Department of Civil Engineering

College of Engineering and

Technology
Visca, Baybay City, Leyte, PHILIPPINES
Telefax: none
Email: coe@vsu.edu.ph
Website: www.vsu.edu.ph

CEng 145 – HYDROLOGY

Second Semester, A.Y 2019-2020
POBLEM SET #1

Name: Irish Gesulga Due Date: 03/13/2020

Course & Year: BSCE – IV Score:
Schedule & Time: MWF – 1:00-2:00

1.
Period = ∆𝑡 = 1 year
120
Input volume = 140 ∗ 106 ∗ = 168 𝑀𝑚3
100
Runoff = Output volume
𝑚3
= (2 ∗ 3) + (3 ∗ 6) + (5 ∗ 3) = 39 ∗ 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑠
365
=39 ∗ ( ) ∗ 24 ∗ 60 ∗ 60 = 102.492 𝑀𝑚3
12
102.492
(i) Runoff coefficient = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏
168
Abstraction = 168 − 102.492 = 65.508 𝑀𝑚3
(ii) Due to afforestation:
Runoff = 0.5 ∗ 168 = 84 𝑀𝑚3
Abstraction =168 − 84 = 84 𝑀𝑚3
Increase in abstraction =84 − 65.058 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝟗𝟐 𝑴𝒎𝟑

2.
Period = 30 days
Input Volume = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝐼 ∆ ̅ 𝑡
Output Value = 𝑄̅ ∆𝑡 + (𝐺 + 𝐸 + 𝑇)𝐴
Change in Storage = ∆𝑆 =
̅ − [𝑄̅ ∆𝑡 + (𝐺 + 𝐸 + 𝑇)𝐴]
𝑃𝐴 + 𝐼 ∆𝑡
18.5 1375 ∗ 104
𝑃𝐴 = ∗ = 2.5438 𝑀𝑚3
100 106
Total input volume = 17.5338 𝑀𝑚3
1 1375 ∗ 104
(𝐺 + 𝐸 + 𝑇)𝐴 = (2.5 + 9.5) ∗ ∗ = 1.60 𝑀𝑚3
100 106
1375 ∗ 104
∆𝑆 = −0.75 ∗ = −0.1031 𝑀𝑚3
106
𝑄̅ ∆𝑡 = 17.5438 + 0.1031 − 1.60 = 16.047 𝑀𝑚3
16.047 ∗ 106 𝒎𝟑
𝑄̅ = = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟗𝟏
30 ∗ 24 ∗ 60 ∗ 60 𝒔
3.
̅ − 𝑄̅ ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑆 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1
𝐼 ∆𝑡
̅ = 14.2 ∗ 3 ∗ 60 ∗ 60 = 153,360 𝑚3
𝐼 ∆𝑡
𝑄̅ ∆𝑡 = 10.6 ∗ 3 ∗ 60 ∗ 60 = 113,480 𝑚3
𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 38,880 𝑚3
𝑆1 = 15.5 ℎ𝑎. 𝑚 = 155,000 𝑚3
𝑆2 = 155,000 + 38,800 = 193,880 𝑚3 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟑𝟖 𝒉𝒂. 𝒎

4.
∑ 𝐴𝚤 𝑃𝚤
(i) 𝑃̅ = ∑ 𝐴𝚤
(10.7 ∗ 1030) + (3 ∗ 830) + 8.2 ∗ 900) + (17 ∗ 1300)
= = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒎
(10.7 + 3 + 8.2 + 17)
∑𝐴 𝐸
(ii) 𝐸̅ = ∑ 𝚤 𝚤
𝐴𝚤
(10.7 ∗ 530) + (3 ∗ 438) + 8.2 ∗ 430) + (17 ∗ 600)
= = 𝟓𝟑𝟐. 𝟒 𝒎𝒎
(10.7 + 3 + 8.2 + 17)
(iii) Runoff coefficients of sub-areas
1030 − 530
𝑟𝑎 = = 0.485
1030
830 − 438
𝑟𝑏 = = 0.472
830
900 − 430
𝑟𝑐 = = 0.522
900
1300 − 600
𝑟𝑑 = = 0.538
1300
1105 − 532
𝑟= = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟖
1105

5.
𝜎𝑛−1 = 22.545
𝑃̅ = 130.43
𝐶𝑣 = 17.286
𝐶𝑣 2 17.286 2
𝑁=( ) =( ) = 11.95 ≅ 12
𝜀 5
Min. number of additional stations = 12 − 7 = 𝟓

