U = gt
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s^2
t = Time in seconds
Y = ½ Ut = ½ gt^2
Y = Vertical distance m.
Y = 0 when the bottom end of the needle is at the same level the center of the orifice. The y =
0 mark is made on the panel behind the needle near the top end of the first needle.
For this experiment, we assume the jet path touch the probes at point 1, 2, 3…8 respectively.
Horizontal distance from 0-1 = X1
0-2 = X2 etc.
Vertical distance 0-1 = Y1
0-2 = Y2 etc.
From Y = ½ gt^2
t = Sqrt(2Y/g)
t1 = Sqrt(2Y2/g)
t2 = Sqrt(2Y2/g) etc.
At the same level X1 = V1
X2 = V2 etc.
T1 = X1/V (Sqrt(2Y1/g))
V = X1/Sqrt(2Y1/g)
Y1, Y2 can be measured from the graph (tips of probe 1 and 2).
This actual velocity V at point 1 (V1) can be found. Similarly, V2, V3 may be found.

Coefficient of Velocity, CV = Actual Velocity / theoretical Velocity

Cv1 = V1/V * X1/Sqrt((2Y1/g)(2gH/g)) = X1 / Sqrt(Y1H); Cv2 = Y2 /

Sqrt(Y2H)

Various Cv may be found by varying water level in the tank as well as changing the orifice
size.
Water from experiment 2.1 is directed to the bench measuring tank or a measuring cup. Thus,
flow rate can be determined by timing.
Q = Theoretical flow rate = VA
V = Theoretical velocity = Sqrt(2gH) m/sec
A = Orifice cross section area = Pi*d^2 / 4 m^2
D = Diameter of the orifice (m) = 4 mm or 8 mm
Actual flow rate from measurement = Qexp
Thus flow coefficient of discharge CD = Qexp / Qtheo
= Qexp / (Pi*d^2 / 4 )(Sqrt(2gH))
It will be found from the experiment that Qexp is less than Q. This is because of the
constraction of the diameter of the jet after passing through the orifice. This is known as
VENA CONTRACTA which will be found at distance of one half the orifice diameters
onward.
By varying water level in the tank or changing orifice size, various CD may be found.
PROCEDURE:
1. Install all required orifice.
2. Adjust the overflow pipe to obtain a required level in the tank.
3. Open the water supply valve to obtain a steady flow with minimum overflow.
4. Wait until water level in the tank and jet profile is stable before adjusting the probes
tips to be in line with the center of the jet and record the probe top profile (upper tips)
as well as Y = 0 mark.
5. Record the flow volume (5L) by using a stopwatch and the bench measuring tank.
6. Compare and explain the results obtain using different orifices sizes.
7. Discuss the sources contributing to error of this experiment

Results:
Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Exp 4 Exp 5

Water level H (mm) 400 350 300 250 200

Volume (L) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Time (sec) 5.14 5.77 5.64 6.71 7.64
Flowrate (L/sec) 0.097 0.087 0.089 0.074 0.065

X1 = 50 Y1 = 0 0 0 0 0
X2 = 100 Y2 = 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9
X3 = 150 Y3 = 0.6 1.1 1.5 2.0 2.5
X4 = 200 Y4 = 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.5 5.0
X5 = 250 Y5 = 3.5 4.3 5.0 6.0 8.0
X6 = 300 Y6 = 5.4 6.1 7.5 9.0 11.7
X7 = 350 Y7 = 7.7 8.7 10.5 13.0 16.0
X8 = 400 Y8 = 10.1 11.7 14.0 17.0 21.0

Cv1 0 0 0 0 0
Cv2 7.90 8.45 5.27 4.47 3.72
Cv3 4.84 3.82 3.53 3.35 3.35
Cv4 3.62 3.45 3.33 3.38 3.16
Cv5 3.34 3.22 3.22 3.22 3.12
Cv6 3.22 3.25 3.16 3.16 3.10
Cv7 3.15 3.17 3.12 3.07 3.09
 Cv8 3.15 3.12 3.09 3.07 3.09
C0 0.66 0.69 0.7 0.62 0.65

Simple Calculation:
Diameter of orifice, d = 8 mm
Water level H = 400 mm
Volume = 0.5 L
Time = 5.14 sec
Flow rate = 0.097 L/sec
X5 = 250 mm
Y5 = 3.5 mm

i) Coefficient of velocity, Cv = X / Sqrt(YH)

Cv5 = 250 / 2(Sqrt(3.5*400))
Cv5 = 3.34
ii) Coefficient of Discharge at Orifice 8 mm (0.008m)
theoretical flow rate Q = VA
V = Sqrt(2gH) = Sqrt(2*9.81*0.41) = 2.84 m/sec
A = Pi*d^2 / 4 = 22(0.008) / 7*4 = 5.028E^-5 m^2
Qtheo = 2.84 * (5.028E^-5) = 14.28E^-5 m^3/sec = 0.1428 L/sec
Qexp = Volume / Time = 2 / 21.26 = 0.094 L/sec
Coefficient of Discharge
CD = Qexp / Qtheo
= 0.094 / 0.1428 = 0.66
Discussion
We found out that the flow rate of water is always less than the theoretical value calculated.
This can be explained due to several reasons such as the viscosity of the fluid, the neglection
of air resistance towards the water and maybe tiny errors during experiment. This can also be
influenced by the contraction of the diameter of the jet known as vena contract. Thus,
creating a small coefficient of discharge. From the results, we also found out that the
coefficient of discharge for orifice 4mm is more stable than the coefficient of discharge for
8mm. Besides, the coefficient of velocity for orifice 8mm is always smaller or same reading
as the coefficient velocity for orifice 4mm.This might be caused by the size of the orifice
itself. The bigger the diameter of the orifice, the lower coefficient velocity of the jet path. We
also notice that as the diameter of the orifice increase, the flow rate also increases because
more water is projected out. The jet path is not a straight line because it is subjected to
gravity.

Conclusion
The findings of this experiment are that the flowrate affects the coefficient of discharge, the
lower the flow rate the higher the coefficient of discharge. If the pressure tappings were put at
a different location, then it was found that the flow rate barely affected the coefficient of
discharge