UNCONFINED AQUIFER

EXAMPLE
MEASUREMENT
DEFINITION
STREAMFLOW
The streamflow of streams, rivers, and other channels

DEFINITION
are measured as a basis of structures dealing with the
stream, measurements can be done using flow
measuring structures and devices or by using trace
elements. Streamflow can refer to natural or man-made
waterways.
❖MEASUREMENT OF STAGE
▪ MANUAL GAUGES
o Staff gauge – noting the elevation of the water
surface in contact with a fixed graduated staff

MEASUREMENT
o Wire gauge – used to measure the water-surface
elevation from above the surface such as from a
bridge or similar structure. The operating range of
this kind of gauge is about 25m.
❖MEASUREMENT OF STAGE
▪ AUTOMATIC STAGE RECORDERS
o Float-gauge recorder – most common type of
automatic stage recorder and uses stilling well.

MEASUREMENT
❖MEASUREMENT OF STAGE
▪ AUTOMATIC STAGE RECORDERS
o Bubble gauge – compressed air or gas is made to
bleed out at a very small rate through an outlet
placed at the bottom of the river
Advantages:

MEASUREMENT
❑ no need for costly stilling wells
❑ A large change in the stage, as much as 30m
can be measured
❑ Recorder can be quite far away the sensing
point
❑ Less likelihood of the inlet getting blocked
❖MEASUREMENT OF STAGE
▪ STAGE DATA – often presented
using Stage Hydrograph

❖ MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY
▪ CURRENT METERS – common

MEASUREMENT
instrument used to measure
velocity. Robert Hooke (1663)
invented a propeller-type
current mete to measure the
distance traversed by a ship.
While in 1868, Henry invented
the present-cup-type and
electrical make-and-break
mechanism.

Propeller-type Current Meter

 𝒗 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝑵

MEASUREMENT
Where v = water velocity
N = revolution per
second
b =constant of
proportionality
a = starting velocity
Cup-type Current Meter
❖ MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY
▪ CURRENT METERS
Two main types of current meter
o Vertical-axis meter

MEASUREMENT
o Horizontal-axis meter
❖ MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY
▪ VELOCITY MEASUREMENT BY FLOATS – uses a
floating object on the surface of a stream
Applicable in special instances, such as:
o Small stream in flood
o Small stream with a rapidly changing water

MEASUREMENT
surface
o Preliminary or exploratory survey
❖ AREA-VELOCITY METHOD
Measuring the area of cross-section of the river at
selected section called the gauging site and measuring
the velocity of flow through the cross-sectional area.

Procedure:

MEASUREMENT
1) Divide the cross-section of the river into subsections
of equal intervals except for the beginning and the
end
2) Measure the depth at each division
3) Compute each area as a triangle or trapezoid
4) Compute for the streamflow

𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗

where Q = streamflow
A = cross-sectional area of the stream
v = velocity of the flow
Example 01. Compute the streamflow for the measurement data below.
The meter used has a starting velocity of 0.03m/s and a constant
proportionality of 0.70m/s.

Distance from bank (m) Depth (m) Revolutions Time (s)

0.6 0.30 10 50

EXAMPLE
22 55
1.2 1.07
35 52
28 53
1.8 1.58
40 58
32 58
2.7 1.92
45 60
28 45
3.4 1.34
33 46
4.0 0.67 22 50
4.6 0.24 12 49
5.2 0
Step 1. Draw the cross-section of the stream and the average
width of each section

EXAMPLE
 VELOCITY (m/s)
WIDTH
DISTANCE
DEPTH OF EACH REVOL TIME AREA DISCHARGE
FROM THE AT 2 3
(m) SECTION UTION (s) MEAN (m ) (m /s)
BANK (m) POINT
(m)

0.6 0.3 0.9 10 50 0.17 0.17 0.27 0.05

EXAMPLE
1.2 22 55 0.31
1.07 0.6 0.405 0.642 0.26
35 52 0.5
1.8 28 53 0.4
1.58 0.75 0.455 1.185 0.54
40 58 0.51
2.7 32 58 0.42
1.92 0.8 0.49 1.536 0.75
45 60 0.56
3.4 28 45 0.47
1.34 0.65 0.5 0.871 0.44
33 46 0.53
4 0.67 0.6 22 50 0.34 0.34 0.402 0.14
4.6 0.24 0.9 12 49 0.2 0.2 0.216 0.04
5.2 0
STREAMFLOW IN m3/s 2.22
Step 2. Compute for the velocity

EXAMPLE
Step 2. Compute for the velocity
VELOCITY (m/s)
WIDTH
DISTANCE
DEPTH OF EACH REVOL TIME AREA DISCHARGE
FROM THE AT 2 3
(m) SECTION UTION (s) MEAN (m ) (m /s)
BANK (m) POINT
(m)