6.
𝑁𝑥 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃𝑚
𝑃𝑥 = [ + +𝐴+ ]
𝑚 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁𝑚
137 13.2 9.2 6.8 10.2
= [ + + + ] = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝒄𝒎
4 125 102 76 113

7.
Area = 50 ∗ 106 𝑚2
120
Normal runoff = ( ) ∗ 0.4 ∗ 50 ∗ 106 = 24 𝑀𝑚3
100
Input = 1.2 ∗ 50 = 60 𝑀𝑚3
Loss = 0.7 ∗ 2.4 ∗ 50 = 84 𝑀𝑚3
Net annual supply = −24 𝑀𝑚3 (𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒)
Net overall change per year = 24 − (−24) = 𝟒𝟖 𝑴𝒎𝟑 𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
8.
Pan evaporation = 195 + 45 − 15 − 190 = 35𝑚𝑚
Lake evaporation = 0.7 ∗ 35 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎

9.
Pulse 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
number
Time from 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
start of rain (h)
Cumulative 0.25 0.50 1.10 1.60 2.60 3.50 5.70 6.50 7.30 7.70
rainfall (cm)
Incremental 0.25 0.25 0.60 0.50 1.00 0.90 1.20 1.10 0.5 0.20
rain (cm)
Intensity of 0.50 0.50 1.20 1.00 2.00 1.80 2.40 2.20 1 0.40
rain (cm/hr)

D=5h, ∆𝑡 = 0.5ℎ and N=10

Assume M=7, ∆𝑡 = 0.5ℎ and 𝑡𝑐 = 𝑀, ∆𝑡 = 3.5ℎ
7 7

𝑅𝑑 = 3.5 𝑐𝑚 = ∑(𝐼 − 𝜙)∆𝑡 = ∑ 𝐼𝑖 − 𝜙(7 ∗ 0.5)

1 1
3.5 = 91.2 ∗ 0.5) + (1 ∗ 0.5) + (2 ∗ 0.5) + (1.8 ∗ 0.5) + (2.4 ∗ 0.5) + (2.20 ∗ 0.5) + (1 ∗ 0.5) − 3.5𝜑
2.3
𝜑= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝒄𝒎/𝒉𝒓
3.5

10.
340000
Runoff = = 0.068 𝑚 = 6.8 𝑐𝑚
500∗104

D= 16h, ∆𝑡 = 2 ℎ and N=8

Assume M=5, ∆𝑡 = 2 ℎ and 𝑡𝑐 = 𝑀, ∆𝑡 = 10 ℎ
5 5

𝑅𝑑 = 6.8 𝑐𝑚 = ∑(𝐼 − 𝜙)∆𝑡 = ∑ 𝐼𝑖 − 𝜙(5 ∗ 2)

1 1
6.8 = (0.90 ∗ 2) + (0.75 ∗ 2) + (1.6 ∗ 2) + (1.75 ∗ 2) + (0.5 ∗ 2) − 10 𝜑
4.2
𝜑= = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝒄𝒎/𝒉𝒓
10
 Pulse 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
number
Time from 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
start of rain (h)
Cumulative 0.8 2.7 4.1 7.3 10.8 11.8 12.4 12.6
rainfall (cm)
Incremental 0.8 1.8 1.5 3.2 3.5 1 0.6 0.2
rain (cm)
Intensity of 0.4 0.9 0.75 1.6 1.75 0.5 0.3 0.1
rain (cm/hr)

11.
Incremental
Time (min) t (hrs) 𝐹𝑝 (cm) infiltration 𝑓𝑝 (cm/h) (𝑓𝑝 − 𝑓𝑐 ) (cm/h)
𝐼𝑛(𝑓𝑝 − 𝑓𝑐 )
(cm)
0
5 0.083 2.15 2.15 25.8 22.59 3.118
10 0.167 3.77 1.62 19.44 16.23 2.787
15 0.250 5.22 1.45 17.4 14.19 2.653
20 0.333 6.58 1.36 16.32 13.11 2.573
30 0.500 7.84 1.26 7.56 4.35 1.470
40 0.667 8.95 1.11 6.66 3.45 1.238
60 1.000 10.18 1.23 3,69 0.48 -0.734
80 1.333 11.26 1.08 3.24 0.03
100 1.667 12.33 1.07 3.21 0

𝐼𝑛(𝑓𝑝 − 𝑓𝑐 ) = −4.1235𝑡 + 3.6393

𝐼𝑛(𝑓𝑜 − 𝑓𝑐 ) = 3.6393 ; (𝑓𝑜 − 𝑓𝑐 ) = 38.065 𝑐𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝑓𝑐 = 3.21 ; 𝑓𝑣 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝒄𝒎/𝒉𝒓
 Horton's Equation
4

