EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY PIPE FRICTION

PIPE FRICTION
1. DISCRIPTION:

A closed circuit pipe friction Experimental setup consist of pipe system with
three pipe lines of size 15 mm, 20 mm and 25 mm is provided with tapings at 02
meter distance and are connected to a multiport manifold which in turn is connected
to manometer. All three pipes with common manifold with delivery valves are
connected to collecting tank of size 0.5 x 0.5 m. A monoblock pump of 0.5 Hp
capacity is provided to pump water in the circuit.

2. EXPERIMENTAL DIAGRAM:

3. THEORY:

When water flows through a pipe, a certain amount of energy (or pressure
energy) has to be spent to overcome the friction due to the roughness of the pipe
surface. This roughness effect depends on the roughness effect or frictional effect
depends on the material of the pipe and scale formation if any. If the surface is
smooth the friction effect is less first. For an old pipe due to the scale formation
or chemical deposits the roughness and hence the friction effect is higher.
Pipe line system in general includes several auxiliary components in
addition to types. These components include transitions or sudden expansion and
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY PIPE FRICTION

contraction for changing pipe size, elbows and bends for changing flow directions.
These introduce disturbances in the flow that cause turbulence and as mechanical
energy loss in addition to that which occur in basic type flow due to friction. The
energy loss although occurs over a finite distance, then viewed from the
perspective of an entire pipe system are localized near the component. Hence these
losses are referred to as local losses or minor losses. It should be remembered that
these losses sometimes are the dominant losses in piping system and hence the
term minor losses is a misnomer often.

4. PROCEDURE:

 Select the required pipe line.

 Close the delivery valve, and then switch on the centrifugal pump.
 Allow the water to flow through the pipe by gradually open the valve.
 Maintain a constant flow rate and observe the manometer deflection.
 Note down the readings of the manometer to calculate head loss due to friction, hf
 Close the drain valve of collecting tank and collect the water for 5 cm rise
 Record the time taken for 5 cm rise of water in the collecting tank.
 Calculate discharge through the pipe using formula.
 Repeat the same procedure for five different flow rates.

5. OBSERVATIONS:

Manometer reading
hf = x (Sm -1) Time of Q = AH f = hf3d5
S.N Sf collection t lQ2
h1 h2 x=h2-h1
O. (m) t (m /sec)
3
(cm) (cm) (m)
(sec)
1 17 21 0.04 0.504 44 2.84 x 10-4 0.00711
2 15 23 0.08 1.008 31 4.03 x 10-4
0.00707
3 13 25 0.12 1.521 24 5.20 x 10-4 0.00637
4 11 27 0.16 2.016 20.5 6.09 x 10-4 0.00620
5 9 29 0.20 2.52 18 6.94 x 10-4 0.00595
6 7 31 0.24 3.024 16 7.80 x 10-4 0.00562
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY PIPE FRICTION

6. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS : For 1st Reading

Material of the pipe : Galvanized Iron

Diameter of the pipe, d = 0.05 m
Length of the pipe, l=2m
Area of the collecting tank, A = 0.5 x0.5 = 0.25 m2
Rise of water level in the collecting tank, H = 5 cm

x = h2-h1

= 0.21-0.17 = 0.04 m

hf = x (Sm -1)
Sf
= 0.04{(13.6/1)-1}
= 0.504 m

Q = AH
t
= (0.25 x 0.05) / 44
= 2.84 x 10-4 m3/sec

f = hf3d5
lQ2
= {(0.504 x 3 x 0.0155) / 2 x (2.84 x 10-4)2}
= 0.00711

7. MODEL GRAPH :