HYDRAULIC JUMP LAB REPORT

VICTOR DARMAWAN
11338047
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................................................................................................2
2. Experiment equipment..............................................................................................3
3. Methods and Procedures...........................................................................................4
4. Experiment Results.....................................................................................................6
5. Calculation and Analysis.............................................................................................8
5.1 Energy lost.........................................................................................................8
5.2 Froude Number Calculation............................................................................10
5.3 Analysis Graphs...............................................................................................13
5.4 Total Energy Head............................................................................................14
6. Discussion.................................................................................................................16
6.1 General discussion..........................................................................................16
6.2 Experiment errors...........................................................................................17
6.3 Improvement...................................................................................................17
7. Conclusion................................................................................................................18
8. Reference.................................................................................................................19

1
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

1. Introduction

Hydraulics is the fields of science and engineering practice dealing with the
characteristics and behavior of liquids, particularly water. A hydraulic jump is one of a
phenomenon in the science of hydraulics which is frequently observed in open
channel flow such as rivers and spillways. Hydraulic jumps are also generally
experienced in flow of our natural environment and journal of fluids engineering like
rivers, dams and many other manufacturing processes. Theoretically, a hydraulic
jump is a sudden rise in water level with a great deal of energy loss in the form of
water turbulence and eddying. When liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of
lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surface. The rapidly fluid will
increase in height, converting some of the flow’s kinetic energy and potential energy
in the channel.

The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the formation of a hydraulic jump

and to study the force and energy conditions in the hydraulic jump. In the case of
hydraulic jump, the amount of energy lost is usually not known thus the energy
equation cannot be applied for this application. Instead, the momentum equation is
used to find out the flow conditions on either side of a hydraulic jump.

2
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

In this laboratory, experiment equipment, procedures, and results will be presented.

All detailed calculations, graphs, and discussions will be shown.

Objectives
The purpose of the Hydraulic Jump Laboratory experiment was to observe the
phenomenon of the hydraulic jump and to develop an understanding of the
properties of the hydraulic jump phenomenon. Also, to appreciate the relationship
between the experimental results and the theoretical analysis based on the
application of the continuity and momentum principles.

2. Experiment equipment

Equipment used in the experiment are:

 Horizontal channel
 Weight balance
 Water tank
 Stop watch
 Sluice Gate

3
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

Figure 1: The horizontal channel

Figure 2: Water tank

3. Methods and Procedures

In the experiments, one of the most important things is to control the variables thus
more accurate results can be achieved. The mass of water used is constant (200kg).
Flow rate in this period was settled to be constant. Channel width was settled to be
constant (300mm = 0.3m).

4
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

Figure 3: Flow condition for the experiment and set up

Procedures :
1. Adjust the channel to horizontal position and the sluice gate should be adjusted
to the right hand side in the channel.
2. Start the pump and be ready to measure the results.
3. Wait until the water level rises in the tank to the highest level. Then allow a short
interval of time between each adjustment of the pump to allow the water level
to stabilize. (See Figure 4 & Figure 5 below)

5
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

Figure 4: The water level at the begin stage to stabilize

Figure 5: The water level at the stabilize stage after a short interval times

4. A supercritical flow can be seen throughout the entire length of the horizontal
channel. Then wait for a few minutes for the flow to be stable.
5. Use the straight edged ruler (on the outside of the wall of the channel) to
measure the height h, h1, h2 and measure the readings of v1 and v2. (See figure
6 below)

6
 11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

Figure 6: Reading the height by using the straight ruler

6. The pumps reduced its power to adjust the water level to desire height.
7. Using different water levels by adjusting the pump to adjust the water to a lower
level mark for 4 to 5 at least 6 times. All the results will be recorded.