3 𝑦 = −4.1235𝑥 + 3.6393
𝑅 2 = 0.9676
2
Ln (fp-fc)

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
-1

-2
t (hr)

12.
𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚
𝑓𝑐 = 1 ; 𝑓𝑜 = 11.45
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
T (hr) 𝑓𝑐 (cm/hr) 𝑓𝑝 − 𝑓𝑐 𝐿𝑛 𝑓𝑝 − 𝑓𝑐
0.25 5.60 4.60 1.526
0.50 3.20 2.20 0.789
0.75 2.10 1.10 0.095
1.00 1.0 0.50 -0.693
1.25 1.20 0.20 -1.609
1.50 1.10 0.10 -2.302
1.75 1.00 0
2.00 1.00 0

Horton's Equation
2
1.5 𝑦 = −3.1𝑥 + 2.3486
1 𝑅 2 = 0.9903
0.5
Ln (fp-fc)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
t (h)

𝐼𝑛 (𝑓𝑝 − 𝑓𝑐 ) = −3.1𝑡 + 2.3486

(𝑓𝑝 − 𝑓𝑐 ) = 10.4499
(𝑓𝑝 ) = 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝒆−𝟑.𝟏𝒕
13.

Incremental
Time t 𝐹𝑝 𝑓𝑝 Ln t
infiltration Ln Fp 1/𝐹𝑝 𝑓 0.5
(min) (hrs.) (cm) (cm/ (hr)
(cm)
hr)
0 0
5 0.083 1 1 12 0 -2.485 1 3,464
10 0.167 1.8 0.8 9.6 0.588 -1.792 0.556 2.449
15 0.25 2.5 0.7 8.4 0.916 -1.386 0.4 2
20 0.333 3.1 0.6 7.2 1.131 -1.099 0.323 1.732
30 0.5 4.2 1.1 6.6 1.435 -0.639 0.238 1.414
40 0.667 5.1 0.9 5.4 1.629 -0.405 0.196 1.225
60 1 6.6 1.5 4.5 1.887 0 0.152 1
120 2 11 4.4 4.4 2.398 0.693 0.091 0.707
150 2.5 12.9 1.9 3.8 2.557 0.916 0.078 0.632

Kostiakov’s Equation: 𝐹𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 𝑏

𝐼𝑛(𝐹𝑝 ) = 𝐼𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝐼𝑛(𝑡)
𝐼𝑛(𝐹𝑝 ) = 𝐼𝑛 1.907 + 0.7393 𝐼𝑛(𝑡)
𝑏 = 0.7393 ; 𝑎 = 6.733
𝐹𝑝 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟑𝟑 𝒕𝟎.𝟕𝟑𝟗𝟑

Kostiakov's Equation
3

2.5

2
Ln Fp

1.5

1
𝑦 = 0.7393𝑥 + 1.907
0.5 𝑅2 = 0.998

0
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Ln t (h)

𝑛
Green-Ampt Equation:𝑓𝑝 = 𝑚 +
𝐹𝑝

𝟏
𝑓𝑝 = 𝟗. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟗 ( ) + 𝟑. 𝟖𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝑭𝒑
𝑚 = 3.8357; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 9.0239
 Green-Ampt Equation
14

12

10
fp (cm/h)

6
𝑦 = 9.0239𝑥 + 3.8375
4
𝑅 2 = 0.9339
2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
1/Fp

1
1
Philip’s Equation: 𝑓𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝑠𝑡 −2 + 𝐾
2
𝟏
𝑓𝑝 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟕𝟑𝟓𝒕−𝟐 + 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟏
𝑠 = 2(2.9735) = 5.9470; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾 = 2.0461

Philip's Equation
14

12

10

8
fp

4 𝑦 = 2.9735𝑥 + 2.0461
𝑅 2 = 0.9847
2

0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
t^(-0.5)

14.
4 1.2 −0.5𝑡 4
𝐹𝑝 = ∫0 (0.5 + 1.2𝑒 −0.5𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = [0.5𝑡 − 𝑒 ]0
0.5
= [(0.5 ∗ 4) − (2.4)( 𝑒 −0.5(4) − (−𝑒 0 )]
= 2 − 2.4(0.13533 − 1) = 4.075 𝑐𝑚
4.075
𝑓𝑎𝑣 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐 𝒄𝒎/𝒉𝒓
4