0.6 0.3 0.9 10 50 0.17 0.17 0.27 0.05

EXAMPLE
1.2 22 55 0.31
1.07 0.6 0.405 0.642 0.26
35 52 0.5
1.8 28 53 0.4
1.58 0.75 0.455 1.185 0.54
40 58 0.51
2.7 32 58 0.42
1.92 0.8 0.49 1.536 0.75
45 60 0.56
3.4 28 45 0.47
1.34 0.65 0.5 0.871 0.44
33 46 0.53
4 0.67 0.6 22 50 0.34 0.34 0.402 0.14
4.6 0.24 0.9 12 49 0.2 0.2 0.216 0.04
5.2 0
STREAMFLOW IN m3/s 2.22
Step 2. Compute for the velocity
VELOCITY (m/s)
WIDTH
DISTANCE
DEPTH OF EACH REVOL TIME AREA DISCHARGE
FROM THE AT 2 3
(m) SECTION UTION (s) MEAN (m ) (m /s)
BANK (m) POINT
(m)

0.6 0.3 0.9 10 50 0.17 0.17 0.27 0.05

EXAMPLE
1.2 22 55 0.31
1.07 0.6 0.405 0.642 0.26
35 52 0.5
1.8 28 53 0.4
1.58 0.75 0.455 1.185 0.54
40 58 0.51
2.7 32 58 0.42
1.92 0.8 0.49 1.536 0.75
45 60 0.56
3.4 28 45 0.47
1.34 0.65 0.5 0.871 0.44
33 46 0.53
4 0.67 0.6 22 50 0.34 0.34 0.402 0.14
4.6 0.24 0.9 12 49 0.2 0.2 0.216 0.04
5.2 0
STREAMFLOW IN m3/s 2.22
Step 3. Compute for the area

EXAMPLE
Step 3. Compute for the area
VELOCITY (m/s)
WIDTH
DISTANCE
DEPTH OF EACH REVOL TIME AREA DISCHARGE
FROM THE AT 2 3
(m) SECTION UTION (s) MEAN (m ) (m /s)
BANK (m) POINT
(m)

0.6 0.3 0.9 10 50 0.17 0.17 0.27 0.05

EXAMPLE
1.2 22 55 0.31
1.07 0.6 0.405 0.642 0.26
35 52 0.5
1.8 28 53 0.4
1.58 0.75 0.455 1.185 0.54
40 58 0.51
2.7 32 58 0.42
1.92 0.8 0.49 1.536 0.75
45 60 0.56
3.4 28 45 0.47
1.34 0.65 0.5 0.871 0.44
33 46 0.53
4 0.67 0.6 22 50 0.34 0.34 0.402 0.14
4.6 0.24 0.9 12 49 0.2 0.2 0.216 0.04
5.2 0
STREAMFLOW IN m3/s 2.22
Step 4. Compute for the discharge

EXAMPLE
Step 4. Compute for the discharge
VELOCITY (m/s)
WIDTH
DISTANCE
DEPTH OF EACH REVOL TIME AREA DISCHARGE
FROM THE AT 2 3
(m) SECTION UTION (s) MEAN (m ) (m /s)
BANK (m) POINT
(m)

0.6 0.3 0.9 10 50 0.17 0.17 0.27 0.05

EXAMPLE
1.2 22 55 0.31
1.07 0.6 0.405 0.642 0.26
35 52 0.5
1.8 28 53 0.4
1.58 0.75 0.455 1.185 0.54
40 58 0.51
2.7 32 58 0.42
1.92 0.8 0.49 1.536 0.75
45 60 0.56
3.4 28 45 0.47
1.34 0.65 0.5 0.871 0.44
33 46 0.53
4 0.67 0.6 22 50 0.34 0.34 0.402 0.14
4.6 0.24 0.9 12 49 0.2 0.2 0.216 0.04
5.2 0
STREAMFLOW IN m3/s 2.22
Step 5. Compute for the total discharge or the stream flow

EXAMPLE
Step 5. Compute for the total discharge or the stream flow
VELOCITY (m/s)
WIDTH
DISTANCE
DEPTH OF EACH REVOL TIME AREA DISCHARGE
FROM THE AT 2 3
(m) SECTION UTION (s) MEAN (m ) (m /s)
BANK (m) POINT
(m)

0.6 0.3 0.9 10 50 0.17 0.17 0.27 0.05

EXAMPLE
1.2 22 55 0.31
1.07 0.6 0.405 0.642 0.26
35 52 0.5
1.8 28 53 0.4
1.58 0.75 0.455 1.185 0.54
40 58 0.51
2.7 32 58 0.42
1.92 0.8 0.49 1.536 0.75
45 60 0.56
3.4 28 45 0.47
1.34 0.65 0.5 0.871 0.44
33 46 0.53
4 0.67 0.6 22 50 0.34 0.34 0.402 0.14
4.6 0.24 0.9 12 49 0.2 0.2 0.216 0.04
5.2 0
STREAMFLOW IN m3/s 2.22