4. Experiment Results

4 hydraulic jumps configurations were measured in the laboratory by varying the

sluice gate and the tale gate so that flow rate was altered. The observations and
records result made during the experience were listed in table 1 below. The average
Y1 and Y2 represented the different in height before and after the hydraulic jump in
millimeter (mm) along with the average time taken to fill up 200kg of water. Thus,

200× 0.001
the water flow rate can be calculated using the formula of .
t

Time to fill
Avg Y1 Avg Y2 Avg time Flow rate
Flow rate Y1 (mm) Y2 (mm) up 200kg
(mm) (mm) (s) Q (m^3/s)
water (sec)
Q1 36 105.9 12.34
37.9 106.3 12.72
39.5 106.5 39.7 106.46 12.59 12.47 0.0160
42.3 106.9 12.50
42.8 106.7 12.21
Q2 31.9 82.6 33.0 82.82 17.65 17.50 0.0114
32.8 82.8 17.63
33.2 83.0 17.43

7
 11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

33.6 82.9 17.62

33.5 82.8 17.16
Q3 27.8 73.5 20.53
25.5 76.2 20.06
24.9 76.8 25.58 75.76 20.25 20.23 0.0099
24.4 76.3 20.15
25.3 76.0 20.18
Q4 28.8 79.5 21.25
22.8 79.3 21.34
25.5 78.5 25.26 78.88 21.50 21.35 0.0094
24.3 78.8 21.59
24.9 78.3 21.06

Table 1: Hydraulic jump result measurement

5. Calculation and Analysis

5.1 Energy lost

 Since mass of water (M) is 200kg, Volume of water (V) can be calculated by
using formula V = M/ρ, where ρ = 1000kg/m 3.
V = (200kg) / (1000kg/m3) = 0.2m3
 Flow rate (Q) is volume divided by time: Q = V/t, and Q does not change in
each part of the experiment and remains constant. And velocity is flow rate
divided by cross section area: v = Q/A, where A = b*y (b is channel width,
being constant as 0.3m, y is the water depth). Therefore, velocity at a cross
section can be represented by v (m/s) = 0.2 / (0.3*t*y)
 Once velocity is calculated, total energy head will be available from the
equation: TE = z + y + v2/2g (z is the distance to the datum line). From section
1 to 2, height of flow channel did not change. So z1 = z2. Thus Energy Head
Loss Eloss = TE1 – TE2 = z1 + y1 + v12/2g – z2 – y2 – v22/2g = y1 – y2 + (v12 – v22) /
8
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

2g.

For Q1:
 Average depth at 1: y1 = (36+37.9+39.5+42.3+42.8) / 5 = 39.7 mm = 0.0397m.
 Average depth at 2: y2 = (105.9+106.3+106.5+106.9+106.7) / 5 = 106.46 mm =
0.1065m.
 Average time for filling up 200kg water:
tavg = (12.34+12.72+12.59+12.50+12.21)/5 = 12.47 s.
 v1 = 0.2 / (0.3*12.47*0.0397) = 1.347 m/s and v 2 = 0.2 / (0.3*12.47*0.1065) =
0.502 m/s.
So Energy Loss: Eloss = 0.0397 - 0.1065 + (1.347 2 – 0.5022) / (2*9.81) = 0.0128 m.
From the previous equation: Eloss’ = (y2-y1)3 / 4y1y2 = 0.0176 m.
200× 0.001
Flow rate Q = = (200*0.001) / 12.47 = 0.0160 m^3/s
t

For Q2:
 Average depth at 1: y1 = (31.9+32.8+33.2+33.6+33.5) / 5 = 33.0 mm =
0.0330m.
 Average depth at 2: y2 = (105.9+106.3+106.9+106.7) / 5 = 82.82 mm =
0.0828m.
 Average time for filling up 200kg water: t = (17.65+17.63+17.43+17.62+17.16)
/ 5 = 17.50 s.
 v1 = 0.2 / (0.3*17.50*0.033) = 1.154 m/s and v 2 = 0.2 / (0.3*17.50*0.0828)
=0.460 m/s.
So Energy Loss: Eloss = 0.0330 – 0.0828 + (1.154 2 – 0.4602) / (2*9.81) = 0.0073 m.
From the previous equation: Eloss’ = (y2-y1)3 / 4y1y2 = 0.0113 m.
200× 0.001
Flow rate Q = = (200*0.001) / 17.50 = 0.0114 m^3/s
t