15.
t (min) t (hrs) 𝐹𝑝 (mm) 𝐹𝑝 (cm) 𝑓𝑝 (cm/hr) Ln 𝐹𝑝
Depth (cm) Ln t 1/𝐹𝑝 1
𝑡2
0
10 0.167 9.8 0.98 0.98 5.88 -0.02 -1.792 1.02 2.449
20 0.333 18 1.8 0.82 4.92 0.588 -1.099 0.556 1.732
30 .5 25 2.5 0.7 4.2 0.916 -0.693 0.4 1.414
 50 .833 38 3.8 1.3 3.9 1.335 -0.182 0.263 1.095
80 1.333 55 5.5 1.7 3.4 1.705 0.288 0.182 0.866
120 2 76 7.6 2.1 3.15 2.028 0.693 0.132 0.707
160 2.667 94 9.4 1.8 2.7 2.241 0.981 0.106 0.612
200 3.333 110 11 1.6 2.4 2.398 1.204 0.091 0.548
280 4.667 137 13.7 2.7 2.025 2.617 1.540 0.073 0.463
360 6 163 16.30 2.6 1.95 2.791 1.792 0.061 0.408

Kostiakov’s equation: 𝐹𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 𝑏

𝐼𝑛(𝐹𝑝 ) = 𝐼𝑛 1.4457 + 0.7841 𝐼𝑛(𝑡)
𝐿𝑛 𝑎 = 1.4457; 𝑎 = 4.245; 𝑎𝑚𝑑 𝑏 = 0.7841
𝐹𝑝 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝒕𝟎.𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟏

Kostiakov Equation
3

2.5

1.5
Ln Fp

1
𝑦 = 0.7841 + 1.4457
0.5 𝑅 2 = 0.9983

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-0.5
Ln t

1
1
Philip’s Equation: 𝑓𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝑠𝑡 −2 + 𝐾
2
𝟏
𝑓𝑝 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟏𝒕−𝟐 + 𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟓
𝑠 = 2(1.911) = 3.822; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾 = 1.485

Philip's Equation
7

5
fp (cm/h)

2 𝑦 = 1.911𝑥 + 1.485
𝑅 2 = 0.9593
1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
t^(-0.5)
 𝑛
Green-Ampt Equation: 𝑓𝑝 = 𝑚 +
𝐹𝑝

𝟏
𝑓𝑝 = 3. 𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟓 ( ) + 𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟓
𝑭𝒑
𝑚 = 2.305; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 3.9785

Green-Ampt Equation
7

5
fp (cm/hr)

2 𝑦 = 3.9785𝑥 + 2.305
𝑅 2 = 0.8797
1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
1/Fp

16.
2 2
(2+2)
̅ =
Frist section 𝑊 = 2.25 𝑚
2∗2
1 2
(1+2)
̅ =
Last section 𝑊 = 1.125 𝑚
2∗1
Distance Average Depth (m) Revolutions Observation Average Segmental Comment
from left width (m) in T (min) time (s) Velocity discharge
water edge (m/s)
(m)
0

2 2.25 0.5 80 180 0.174 0.196 First

segment
4 2 1.1 83 120 0.253 0.557

6 2.5 1.95 131 120 0.381 1.859

9 3 2.25 139 120 0.403 2.718

12 3 1.85 121 120 0.355 1.968

15 3 1.75 114 120 0.336 1.764

18 2.5 1.65 109 120 0.323 1.331

20 2 1.5 92 120 0.277 0.832

 22 1.5 1.25 85 120 0.259 0.485

23 1.125 0.75 70 150 0.219 0.185 Last

segment
24 0 0 0 0 0

Sums= 11, 895

Total discharge = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

17.
(i) Stage-discharge 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑟 (𝐺 − 𝑎)𝛽 ; 𝐶𝑟 = 159.44
log 𝑄 = 𝛽 log(𝐺 − 𝑎) + log 𝐶𝑟
𝑋 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝐺 − 𝑎); 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑄
𝑎 = 35; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 13

Stage(G)(m) G-a (m) Q(𝑚3 /𝑠) X Y XY 𝑋2 𝑌2

35.91 0.41 89 -0.387 1.949 -0.755 0.150 3.800
36.9 1.4 230 0.46 2.362 0.345 0.021 5.578
37.92 2.42 360 0.384 2.556 0.981 0.147 6.535
44.4 8.9 3800 0.949 3.580 3.399 0.901 12.815
45.4 9.9 4560 0.996 3.659 3.643 0.991 13.388
46.43 10.93 5305 1.039 3.725 3.869 1.079 13.873
39.07 3.57 469 0.553 2.671 1.476 0.305 7.135
41 5.5 798 0.740 2.902 2.149 0.548 8.422
43.53 8.03 2800 0.905 3.447 3.119 0.819 11.883
48.02 12.52 5900 1.098 3.771 4.139 1.205 14.219
49.05 13.55 6800 1.132 3.833 4.338 1.281 14.688
49.55 14.05 6900 1.148 3.839 4.406 1.317 14.737
49.68 14.18 6950 1.152 3.842 4.425 1.326 14.761
sum 9853 42135 35533 10092 141833