For Q3:

9
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

 Average depth at 1: y1 = (27.8+25.5+24.9+24.4+25.3) / 5 = 25.58 mm =

0.0256m.
 Average depth at 2: y2 = (73.5+76.2+76.8+76.3+76.0) / 5 = 75.76 mm =
0.0758m.
 Average time for filling up 200kg water: t = (20.53+20.06+20.25+20.15+20.18)
/ 5 = 20.23 s.
 v1 = 0.2 / (0.3*20.23*0.0256) = 1.287 m/s and v 2 = 0.2 / (0.3*20.23*0.0758)
=0.435 m/s.
So Energy Loss: Eloss = 0.0256 – 0.0758 + (1.287 2 – 0.4352) / (2*9.81) = 0.0246 m.
From the previous equation: Eloss’ = (y2-y1)3 / 4y1y2 = 0.0163 m.
200× 0.001
Flow rate Q = = (200*0.001) / 17.50 = 0.0099 m^3/s
t

For Q4:
 Average depth at 1: y1 = (28.8+22.8+25.5+24.3+24.9) / 5 = 25.26 mm =
0.0253m.
 Average depth at 2: y2 = (79.5+79.3+78.5+78.8+78.3) / 5 = 78.88 mm =
0.0789m.
 Average time for filling up 200kg water: t = (21.25+21.34+21.50+21.59+21.06)
/ 5 = 21.35 s.
 v1 = 0.2 / (0.3*21.35*0.0253) = 1.234 m/s and v 2 = 0.2 / (0.3*21.35*0.0789)
=0.396 m/s.
So Energy Loss: Eloss = 0.0253 – 0.0789 + (1.234 2 – 0.3962) / (2*9.81) = 0.0160 m.
From the previous equation: Eloss’ = (y2-y1)3 / 4y1y2 = 0.0193 m.
200× 0.001
Flow rate Q = = (200*0.001) / 17.50 = 0.0094 m^3/s
t

10
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

5.2 Froude Number Calculation

Froude Number F can be calculated by the formula:

v
F= .
√ gy
For Q1:
F1 = 1.347 / √ 9.81∗0.0397 = 2.158
F2 = 0.502 / √ 9.81∗0.1065= 0.491

For Q2:
F1 = 1.154 / √ 9.81∗0.0330 = 2.028
F2 = 0.460 / √ 9.81∗0.0828 = 0.510

For Q3:
F1 = 1.287 / √ 9.81∗0.0256 = 2.568
F2 = 0.435 / √ 9.81∗0.0758 = 0.504

For Q4:
F1 = 1.234 / √ 9.81∗0.0253 = 2.477
F2 = 0.396 / √ 9.81∗0.0789 = 0.450

The equation below shows that a plot of (y2/y1) vs (1 + 8F12) 0.5 will give a straight
line relationship. The gradient and intercept can be checked for correctness with the
equation.

And, the equation below shows that a plot of (y1/y2) vs (1 + 8F22) 0.5 will give a

11
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

straight line relationship. The gradient and intercept can be checked for correctness
with the equation.

For Q1:
Y2/y1 = 0.1065 / 0.0397 = 2.683
1
( √1+8 F 21−1) = 2.592
2
Y1/y2 = 0.0397 / 0.1065 = 0.373
1
( √1+8 F 22−1) = 0.356
2
(1 + 8F12) 0.5 = 6.186
(1 + 8F22) 0.5 = 1.711

For Q2:
Y2/y1 = 0.0828 / 0.0330 = 2.509
1
( 1+8 F 21−1) = 2.411
2 √
Y1/y2 = 0.0330 / 0.0828 = 0.399
1
( √1+8 F 22−1) = 0.378
2
(1 + 8F12) 0.5 = 5.823
(1 + 8F22) 0.5 = 1.756