𝑁(∑ 𝑋𝑌)−(∑ 𝑋)(∑ 𝑌)

(i) 𝛽 =
𝑁(∑ 𝑋 2 )−(∑ 𝑋)2
(13 ∗ 35.533) − (9.853)(42.135)
𝛽= = 1.371
(13 ∗ 10.092) − (9.853)2

∑ 𝑌 − 𝛽(∑ 𝑋)
𝑏=
𝑁

(42.135) − 1.371(9.853)
𝑏= = 2.20206
13
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟒𝟒(𝑮 − 𝒂)𝟏.𝟑𝟕𝟏
(ii)
𝑁(∑ 𝑋𝑌) − (∑ 𝑋)(∑ 𝑌
𝑟=
√[𝑁 (∑ 𝑋2 ) − (∑ 𝑋)2 ][𝑁(∑ 𝑌 2 ) − (∑ 𝑌)2 ]
(13 ∗ 35.533) − (9.853)(42.135)
𝑟= = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟖
√[(13 ∗ 10.092) − (9.853)2 ][(13 ∗ 141.833) − (1775.39)]
(iii) 𝐺 = 42.5; 𝑎 = 35; (𝐺 − 𝑎) = 7.50
𝐺 = 159.44(7.5)1.371 = 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

18.
𝑀𝑜 0.9496 3165
= = 0.805 ; 𝐴 = = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟗 𝒄𝒎
𝑀𝑎 1.1796 22
Year 𝑃𝐴𝑣 ∑ 𝑃𝐴𝑣 𝑃𝐴 ∑ 𝑃𝐴 Adjusted Finalized
𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐴
1967 161 161 163 163 161
1966 146 307 130 293 146
1965 130 437 137 430 130
1964 143 580 130 560 143
1963 135 715 140 700 135
1962 163 878 142 842 163
1961 135 1013 148 990 135
1960 115 1128 95 1085 115
1959 143 1271 132 1217 143
1958 155 1426 145 1362 155
1957 164 1590 158 1520 164
1956 156 1746 141 1661 156
1955 193 1939 196 1857 193
1954 128 2067 160 2017 129 129
1953 117 2184 144 2161 117 116
1952 152 2336 196 2357 158 158
1951 155 2491 168 2525 135 135
1950 161 2652 194 2719 156 156
1949 147 2799 162 2881 130 130
1948 146 2945 178 3059 143 143
1947 32 3077 144 3202 116 117
1946 143 3220 177 3380 142 142

4000

3500
𝑦 = 1.1796𝑥 − 416.9
3000 𝑅 2 = 0.9997
Commulative PA

2500

2000

1500

1000 𝑦 = 0.9496𝑥 − 11.808

500 𝑅 2 = 0.9998

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Commulative Pave
19.
Thiessen (𝐴𝑖 ) 𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑖

5 10.8 54

34 9.2 313

16 8.2 131

67 6.3 422

128 10.9 1396

105 10.2 1071

50 13.2 660

48 14 672

46 11.7 538

83 11.2 930

Sum= 582 ∑ = 6187

∑ 𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑖 6187
𝑃𝑖 = = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔 𝒄𝒎
𝐴 582

Thiessen (𝐴𝑖 ) 𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑖

8 14 112

57 13.5 770

85 12.5 1063

290 11.5 3335

308 10.5 3234

90 9.5 855

60 8.5 510

22 7.5 165

22 6 132

Sum= 942 ∑ = 10176

10176
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖 𝒄𝒎
942
10.2 + 11.2 + 13.2 + 14 + 10.9 + 11.7 + 6.3
∑= = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟕 𝒄𝒎
7
20.
Station P X Y 𝐷2 1/𝐷 2 PW
A 102 2 1 5 0.2 20.40
B 120 2 2 8 0.25 15
C 126 3 1 10 0.1 12.60
D 108 1.5 1 3.25 0.308 33.23
E 131 4.5 1.5 22.5 0.044 5.82
Sum= 0.777 87.05

𝐷 2 = (𝑋2 + 𝑌 2 )
∑ 𝑃𝑊 87.05
𝑃𝑥 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟑
∑𝑊 0.777