For Q3:
Y2/y1 = 0.0758 / 0.0256 = 2.961
1
( √1+8 F 21−1) = 3.166
2
Y1/y2 = 0.0256 / 0.0758 = 0.338

12
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

1
( √1+8 F 22−1) = 0.371
2
(1 + 8F12) 0.5 = 7.332
(1 + 8F22) 0.5 = 1.741

For Q4:
Y2/y1 = 0.0789 / 0.0253 = 3.119
1
( √1+8 F 21−1) = 3.039
2
Y1/y2 = 0.0253 / 0.0789 = 0.321
1
( 1+8 F 22−1) = 0.309
2 √
(1 + 8F12) 0.5 = 7.077
(1 + 8F22) 0.5 = 1.619

All the results from the above calculations are shown in the table below :

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

F1 2.158 2.028 2.568 2.477

F2 0.491 0.510 0.504 0.450

y2/y1 2.683 2.509 2.961 3.119

(1 + 8F12) 0.5 6.186 5.823 7.332 7.077

y1/y2 0.373 0.399 0.338 0.321

(1 + 8F22) 0.5 1.711 1.756 1.741 1.619

Table 2: Calculation result table

13
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

5.3 Analysis Graphs

For (y2/y1) vs (1 + 8F12) 0.5

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

y2/y1 2.683 2.509 2.961 3.119

(1 + 8F12) 0.5 6.186 5.823 7.332 7.077

Based on the result above, Graph 1 is showing a plot of (y2/y1) vs (1 + 8F12) 0.5 and
demonstrates the relationship between (y2/y1) and (1 + 8F12)0.5

(y2/y1) vs (1 + 8F12) 0.5

8 7.33
7
(1 + 8F12) 0.5

7.08
6
6.19
5 5.82
4
3
2
1
0
2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

𝑦2/𝑦1

Graph 1: The relationship between (y2/y1) and (1 + 8F12)0.5 along with the theoretical
straight line
For (y1/y2) vs (1 + 8F22) 0.5

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

y1/y2 0.373 0.399 0.338 0.321

14
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

(1 + 8F22) 0.5 1.711 1.756 1.741 1.619

Based on the result table above. Graph 2 is showing a plot of (y1/y2) vs (1 + 8F22) 0.5
and demonstrates the relationship between (y1/y2) and (1 + 8F22)0.5

(y1/y2) vs (1 + 8F22) 0.5

1.8
1.74 1.76
1.7 1.71
(1 + 8F22) 0.5

1.6 1.62
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.4 0.41

𝑦1/𝑦2

Graph 2: The relationship between (y1/y2) and (1 + 8F22)0.5 along with the theoretical
straight line

5.4 Total Energy Head

Total energy head can be calculated by using this formula:

TE = z + y + v2/2g (z is the distance to the datum line)

For Q1:
TE1 = 0.0397 + 1.3372 / 2 * 9.81 = 0.131
TE2 = 0.1065 + 0.5022 / 2 * 9.81 = 0.119

15
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

For Q2:
TE1 = 0.0330 + 1.1542 / 2 * 9.81 = 0.101
TE2 = 0.0828 + 0.4602 / 2 * 9.81 = 0.094
For Q3:
TE1 = 0.0256 + 1.2872 / 2 * 9.81 = 0.110
TE2 = 0.0758 + 0.4352 / 2 * 9.81 = 0.085
For Q4:
TE1 = 0.0253 + 1.2342 / 2 * 9.81 = 0.103
TE2 = 0.0789 + 0.3962 / 2 * 9.81 = 0.087

Energy loss measured Energy loss measured (y2-

Q TE1 TE2
(TE1 – TE2) y1)3 / 4y1y2
1 0.131 0.119 0.012 0.0176
2 0.101 0.094 0.007 0.0113
3 0.110 0.085 0.025 0.0163
4 0.103 0.087 0.016 0.0193

Based on the result table above, Graph 3, is showing a plot of TE1-TE2 vs (y2-y1)3 /
4y1y2 and demonstrates the relationship between TE1-TE2 vs (y2-y1)3 / 4y1y2

16
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

TE1-TE2 vs (y2-y1)3 / 4y1y2

0.03

0.02
0.02
0.02
(y2-y1)3 / 4y1y2

0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01

0.01

0
0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03

TE1-TE2

Graph 3: The linear relationship between the E-loss Theoretical vs. E-loss Measured
along with the theoretical straight line

6. Discussion

6.1 General discussion

In all calculations, tables, and graphs, it is shown that the experiment has indicated
acceptable results. According to the relationship between (y2/y1) and (1 + 8F12)0.5
and the relationship between (y1/y2) and (1 + 8F22)0.5 in graph 1 and 2 respectively,
the trend lines are added as shown. There is a linear direct proportion functional
relationship between them which can be drawn as a theoretical straight line. The line
will intercept the X-axis with the value of 1 when x is zero. Then both gradients of
the line can be determined by the value given.

17
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

According to the relationship between two measurements of energy loss in graph 3,

comparison of the measured energy loss value with the theory energy loss can be
seen almost equal with a little difference. It also indicated that the straight line
passing through the origin with a gradient of 1:1.

6.2 Experiment errors

Although discussion can be made based on the experiment results and analysis,
some errors still occur during the experiment. From result analysis graph 1, graph 2,
and graph 3, we can see that Q3 results are not accurate. Some errors might
occurred when measuring Q3 through the whole experiment.

One of the reasons to cause this error is incorrect reading during the experiment
process. This includes measurement of depth of section (y) and measurement of
time (t) since the water flow and surface is hard to be stable. Water flow are more
close to the hydraulic jump point, more unsteady water will be caused. So reading of
section depth y will be inaccurate.

Another reason is the time recorded to fill up 200kg of water would have some
incorrect readings as well. The stop moment of chronograph is not matched with the
actual stop time and it caused the errors in time recording. Moreover human errors
in recording measurement values and during calculation part. Due to careless
observation and calculations, operators and students may write down the wrong
experiment result value or proceed wrong calculation procedure.

18
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

6.3 Improvement

The experiment can be improved by three methods:

 Improve the water supply that can offer more stable water flow in order to
reduce the amplitude of the flow wave. Therefore, it will reduce the errors in
reading the water level.
 Extend the channel to allow more water level readings taken, which can give
higher accuracy when determining the average value. However, this method can
only be applied if the friction coefficient of the channel has been set up as the
minimum value.
 Change the material of the channel that can provide less coefficient of friction,
or give the channel a decline slope that will offset the energy loss due to friction
between water and channel. The front of the channel can be set up 0.025 meters
higher than its end.

7. Conclusion

To sum up, the experiment is successful and perfect although some errors occurred.
The experiment also provides a good opportunity to analyze hydraulic jump energy
theory and each relationship where students can learn practical skills in the
experiment based on what they have learned in class.

During this experiment, it is found that total energy losses in hydraulic jump can be
controlled by increasing or decreasing the water depths. Energy losses in hydraulic
jump decrease with the depth decreasing. Force upstream the hydraulic jump
exceeded the force downstream of it, and this is contrary to what was presumed in
theory. The difference between two forces is caused by the neglected effect of shear

19
11338047 VICTOR DARMAWAN

forces as the actually exist.

The experiment also proved that energy loss of the hydraulic jump can be calculated
by either from the difference between the total energy in two sections, or directly
from the equation Eloss = (y2-y1)3 / 4y1y2. The smaller value of y1/y2 and y2/y1, the
closer the dots are close to the line of best fit.

However, the experiment is made with some slight errors. Based on the graphs, most
points are close to the straight line and match to the discussion analysis, except flow
rate Q3, this error occurred during the experiment.

8. Reference

 Hydraulics and Hydrology, 2014, Lab notes for Hydraulic Jump, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney
 http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2007/ph210/bechtol1
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_jump,

20